繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到窄版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 v4 i( S1 ^" `7 m1 I1 Q( WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) r6 P2 G" [0 S9 P9 t. Z
Exposure to Testosterone+ u! c' L$ \" E" U  ~6 `/ s2 F$ K+ n* h
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; c$ }/ L: `% F) y% {) k) y
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 w% a+ s5 {. E9 z# j4 Z% g
Clinical Pediatrics
7 D2 C+ p* S: y2 q) v1 v* _. kVolume 46 Number 6
7 p) q/ V% ]' R0 C" xJuly 2007 540-543
3 v5 E9 a( {+ V8 v* j8 m: v" w4 T© 2007 Sage Publications
! n- j: l; t( f# l1 k: |10.1177/0009922806296651
9 l8 h/ n. A. zhttp://clp.sagepub.com$ `: Y7 g0 H4 Q
hosted at
- q' u1 R$ c% b3 i* }$ o' `http://online.sagepub.com
5 g4 |2 {2 E+ M, L( J' l: m; qPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: ?( \% M8 o% ]) ]; g! t- O0 C9 o
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* x3 X# R  ^( s  s2 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! j! a* @6 R, Z# n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! h& `- w( D1 c
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% P( _  b- [# ]0 ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ `9 o% m( f5 B: kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- F* j7 a5 D: Z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- x5 Q9 F$ u3 |2 [cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
' _; c! \& Y+ i& Q& v: M( \7 n2 mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' _: _  [! z4 n/ U- A
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 v  Y0 |+ e$ d2 @* j# h9 Mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 U2 W$ r# E, ]* t5 hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) O9 c0 j$ l5 u6 I+ k2 r
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 F/ H8 h( Z$ {' Lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 `8 E. }) k' y: s0 cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of- {' P0 J% C- n' D/ U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. F  b1 j0 ]7 l4 ~( Vbly more common than the rare case report in the4 d1 l( ?% P8 `+ P9 }
literature.4
- o( F& X3 |( k' ?* KPatient Report$ ?' x$ q  M$ Z# ]. u9 @, N& Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 B# Q% N" f- y" `) C# V
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 e1 j7 C& L% u  Y+ ^( b$ kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
; w  b; S% ^& r& t3 Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was# d, B/ s# C, N0 r  N$ C$ B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 p; C9 l' m* s/ E, USouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 b/ ?" a* Y7 r9 w+ ?2 t& `Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 I" V, H/ A1 t) j. p! V5 {2 P6 u/ k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% C. x. j6 O  c. O* T2 M; dMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 k* `8 J1 ~" L7 ^1 _2 I$ o
e-mail: [email protected].+ r7 E! \0 W( }- d3 m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( @" d+ ?1 p2 Fdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 \7 l9 `1 _/ H: \9 W( b1 A' E% e. vment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 k& P, l0 H$ L# A% k: Y, K
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
4 z, m+ v7 @+ I7 z# C" E6 P) ~& ^a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# A6 Y# g8 ]& W3 e+ G$ M20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 u9 }/ |" Y4 o8 `7 ~/ O3 {. W3 Hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with& ]4 _2 `* S, X. y$ ^. E. f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- {. ^# W6 s! q8 `0 J  M  H* o' A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 ]7 d' y' F1 ^( q) zwas age appropriate.: P6 y; `( c4 C) W3 W, w. o
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 Q0 Y1 H) x+ e# m* P
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ S' t. O. A5 X. V. G
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 y, U3 w# T7 I- {2 |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, h& R' d$ B% {6 Q& T9 v0 d( Hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% W' F: o+ s( X2 [* B
The father denied taking any other medication. The) X$ V& Z6 Q+ w" ?
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 P) [2 S* s" T1 Nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 t* |9 A% Q, W/ Q, o5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 T4 G# \" d+ hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' T  o$ y( `0 R) K/ e. S
tives. There were no siblings.8 }* h, s1 o3 S
Physical Examination
5 J( V( B4 I; J, e2 W1 w5 {; n. oThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' a( I6 Z! a. C# Z! Y5 W/ U8 @playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 p- v6 ^4 ?. r0 W6 ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* Y4 t- L* k" A% Y7 y/ s3 ^+ u
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg* z. G. j: a+ [, W" |3 _  M' r1 S
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 Y6 m% u1 |& M" n' A+ ]8 |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 D1 l6 Y' B8 W2 P- `/ l4 Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ u9 O0 q& ~9 g9 q' @! ^* A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 ?- {: h6 l; e6 S+ A+ S6 {9 u" aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 L( q3 s' @! y: B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
( ^5 O( s8 o: z1 J; ]% D+ i; Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 n5 N/ X3 ~2 w; `* T5 c" V
5402 A. h+ {7 q$ d. k7 \
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 v+ u3 M4 r) x" m5 y3 H; V' ?# e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& g  m5 E6 J# U2 v, N7 u4 o- T$ r: K
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.3 u0 m3 L; ^+ u: `
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 M$ V0 t! K) h4 W6 _, a
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 f( E5 ]- V1 `1 m0 D! a6 Aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 {  f' Q. b; t* o5 yNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) @1 P" [8 N* [* b& o, D) A! Ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& A. f% q- T* X. L: c) b9 ]3 \$ Qof papilledema.* S1 Q% }) y0 Y, c$ J2 {* r( Z
Laboratory Evaluation
& S& Z. L, z2 ~3 Q9 E- V, fThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by; {+ c7 q8 x# @2 O# [, s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% C3 X- K, u' V2 Z+ G
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ o6 b' y$ g  j" k- _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 s5 J; g# ]7 A3 z7 }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- l8 @& F+ j2 n
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., p1 ?: w# l$ k( b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: |$ p3 F, `3 M+ H! `; D( Hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were5 \) N. b2 N" P, s
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 @1 Y/ t0 B& Lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* }# R3 J1 m0 |; C" t! i, P: `) M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) b; n- {2 W. w' x9 R1 I0 ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ i% U, ]3 z% H- T- B/ I8 G9 B' |2 Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( I; B$ r+ b% Q$ I, F8 K7 R2 I1 pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" G+ S  R: Y' Z8 W
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' l5 f; N4 `6 p( s3 _1 Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: Y! d: J: @9 @* x
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: ^% }, e# [" |2 w! Y1 H! ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ m) K+ S2 b" p" I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 S! W+ w, X& L: c. B
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& z$ S+ ~% V) ], Istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
7 A9 m) c0 |; |$ S4 ?concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. X' M! x8 t/ @% w7 `(prepubertal).
9 G8 F* k2 I. {% f8 EThe parents were notified about the laboratory3 W. Z+ _" k6 ^% V4 j
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 m, @+ V* `/ g1 O4 A, C) n/ hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
  f0 s: D2 l2 \1 p; ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 O; L8 K/ ~* A+ R) I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-4 c/ ]( z/ _) _8 |0 F& `2 k! X3 h
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.2 R, A, |6 E% ^  l3 \- C9 W% |
Physical examination at this time revealed that the, J9 d6 T+ v! y7 I& ~7 I: C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
, W, `! K  [& f! W( k2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, W( }8 z6 ^; runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ d4 r" n0 ?7 u' H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* r1 @  f  B0 {' \" V! {! [0 d
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 R  M9 ~7 U+ z- e$ q; O& f2 a6 ~$ AmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, O7 S5 D) ^- W6 j  K5 UThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; c7 O) z) P! [ing frequent erections.# o* c; d. h5 ^1 [3 {+ C2 m' c
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 t* ~; D4 ?5 W+ @4 K6 L( m* B7 cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to' v$ M( V( p% T. B9 Y
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 f# s) I  c6 d# c4 z/ R
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ K; b" Z$ m! h+ I) v5 {* h, F, T7 Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; a% q4 v" `6 a( cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  J: Z. G5 i. @# e5 S, m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; j7 A7 I1 R# h% x; H* m* v3 d4 O8 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# T  ?& B: \% N5 b9 u" l
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* {' L9 X" A+ y* h8 x
secondary to depression.
( {  z" P* z. s# b1 z7 c! V9 j/ yThe child slept in the same bed with parents.( O# \$ m3 Y( Z& D% c# B+ v2 V
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 A  U, q4 X+ _9 }' t
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 i9 r. G* H! n) t/ tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; V( H- |$ m/ g/ S! jThe father also admitted that after the phone call,7 N* H8 e# \7 J! T3 U- n* p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 G' S; }( _$ R  r6 G1 vwas high, he then read the product information
( j" a1 e- _: c1 Z8 j  l: }# ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( }/ M. e0 Z+ ]7 y. A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 j3 Q- `; T- M! ]: G) T8 d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( l8 w5 X- f7 i
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had) E% n% @# G& a. i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone2 H9 B2 [. `8 K/ k0 a" a/ W# I) e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the) _) X# T- T) P/ x& [/ Y# R
laboratory to obtain the test.7 X; s+ Y* M. k3 m, a; c
Discussion$ O* r' H6 b5 i  Z6 ~% X) }1 z$ ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ z& }, U/ z3 V" \) {* Q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
$ F+ M' P; a5 g" Z2 n' v' Q& kPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( I8 H$ p8 r/ P( t$ f  Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. G# j! h2 j' m" h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" A- @+ u- W5 a. j2 ~: j5 L+ v) R& G7 omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, @+ `4 P% A# H$ k3 B/ dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is5 f3 y) ?  X) V
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! _- W! {- p0 \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: f$ x$ [- V7 d! d, i0 nsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 H8 X7 n- U4 M& |" U! f6 D
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ H: J# d! M& @5 [6 M4 ^ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 z9 C5 Q! M+ @2 d( D8 ?6 e4 b
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. ^5 ]* m% R; u
gonadotropins.1,3
2 u% k- T% t; g3 J8 C; N6 ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
5 c8 X7 n% i& Icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 m- C) ?0 `1 d5 M* V3 Zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, I4 L. o6 z% s# aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ M1 v. Z/ j8 U1 |, |
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 G# B7 [9 `, P
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: l9 D! h& J9 z6 \$ E# _2 p" |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( l* h- w1 m! ~' }! p$ Y/ L, e' u* g6 E( Fpuberty in boys.3,4
2 m# Z: j% @( z" ?! UThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% d; L9 N* d/ qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 e0 r/ h- ?* K( n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! L1 x4 {+ E" }' U" {4 G
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,) j  J2 R+ f# J( Z/ U( P  j6 o* m( p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  a0 o' j5 J' e2 G% D' z2 ^: A
excess.1,3- d- i/ W- Z- C) e$ D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& p- M  I$ ~3 E& Y) v# Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007" j3 Y' r5 d/ E+ ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" `% B/ R/ C" a/ K9 f- t) Pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 Y. C+ e6 |' d  Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 N2 @  j7 P5 Q* v- r0 e4 q+ D
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
" b; R  \7 X# R# L) m. Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# e3 b& G) |) l: v1 t+ ~including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( i/ q+ P5 q! _1 \6 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 v4 D( h% d+ E: ^: J) z0 ~are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 ~  J. @) d7 {8 w# E1 J4 Bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 i& d2 n7 k& e5 B* x4 W) ?! p
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
9 i! v5 E7 Z4 c) yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 H1 ~5 B$ }: o8 t! W9 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
( w+ V* {  O) ]1 u5 Z& m' Kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
( Q/ \1 q' o1 o) HIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, L) W; v+ P; A+ D
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& }' l# a  z& z! g* xcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 ~6 U8 T. J  E* e1 E
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) m; ~8 Q0 X6 Y- o% R0 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 N1 X4 X: e. M. F+ d
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
0 g2 ?9 C6 H0 F$ X  _3 P! u9 H- j( D( _beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-9 \' P  @4 \9 z3 j/ w3 S
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ i3 |* Q4 U5 O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) t. s2 k; v( C3 Keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 {0 Y* i: r% \
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 ^0 E* S& ^; v, `5 ?
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.5 o9 i+ T5 u$ p- C7 N/ c
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 W: o' s( T) }suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, Z2 Z5 Y, e3 C/ c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
4 M8 k& S& e! ^, L2 kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 i- T0 X) N; h  |( C/ c8 Ldecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; s- k1 H1 K8 u
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. o) o( _1 _9 [% A: fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ H; L, J. z* Q7 h$ SDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, A: Q- i" z3 m6 o0 y7 h7 o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ ?1 s9 W# ?; `% X: _
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 X" @7 p) o0 {$ Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  Q  j1 w3 U7 ^- x5 {! x6 ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to! S0 ^* o" e! |/ z& Q" w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
* ?+ ?! V; ^$ c% x/ Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 ^0 ?3 P5 y( N4 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! Z! {& I9 L1 p( N* L8 XOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 x3 ^5 t: Q  q1 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% l/ e- Q. E# P9 y/ b- h5 ~9 ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) _" f$ E& I5 z& E7 Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: B6 q8 I( s' j7 [active in young children exposed to testosterone
- I* @$ Y* m5 o; jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% j8 {! h" d$ Y# C1 W
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 o: _2 |6 d7 e% C* k; Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; ~/ O; |1 @) N) D1 B7 E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 e8 b. w! e% U% r5 ?& m3 Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ }/ }" a3 I, l2 i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
2 \9 M7 o8 f$ B$ e- iearly childhood on pubertal development and final) {/ p. M/ l1 C" H
adult height are not fully known and always remain
$ U- r" I7 \0 S9 W. Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* Z  ?7 ^2 E$ U9 c9 O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# Q3 z( v4 B: K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. _7 n: p2 Y+ |9 K& j
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! y. A9 R  r4 I+ w  r9 I9 j9 |" \  F; Idecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 ~% \: D8 O; `7 n* F* V1 \
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 q) S/ f8 J; s5 b2 I3 zover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult  e6 x# V0 O$ Y' |0 F5 Z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 T3 E8 E) m, f" k: V% l" X" a
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% L8 B6 r* {- ^, }+ Y1 Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; i" d+ H+ O+ q: _: _Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, c0 I; i, O( L4 t9 q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 K* l# s+ S" d* a2 [& v
penile length in clinical studies.# ?! ~, R& K* j+ X) X5 M- B+ c2 l
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; a. g) E! E9 |: m) zgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 i7 K  x+ }" n* ]+ \3 O% btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  u5 A1 t3 A$ Z4 H8 R* ?4 S
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( o, J+ E$ l9 z$ [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 h2 ?! f% \% Q9 s$ fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 A2 W7 q/ [4 H% q; A, `
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 U* N) [  I. E" t
height will not be affected.
( i: q1 e0 A. w1 f. d, W7 a: R' m7 WAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( t$ c/ q$ r; \( H. t
ability of androgen products in our society may0 E  t8 y' X$ \& {) N; c1 h1 L9 R
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
! Y- W- v8 _% M9 F" p1 J1 ^/ Ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* h! q4 X) R6 Igen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 A4 o% T) D. Q. }* F( Ationing about the use of a testosterone product or9 y. o% T7 w( O0 S
gel should be asked of the family members during6 [, ^8 {2 l2 {, V0 X
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 j  E1 R, j7 t" `& K# F: e5 F% dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 ]$ ^1 b" v: T& t
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by' e6 o  j% h" ]
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 h; c+ @% G: ]3 e6 T  J/ X5 ~, X8 Z3 X# Mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' s, c3 C! S* G2 n0 dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 B& Y. m& D8 K# ^& d5 ?3 I- kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- C/ V- Q+ L, N9 {' Jaware of this fact, because most of these children
: h6 e9 w. j  c5 B/ `+ m& z6 @may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, z+ A% }+ W: g7 f* RDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 l! C! D5 }/ G- E% \2 l  b
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 d1 H% Q$ {9 t. \+ l! S. }$ p
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 O, I4 e7 Z: h7 u$ [  v+ b! f+ N; {one using any of these products.
! c) Q! ], }7 ]6 ^References+ x: `' R1 |: r9 i1 c, z; S! T  [
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 r$ D6 p/ f, W9 hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) P" }4 p/ Y8 Q' `Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ @7 V% M% \# t: B( c
2002: 565-628." _6 G! m' O/ \, W- g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious! j' R) s2 Q- X" C& Q% d4 a- y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& Z& f8 N- y7 v1 V
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: Y0 h# b& j: l/ b  {Exposure to Testosterone4 [& ~% _4 k/ v" F
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 N! u) s* V' T0 p5 Mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 V9 |2 w) _: f3 ^" O0 E
Clinical Pediatrics! R/ A- A9 y0 Z4 Y8 n; ^! D
Volume 46 Number 6; W, l1 l/ j2 w  B% {: `  ]7 a3 {
July 2007 540-543
2 {0 D; @' n; w2 t( W: \: k© 2007 Sage Publications, ^8 Q4 f3 F9 C$ b! @
10.1177/0009922806296651
* K" Y# L6 o9 I# ?+ A) ?$ Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com
" C) K9 e2 q+ h0 y( Dhosted at
8 U: A( T9 I" u  ~& ~& q- Qhttp://online.sagepub.com3 Z9 z% M& E& A3 [5 E" B# w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 b, m: Y" a8 I/ y" a* t+ Q, t! Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
( M! A% i1 h  o! G5 Y& sprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- s, W" D* U% t2 C0 O3 i7 d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ r6 j! L% u2 W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ r8 d1 h+ j0 |6 G8 A& Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ f9 E6 q: F8 V9 I8 P4 f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ W3 f: M/ g/ D" U5 y. y( o; j$ Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" ~5 N0 g. V3 H  p3 S4 v* Y# Rcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# [6 }2 l$ q: z9 `
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 Z7 M7 @4 K8 Q3 c4 Eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 ~" {9 U  j( I! m3 ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( j) F; ?- G$ c" S2 R% g3 D$ j% {4 sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* D4 @2 p0 A; u, F8 Q0 Vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-, W+ R3 y' P3 R4 W& F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ p! e5 o: m. R, j5 v. r( schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ g* F3 F  B* ~$ k" c, [, C6 D" O1 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* X- w$ y% j4 h$ ?, V! r
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ R5 G. A) d6 l" I5 v
literature.4
) X* g+ j  R% S$ D6 O1 K/ C+ K- g+ DPatient Report
8 y! e0 W  M% f. Q; zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' \1 u, X- D4 B  a3 C7 G- {" Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( H. K* u$ ^$ a& o# [# q4 Lof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 h4 p% n- E$ Vlight colored pubic hair development when he was
1 X- g$ r+ |3 p" fFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# }" ^$ K# M+ h! o( i$ SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ d4 }* K+ @) NAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 \$ q: J' n- r! W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: S: ?2 M0 a5 b4 J
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: R# @+ W7 R- E5 ke-mail: [email protected].
) v* Z4 f& g, c: l/ C' L# V  l. qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 H5 K0 _: o/ rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 c( x2 |2 r) e3 F& }: u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) c( W/ y# I# E' {
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( m1 W2 l3 s0 d$ I% {' F9 q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& D  d$ ~, _" w: m5 F0 v, E9 F20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# d+ Y% w2 I2 A# N  o6 b- Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with- l9 L8 ^8 a4 B3 @$ z. U" n1 [" w# W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- h- r. |! F! v4 _and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( f# Y# w5 X' D# N4 uwas age appropriate.. L# ^  \  b3 z$ J: U
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 T0 q/ ~! B* |1 e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ o& |' X! B; M: G$ K4 d* e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( k9 k- A* i* d2 d2 l: {, e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" L+ F2 V5 V5 f, c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 {0 q, h* j# @1 ^
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ G+ |: V& E& U1 k- E, z' C# O3 ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" Y3 ^  }0 T$ Jwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: P2 a+ X/ T9 ]7 r6 D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 J- ^+ _: q- c/ }0 Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 S7 Z3 a" {/ H- r
tives. There were no siblings.4 ]! x% K$ f7 N% M- ]' e
Physical Examination0 v6 H1 H9 ]2 t) a  w0 Z$ D
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ {; _9 T/ F$ z* _8 ~) a; Tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* Z9 ?' l- C( F2 H% s( ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 K/ L. v: A- S8 h3 a
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ w% e/ d, w) @6 V) v$ k5 Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 ^( U/ R, e# e4 @- L/ z/ I# D& dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# @7 h# a; h3 j; Q! q3 t7 b- F6 s
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, J& {- d6 u4 wThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! i% V' O2 ?) U/ `7 d& A; senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 {1 _! o1 O9 ~  I8 x0 n6 o3 `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 _( K& I% Y5 ^5 s' Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ F4 l  s2 Z" c3 O8 H2 ?3 Y! H540- ]1 U* l. }7 G2 O8 C$ P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* d6 H; S6 O/ h; i7 P, l0 p# zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& q" v5 L7 t% e3 v+ V) T- J4 F( J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." Y3 j8 K! t* N; ^
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- o" X6 j; ?# k5 b! G7 o5 noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 W- U3 @! g+ Z# U' qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* v' g2 V: \. U7 [) V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ m4 M0 \  q% c  ~bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, l& W/ Z% ^8 Q* M; r
of papilledema.
# D; e6 C/ P1 @3 e& K/ SLaboratory Evaluation1 \$ }; d' S0 b4 ?4 L+ u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ ]& h, M$ I$ ~  F1 y0 H1 C7 F8 [using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- g8 a. |. ~% g4 v. r: ?logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ |( ~3 h8 J0 I. Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 r7 {# t# Z) t( B0 G/ i
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% Z3 \2 s! Q8 j/ {% x) C) d8 r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& L& q1 I9 {7 y: e3 \6 FThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 d8 ^" L) K  |$ x3 V
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) B% W' W* I& G. N& o9 s) r; L1 x8 x
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 n- s% u& n. Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  S. K2 i/ x- X, {1 r& V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) L! ~. F$ Q, B/ t, fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' e, Q4 x: h" F8 R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" j  F: X" _5 `2 o9 e4 W5 Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; U. l$ N: K3 S  p, i- o3 W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ r+ L* i, P% O7 B5 e6 Y% b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, p4 {+ }( d2 O8 ?2 N/ Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, z, J& f2 n- H1 }8 C+ x# _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# m  g& r+ f6 }5 D  w& d* y2 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 U! N- y+ @6 {* \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- B) Y% @; O2 v& ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 Y& l$ N' J+ {( ~# T- f: u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 ]2 U2 i8 z/ i. m0 g: J(prepubertal).
0 U/ @$ _: ~9 Q+ oThe parents were notified about the laboratory; P( b4 X: @, q' j* f: _2 F
results and were informed that all of the tests were! R2 ^6 t* c3 a% ]/ f3 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
' ?. F& i' b2 t' g$ p* ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ f3 c0 D. S6 z2 B% O; gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" z$ x$ [3 i+ N4 F2 X
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 g' h; v4 y+ s. {( [Physical examination at this time revealed that the. K4 |! |) Q; I6 L
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; B& ~) x; S" D2 U9 d+ f0 U$ D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 }+ G: @0 {  _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 f; t% O7 h# ]. h* }% lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 N* o2 X0 R- E
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) s7 T0 p) H( M* n% ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% l; k6 U9 K- y4 @4 x! H: b) y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. s0 o) T- M1 ]' [
ing frequent erections.
/ p0 |3 i* t1 UBoth parents were again questioned about use of
0 o! I( }- ?9 w5 Z! p( @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# \! M1 `3 X# O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( \; }" w3 G; T8 ]$ T: z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. D% r, L2 N. Y1 d+ W, \
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& x; t$ d; a) j$ ~" e9 _( r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, E9 T* i. i7 ^$ w( m  ?- Ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 O; ?$ C/ t5 F/ ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ Y7 |1 V0 }2 K2 K# U7 Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 Q  T2 s" P9 |  k9 S2 X; H
secondary to depression.
7 p/ \8 R6 ~9 f" l( b: FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 D3 E" w3 L% W5 S  ^0 ]The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( _% P. B  A: Q2 ~* w; Y+ r( zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& s+ y( Z9 E  G" A0 e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 l. @. D) T" K! |" qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 b' _! o* e- y2 _' cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* x: n8 {& X. E+ q! x. _was high, he then read the product information
. q) f8 n3 g/ j+ c+ Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( g2 H6 G, `* |1 Y7 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 U; {" P- F8 U& z6 E8 Rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
, K) D& p; O* _' a# z$ efather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 v9 k5 m! t0 D" F
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- Z1 R! V6 X0 I+ F; V; ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- I2 \0 L5 s8 t0 D" W- F, n
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 \7 m# q' C( c$ Z- RDiscussion
) f- c9 P* m: l: }Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" ^4 y2 ^+ r1 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% v! V- n% X7 @+ G
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ l3 P6 ]; @+ {& d+ y$ m% wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 I7 i8 [3 ^9 U  N. w
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% U9 k" F# w, L4 m6 A% u5 N3 E1 ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 k  u& g5 t6 @may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 q3 j8 ~1 G) {: n" k' J; @& Q% sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 C, {4 b! g% k4 ]- @6 Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ G4 v( k5 P) ?. k* W' n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* v! m, m' h; e- l! y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" s. B! y2 C1 k4 G% ~: hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 y/ J. Q9 Z. l! x6 b/ z' S3 I: L( B
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" U5 |0 J; k3 B5 z& Ugonadotropins.1,31 a6 n3 a0 e$ |  A5 K, l& `5 ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, R+ ]7 m( N0 Y- r* R4 Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, r/ K8 {' O/ y3 @2 {  O' zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* A/ \. A! g% S+ I" f/ {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 a5 R" E) k" ^3 a- R7 K! a! {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: J  M9 F/ Q: \" Q( Z8 `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! x' g$ u" x. F$ ]  r, R. O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) q! c- K/ Y8 G+ r1 o% i, N; ~4 Q
puberty in boys.3,4" q8 b. i9 @$ F6 u* {/ `
The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 }9 n9 Z' I* @/ A0 I$ c) Q; G- S9 Phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 j  y" Q/ E1 [: t) @# H( r
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& ?. M/ {/ ~: v$ e0 Iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  N$ ?  U9 v# o5 v0 dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- R& M) U8 [! ]" }6 r
excess.1,3
2 m$ Q+ t- N7 Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 B: I+ p( e* d- y* D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- E6 f# d2 L7 T3 G5 S* C" J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 H& B$ a) o( \
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; Z' D' e) R. p1 R4 J
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 t6 L' V7 K6 @: U0 h) I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys6 c+ ^: ~2 k# ]: F6 k8 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! U# `9 j4 t3 T2 ?7 w
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; I* n  W0 N0 P6 Q! Uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ p( j" k; a) r+ u4 u7 p! Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 _* f+ Y/ H, n2 _9 |9 c4 e7 |' E: N
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ R( U0 i) ^) X" L% kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ _) ]+ V, c8 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; U; D3 C3 l. b5 `! g6 c1 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
. y; C* c; n; h' f: Pmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 E! g+ B' _' D, w/ iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 q) ~+ `$ e/ m5 e% ^0 r% \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. P; p& s. g; A- t3 Y7 _
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 P* ^+ ~, \# o+ Z2 G: k# k8 @6 Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ n, _& s  s& r+ i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  X) ~! K, P( _9 h* E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; U9 M+ T& i& C2 Fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 V9 U8 ?$ Z( g8 }2 n% s6 {# C; Lative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 c( F6 W2 H  }! ~1 G7 M+ s) |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' y& s2 G3 x1 y* s8 y" t5 p
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. q: K- j: @) Q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 _3 G3 e+ f, E* ~& t8 H7 n% I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 R$ G6 {9 a3 m( Q0 I, Y7 zThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 W$ j. _' h5 L
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 R( O9 s# \- X/ `6 `5 {# [
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 \# a' ~$ @5 @8 U$ y3 L- s, u. c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 y( v, B' |# ~. y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 l5 W5 h3 }- b4 y" Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ u4 C$ y2 v5 q$ G) Y$ a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% i% r# N4 q5 H5 u6 U. kDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ Q' f  A2 Q7 O  i- X1 v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 A+ L: q  n  F& |unprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 J& M$ v' @! c8 V9 t# ?" ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 o# w/ l) u. W' k& k, f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to9 v/ d0 r% Y2 j  B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 O% V) o" V" ]$ {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 L+ n( G+ c1 A
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 j4 |3 T( U9 ~3 `! l+ b7 k/ O! N
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 D1 `3 Y6 o8 k
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! A7 S5 p6 x* h. f
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( ?+ S- M3 j! a/ pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- I, \+ u3 |2 H( d2 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. H9 R& D* V: O- \2 ^  M2 N& {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* J' L3 T6 J0 ?! p# {
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: m# A% K" B" e% Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 ^& t. W- s6 C2 ~8 wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! L6 |) O! s- }6 m" p1 w2 I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& h; N3 e( U5 c" r4 C, s* tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* Y" G: p9 W: a, Q/ m1 [early childhood on pubertal development and final- x1 o5 j! Q9 A* `0 p
adult height are not fully known and always remain  b' e- x9 v7 Y+ c- o1 J  R- D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. ?, y1 l5 W, i% Y3 ~& q/ oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: N! S4 P. c/ \5 q/ o: b) \% \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 @5 w* M9 m( m% v: z  X0 v: y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 x! ^4 k0 d6 w" `+ {, a5 Y. F" Hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: Q. S/ g- i4 R5 @, W6 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
4 D. u% y% w/ ^  mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 p/ S0 y3 n; a" [+ Y0 K( gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( U8 r( y' Y' j* Y: l1 G! d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 b& ?& n4 E1 R$ Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ H' [4 u7 T9 @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- {7 d4 ?: j' A! e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 r9 p, Z; l& _: T1 z: c
penile length in clinical studies.1 F# e2 j9 c. f) _7 ^
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ c' B1 n9 d( l2 Q, L& B8 Y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' q2 R; t, r6 W; @  P4 x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 L6 w1 }/ o# c+ e/ {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 h5 a5 \' b# ~6 b0 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 B% W; S! s& \6 a4 s$ x3 Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- K' b0 c( Q8 b* I1 p6 w8 P" a! x1 Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 p" K4 H5 Z2 c# T2 {
height will not be affected.! v/ C/ j- X# I3 C: ]$ \, U! ^4 D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 B) Y8 L6 E9 i; u2 S1 s7 Gability of androgen products in our society may
8 L7 B  N' x& |! }+ S" Bindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 i/ d3 W2 F5 R1 L/ v; j- I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. a- ?) Y$ A% r% J" N9 p$ ]0 y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- U% U* {  j. q; k: I# I4 }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 m% ~% p3 K8 u1 tgel should be asked of the family members during3 ^- J* C2 W3 l- ~, m' Y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  ~; p2 ]* X- {- A* j$ W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 L$ z+ w2 [) r- {, K6 Z7 T  P% M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 Y( Z9 S: N  rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ L7 u, ]  R2 C1 Y; `3 Q# J
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 o" B+ w3 q  v3 X, h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, z- e# Q, `( R  n2 J1 v0 [, v
investigation. The primary care physician should be* \3 F0 k, [2 S, F3 b+ v/ C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 K/ x. k" ~/ W, q) J: N# amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" m# ^7 @; H4 V3 rDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ j. H2 g+ Q, _' u6 swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) j" U# X7 Q" w# ^" @- p; \+ sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
! t7 e3 X6 A; ~8 Z- ?6 y: gone using any of these products.9 q6 U. J# v% c
References
. x' Z, y7 V, j2 r4 C& N6 T/ \1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 l- T4 [7 T8 B) J: _2 dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: M+ b* L8 [# j' I& r! h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 I) p  s% Y  I
2002: 565-628." K$ c/ ?) \# o) N! Y+ c7 P- O6 l6 j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- u$ o0 ?6 B8 }/ l, B, ?  V  d
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

  ]" i  F5 J- H) @6 m0 l精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表