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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& w( I- z# {4 m" q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 \. @- ?. F: [1 ~Exposure to Testosterone2 ?0 p2 s% S4 t5 S9 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ x' K; C+ l6 B$ ?and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' K4 [8 R$ G5 G; V
Clinical Pediatrics2 q! }' [4 J- O8 f1 e; ?
Volume 46 Number 61 ]- C6 g& r9 `+ f
July 2007 540-543
: G  E% H- @; m" u7 A© 2007 Sage Publications4 T$ d7 f- m- A1 X6 V; q
10.1177/0009922806296651
7 Z/ f  ]. u; U! M! X$ Q. Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com' q8 x  h$ V4 @; k) f4 j
hosted at
  A/ l. d$ b* n7 A8 Khttp://online.sagepub.com9 R/ }) @4 C' \) Q" }5 J
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  X8 A4 E+ M) L; ^
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 F" D- ]- J- G% E  Y! S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 X; d9 f% i' a7 j; _! m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ ]5 `) v2 ]6 g* ]9 ~( Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 C* M, T2 ?+ O. d. P6 t! W: P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# m7 F! p+ w- S6 R
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ a" |* |, g# t6 c/ b. i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 A6 E4 z2 P5 \5 o; [0 K6 z: v$ a  L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% P" q; j  e0 v9 V2 ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 i0 y, T. z0 S4 I5 T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
3 ~' f6 |9 }" f5 ~* F! Pment without testicular enlargement, which was due  W( M" {& A1 v- ?
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# T7 ]/ P( i, V- P. |5 x8 J
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& Z+ u+ F* J2 M" a6 h* u. [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 e" W4 ]! U, _$ Z2 H5 z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: w- p, f( _1 h& Otestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: V: F6 q  u' B
bly more common than the rare case report in the( P' V8 g5 l$ U2 i" m! @
literature.4$ ]) ?& Q: c$ n8 V9 y' a# D
Patient Report
5 \- z$ c0 S9 Z6 \& y( w5 r# X3 n% T* SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the. U2 U1 Q) u: @5 e8 n2 ~; E! Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
9 U6 K2 G: [8 G% d  @of early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 j, P: `# D* s; flight colored pubic hair development when he was% A+ Q0 A) r7 a. V2 s
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
+ O/ Z6 d1 Q% w. n" v& Z, X. oSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" V  B+ Q( J5 n1 [9 M# MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," N2 C8 Q( i* P8 U- g
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# b3 t: t# e+ p! rMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) C) `+ V& A2 \7 A
e-mail: [email protected].
! R$ F+ C, w( B) z# X3 W# B# sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& i3 j) f, E9 W7 v7 {' g/ V/ b, n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 L0 P9 N4 U& b* F1 ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% J1 u+ P! A3 T+ d" {  b
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 M- V2 {) _9 W) N. Aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 g- n8 ~( C5 s$ @20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 y! n! @6 J0 `' Q" Y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- l% B3 Q! f' u& I' Ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 m( D% U9 z% {8 I& U* band his psychosocial and psychomotor development! @( v5 F& }; O1 O0 H
was age appropriate.
  [2 o' z$ c% s* a% g3 \; dThe family history was remarkable for the father," f6 I: o0 H4 ~0 r& [+ ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% u- D( p4 Z  g% a, c$ v& \  L( Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 v7 y! c. \) Qheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. c) Y  W& F( ~/ h& m2 n
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 @5 x, ?2 P( c" i# j1 M
The father denied taking any other medication. The2 t  r$ _! Q3 C' {/ J0 ^# M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 |7 E2 ~4 e- U: }was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 r- c& J" M5 b" J* ]: x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& {# ~- H8 [+ `; v
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' @! k2 j- F! u* ?
tives. There were no siblings.
- R6 l* R9 A- f* `4 X: CPhysical Examination
( h" b/ X' ^. Y! |& {& B! k' MThe physical examination revealed a very active,
. n3 J( ]7 O2 p& ]! iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 o7 v( J- O. Z, o8 P  S7 D+ R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 o- S) i# }6 h* G% q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 K8 l2 [$ o. m' o( r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 U+ a: c" ]2 ?! i; z; o1 R6 n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. F# x5 B4 J5 f3 H* @* w! v+ rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! q7 ^8 x8 N9 O0 p
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, d( ]' M6 C6 V. Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' ~4 H# S6 X& o3 Q( b4 }$ e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 K& z5 r5 [' I9 ~: ^$ t: a/ C
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# w) k" m$ }# Z. X1 @540; H& F4 p# {( \5 p% |8 {
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 v; f  l. j: K( u8 @- \
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. C' }& c4 i) Q* _3 K/ p) ]" u2 vtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 Y: V- q3 O" V- y& Z/ O1 V+ Z
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" r# A  r5 [$ V0 y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! n% C, f$ _# f  ~7 G
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; ]& w' w) W7 j3 d2 t* g
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 k* K8 C6 D: q0 P1 ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( O3 f# t+ y4 wof papilledema.# n/ N* a+ C. d/ z: u
Laboratory Evaluation
( q  [: k( g/ e1 HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" v: g1 x5 D; D# jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 A! Z6 V1 a2 I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; H5 h1 U: G9 e- \5 ?karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
+ t  J1 w6 Z* I/ wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 n, @; A3 g! m+ r5 F
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 b# h6 ?+ ^! ^" q9 Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% x3 J$ b+ I1 F3 A+ I% F
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  `3 u5 l0 q" N4 W$ F2 ]2 t( G8 kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" ?, ~: P+ c2 [; [0 E1 q* @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. E# ?" c# p$ n7 K(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: G5 i$ w/ h3 k
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  A/ o3 Q4 p, x6 m$ M3 zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- |% j7 ~* S1 d2 c; O
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# x/ [1 m5 q5 j- _
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 O9 y+ l! w" W7 a8 l, F- _' ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# o+ I  o5 {1 N  N9 t5 ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! b$ J$ c" W- g+ otestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 w) d+ X1 P$ T% \5 r- ?- _: ]: C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. g9 r, B! T8 y. k* t8 H
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: y& r# Q2 q: m: y9 k8 X: Ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; y- K, Y. y+ M0 h$ ?% Q8 Cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 B& f9 ^' _! |% r' z! F' ?(prepubertal).
" l5 P% y" t5 r4 D( ]The parents were notified about the laboratory
* f4 s2 Q# L# }1 qresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 D2 Q  |5 |7 T) Z  Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 l5 u" Y( j# ^# rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' v4 f: ?, T$ N9 ~# f- d# s1 T
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-/ r* }6 X5 t7 W* d* C
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; g: V! Y, Q- v* b, L6 \9 T6 wPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ ]8 ]. F' B4 s/ m% _8 v# n" L* Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( j5 K. r! @- P7 w9 q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* w8 S/ r/ v, a9 l$ Y; V) d
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! E& J" ?, w% f' q" ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ B5 E* [  ~! ~/ o( o
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 22 f3 P2 _! i  ~2 `0 H9 o
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ f8 r, ^" _3 w* d! Y) J$ OThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' s. W) {7 B7 k0 F) j* G7 E6 Hing frequent erections.
9 l9 t* a- O3 J8 h' uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
, k( i+ ]' U$ Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 d: b: {5 u: O, L/ `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 p# |$ {2 b) b4 n! s
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 Y% c! G) I; a; l) H: V* c7 W3 H
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: c" J( _, K3 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  Q5 m  e$ \* A/ w9 _3 Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: I/ f. [, O* b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
: D+ ^' G6 z  R; t: yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* ?! N& T# }5 k" @+ Lsecondary to depression.
% S" R; G6 P; kThe child slept in the same bed with parents./ }' X: O, r, F4 y8 w+ r- I; ^& _
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his; }- M% T" _: y+ s
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* [6 Z2 F( R* |( o  Q) i7 S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 S7 [% U: f% ^8 M' S2 B
The father also admitted that after the phone call,; N& q4 J& h$ P9 u+ F, |0 Q
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby$ U" D8 h+ t: G/ h& D/ H  @
was high, he then read the product information; D7 N. U0 }3 ~7 `( R  `3 _
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) R* j5 A  p  H) [8 [- F2 ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 l% N+ v2 J& n  o, L5 Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. [+ m* K8 W9 e  C* i' ~father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ {- ~3 ]( W: p, s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( L: S: R9 a0 S5 S4 c* K1 Btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ `, d% Z4 f, f* ?& I& x
laboratory to obtain the test.
% y6 _8 z6 ^! H$ i2 x& ADiscussion4 \% h/ ?9 G7 }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 G, @6 K- s" _  G( G
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) g6 j2 k5 ?" [7 G  D0 lPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' U+ Q0 a; c. Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 V3 y- X. b7 w& }% E/ f8 P
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) w& n/ K, V+ ^7 ~
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! j2 }& A9 G5 \/ `may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- y" V7 F  c7 I9 ?+ ^responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 I, a3 g& i) e) y3 I& bamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 K: b- N! _: e1 p. R! f1 u) Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- l5 @9 P. v0 _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 x8 A5 F& o: b; r  xization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 L& Z& u& @9 y: t+ u% Nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. {7 w& d6 m) o  F6 ~gonadotropins.1,3
  v; W' g4 P& T* UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ @6 \, Y% k$ `$ P% kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
/ }9 l9 q% M9 k6 x7 x  L7 p  Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 |$ R$ y2 o$ B. q  @6 Z1 ~
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 W! s& @& n/ t
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- z9 ]' x- }) A. S0 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 M, B: ]0 c( A: }& x1 p
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; K/ Z( r5 f9 Epuberty in boys.3,43 {3 ^6 W" Q- q* {6 e4 ^
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( Y8 a( B3 A9 V  Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 E+ n2 Q8 t5 a7 fThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 u$ ~! W' g1 ~9 T' n0 r7 ~+ y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
- ]7 A# D( u# {/ wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 u" r* D. X* q- X% e9 z5 ?
excess.1,3
$ A" o) k! @. h# J1 E* eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ z# ?; N1 U& F( C8 f! i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ c4 s( X3 z7 h, M
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ d6 C  o0 k* a8 ]! D' G3 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known& p9 x: `  H6 c5 C
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) {- `  n& k- a- V
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 D& X4 ^( o' o7 f8 P5 v, qwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 A# H$ b, {/ M  \& _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& A. P& H* a3 C5 t+ }# u' x: B+ cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; S* D2 L( ?* T5 |+ k6 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 ?( j& }# G; l* w; C9 x* G- W6 @
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 t1 b: p- H9 x; ~: T3 m" r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; S. A  A2 j' ?) ^5 s4 D7 k
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ K, u; ~( }+ _5 v7 o) c/ T& Fmales; therefore, other male members of the family: X# ~6 j* K: M, ]" G4 Z& F: J
may have similar precocious puberty.3; u+ Q' y* K. D$ e5 P% v* r' E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 U5 ^( w. Y! [5 {1 xsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ T! j" j- L8 B$ t
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  P8 G0 o/ u# ^1 k1 t$ Mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father  E8 u$ e& X0 h2 |4 l$ i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 {: N9 G9 j4 X) k4 ^, n2 T$ \, ^3 Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 N. P/ M1 B6 N& A1 O$ ]7 bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% s" L! F0 l5 n2 D6 }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# V$ h, W1 x' |8 }biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ F2 }3 D# U5 D; V5 a5 Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ t% S0 P( N/ zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) {$ F0 z% L( B! G$ t3 s3 p0 N5 b9 Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.& L" l0 L* }$ u3 P7 @" p: R# Q& s" W
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- g; G: v$ c( {suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% a8 ?% }+ e( y; H' ^6 t
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-, \7 b- x& {! v: j$ u
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 p( x3 [  H  m* ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* I: p# B! U; r8 {7 F$ \# c
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 X) o8 E1 x: Z: T( F
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. {8 Q; r7 Z+ h1 J8 m9 p- EDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# L9 K+ M% \$ zcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 X8 T0 |: i2 P' ?$ dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 X# @7 H  e0 `; i5 x) K' h5 _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; U2 K  O. ^% S' r- Tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, g- d+ l8 ?  {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: ~- a- ~) @7 Z8 s# F+ t3 [% X) g
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, _9 j5 B+ }5 w
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' g" {1 @# P, G; V" ^, g; IOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. L; ?  k( F! E1 G8 N$ }4 p( a( [8 Jwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: ~* J2 f% |" m, Q. }3 c% I
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' |8 \& Q( d  ?; J1 G+ x# Sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( h" u: w% I  B$ N: Iactive in young children exposed to testosterone1 \) z/ ~; ^" b  s6 j# f
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* l8 H5 I! {' B& G9 ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ Y% [9 l) T: ^3 O! Z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# Y2 r3 \; M. r& P, \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& ]* N' W* X4 a* r4 Tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# ?, D' a# U. k/ ~2 j6 q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ O: v/ I: t) v  k3 j- Aearly childhood on pubertal development and final- A1 f2 {$ N& h9 {
adult height are not fully known and always remain
! I; \8 L6 f' N. w) F, Aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, o8 n7 x0 j5 s# |7 |( H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& S: D: S" Y+ ?% t2 [1 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% H. u" O8 s5 P" N5 Q: T+ c3 i, v3 }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" [6 a# ~1 Q( M
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
/ N; c; w& [! s0 m* }! aThere are conflicting reports and controversy% o4 G- Q6 `( |, e3 }1 |7 V( U' d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, N+ w4 l# a$ M2 u  D; R! D3 zpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! x5 W6 ~" u& S8 b9 v3 c( X$ k( Madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* s) `' p3 ], i! `$ s/ Y+ ^. {& N
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 Q' s) ]" r* f, W0 gSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 f( r6 O' X8 X' I! w4 K
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- \. e( r' _9 B0 d7 W
penile length in clinical studies.
' O0 {5 l( s" K  mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) M, x3 t1 V# c9 L4 s2 j8 }
going to experience any of the untoward effects from! @0 w/ v' x, c+ V5 Z5 T
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' o0 q* }: p! Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; \6 E% ^' Q5 k% }/ T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 Q& ^- l  l; h8 tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; z' _1 r& x  m
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult/ U  ~" e3 j3 O! w& N2 e
height will not be affected.* u- a1 d8 {1 [! P# R9 _& d8 F/ n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 h  q# i* p6 c
ability of androgen products in our society may
; A+ o3 P+ ~# E4 V8 W! jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
, ]' c9 S5 p5 f5 s( X5 F3 Ochildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& n8 S3 i6 G6 J, @, X/ Agen products must be considered and specific ques-
* W# T- Z" e7 Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) H: z$ B: M2 G+ Bgel should be asked of the family members during5 j6 A. j5 x3 ^' |, m0 o
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. Y3 w3 V1 w5 i& v2 E2 cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& W' R( @3 g. x1 N3 ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* @+ t# X: i4 f6 r4 yappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! e! X2 i$ ^' j, q2 r6 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! `& g: x2 P+ b+ Q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ A4 h3 X& h% r8 e  u0 Y
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ @4 a$ p: {& J
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& S' s/ u5 @2 [# Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" o6 b4 K+ l! lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 u0 G6 }: G! e( o9 nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; d' m) j  M6 v# ^- d, Z* V
female child who might come in contact with some-
! L: D4 l3 L' E! ~; bone using any of these products.3 N1 b2 \& b; x) w6 x
References
$ |' Q5 T) ^( [2 d& @* o8 \1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 }9 J, f5 X" T
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 A: [6 g4 r; H. K) l$ ]* e/ {Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 f% H% M& y1 a
2002: 565-628.6 T( K3 B% ?$ \1 t) ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( t: u2 |$ w! l& `puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! \. q; C# {6 w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, v) l# s7 M: B" @3 m
Exposure to Testosterone$ I: p6 j) b8 V+ Y2 V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' [! ^0 E* x! b( `( q) zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ V, s1 `, I# d$ h# o" e" I: }
Clinical Pediatrics8 Y7 y: i, v: r$ p4 y3 ~
Volume 46 Number 68 |4 Z1 I6 y4 c" V7 G% ?  k
July 2007 540-543
& L* a+ L. U$ O& e© 2007 Sage Publications
% X' ?# K4 `+ N) y. B" @10.1177/0009922806296651
9 V3 r8 v: b/ p; n, H, X, m5 rhttp://clp.sagepub.com
* b0 ]  l: d, \# ohosted at" Y4 m$ }5 ?, X; M* q! n, Y
http://online.sagepub.com
: M" ]) r% D$ o9 fPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& a1 T; t  V) h& H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 A) a* i; L$ X$ lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; x9 f9 s9 N2 y) c9 t* E
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 l; `7 m. R, J6 ]" Z
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; R* U" t% h" X5 C8 K5 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 J! c9 f) R0 U8 y$ o( X: x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" z( Z9 z* |4 C  a, _
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- E, G1 E1 ^* c3 A
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( R+ _7 n" c4 Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) h$ U% h6 W( Z( B0 h( n. Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 V+ n. \+ H5 R1 z# sment without testicular enlargement, which was due. ^  x- r  B* L, W1 B6 i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 G& |( V! G3 h7 E, H
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 y% `! F0 n8 d2 Z8 @mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, ^. w% l+ D- f# o5 o5 nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ N  L" U6 b3 h; g. J7 O$ o0 xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 }+ P3 T/ {) x' f- p+ i4 Nbly more common than the rare case report in the) k4 w+ M' g4 j. D# i
literature.4
& s! E) G: N+ ~Patient Report! h- L3 W& g% a5 T; U9 i  ]; a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 C9 f% c! y: o% \2 y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, d3 E+ F6 X5 e  l7 O- Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed. ?4 O* Z# C* P# {% u  Q! t9 n
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( Z( d9 o' _) cFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" m  h' _( Y7 [6 B! M# K
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' F, m/ K* h& R' f6 D. u0 c! ^Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," m9 x8 \9 w0 B+ T0 X- {. ~2 I4 _1 j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# F/ q' F" ^- o: I2 u( f* O
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- ]9 s6 D# x7 P$ j6 h" M5 x
e-mail: [email protected].
& i6 R2 r4 r+ C9 `7 sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 f! M9 @- v9 B2 o0 V4 p2 ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 h; i9 c! X( w( c2 q5 u; `$ {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 o3 U/ B5 T; W7 d; J# P% V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% ^3 [0 E' H& v' z; k6 F& l) Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 S. T* |9 ]; B5 @* T4 U6 X2 {. Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 N; V8 }7 u; _/ H! W
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 O0 @$ E5 y8 ?! m5 _! Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( `" E# t, u# Z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" [: P5 t' n, m  k8 ewas age appropriate., r, v* P: D$ p7 A3 v1 P$ L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& \: \7 s+ d# B" gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: L2 |- H/ K+ `. d% q! }7 gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- s9 n  @9 A; g- H; `6 T
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 m4 \0 _% N" {# Y) U% L( Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# J/ L5 E/ n6 }The father denied taking any other medication. The; A- E; R7 O0 G  E% R  Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  h: _8 H& R, s* M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ u+ |- p# r  a% g2 J4 e5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ O: \6 r' f, L. M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& l, K1 Q' ?: F8 q' K3 H  G- @tives. There were no siblings.
2 m& a5 P: i' `Physical Examination3 Z3 a* G3 w8 Y+ J7 n  Q6 h! @* F
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" n  G# L: q; G# {playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  j+ V9 Z& r% r( d, O
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" ?$ o. |, h" ]! L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ g$ }3 j4 L% d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth, g) P8 |7 X& Z' i
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of0 |6 o! P+ Y' X7 P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 N4 @! s9 Y( k, s( [7 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ m5 p0 a4 Q" w4 V
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- F7 j  X" R9 i# ?. x1 F2 N7 ?8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  A" q7 u+ L1 d9 [7 m- A& f+ Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& q1 u9 J1 k  M/ d' U9 w7 S
540. d( e6 ]2 C6 j7 o8 c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% Y* `; r, T! |0 u. {  Q0 @the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: v7 o  N; r) }0 ]! u
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; c+ E9 s! O+ r; c3 y* WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, X4 F5 \6 U+ Z& d( f! C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* z6 }+ ]5 C2 q! O, M8 sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 x# D3 E5 Y1 r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! D5 z5 L& C$ ~  C) T3 O: \! `8 d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 Q& ?- J0 U, ^# W! c3 L) ^of papilledema.
# k. S! K0 t2 Q- f2 K& Q( tLaboratory Evaluation
+ F  H. X: z( F" rThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by& n' }0 Y  L9 ^! h( w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ K0 T0 H# z4 C& I0 j) o5 m5 T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 W* b( q, R7 V: h  B8 y6 W
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# _8 [( A2 g, E+ y: ^$ I" y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ k0 |* ?4 l, A. W9 D: f4 S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' A4 `4 u& t8 S# lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 t  w* e# o) C; t' h  A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 F$ [  L; l7 `- G" X5 ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration% Q. F, C8 M2 Q1 a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' t( A* r) L* \  k
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! G+ Z3 f' D0 ^3 Y- O; ^ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; h* E: V+ n; h, sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- r- W8 |) c5 F, O7 }+ e! X# e, mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, h" w' G7 C6 d6 L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 Y; `& H  Q+ E# p) Lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; W' X7 r* |0 {0 v2 Jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 V9 o0 E: Z& K3 K8 N, k
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. _$ o" p" m1 V9 t0 {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. r8 v1 }4 U! l6 m$ E' e1 G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 C, r. A2 v& y' Q( ]. ]1 C
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) v% n# Z% v# B$ C" i! k2 }( w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. j# z% _4 [" x* I1 U8 G$ {3 b2 ~(prepubertal).! ?- f! G  E/ Y; Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! J; t+ v  C/ Y0 e, g& K  cresults and were informed that all of the tests were% ~) Z; D) y; d* q$ u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: j! J8 Y9 e0 o2 p8 S( q' n- h, G
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 {+ a" M3 O, S, W: H4 Oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 P" `& {% f1 o: Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.! M+ Q# m! b9 e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
; }* b4 y" a3 R) Y4 achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; j6 f6 b2 @6 b! ^) @+ K& ]2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( [' m) @$ M0 Z: M
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ E* e* o3 S) ~$ i9 e1 x* E2 x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: W  v( J% B7 m! Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ D! p5 Q2 z7 v. n; amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ X' v- X3 p) g- m
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 x+ V* \. F+ B- }
ing frequent erections.1 D9 j2 p: p" T1 f
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ N7 P3 L' V! Z- U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 ]' j  P& d1 @1 m& j) _. M# i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- `" E3 [4 J* l- \" H7 w' v3 MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 g7 d! D; |6 I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 ]; V( T' Z+ m9 G: Sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( F" m- O  c! f' ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  W+ y- H; A2 A8 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! O2 v. L" L9 R4 z% j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' R. ]6 j2 u! s. t" `8 j6 Rsecondary to depression.1 _* e5 }- v, K
The child slept in the same bed with parents., R2 R! b8 w3 ]! K' J( v% f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 s/ v% x" X2 \3 G( d$ Y$ Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! y, w3 u0 K# U. h4 n2 w; R* Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* ?! M, ^9 x8 dThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
( x# }) T  _0 R, ?$ |! V/ ?: \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  X: k+ [) z, g9 s
was high, he then read the product information
; s* Z2 x. M- ^* Z0 tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" I& {9 H% f5 `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& W( D3 i( G$ f. c' u4 ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' _9 z  h0 \8 I7 l1 ?6 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 P. B' ]8 D, G2 H! R7 ]) n2 J
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 C# o4 M# j* m! _test was ordered, but the family did not go to the' z$ o$ E) Z2 C) Z4 @& Q
laboratory to obtain the test.
( B- o9 H- V5 t4 J' }. HDiscussion
4 Q" u2 E. }# |- i7 y, y2 u( H+ J2 bPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% ~0 i& C. R1 ~- z& h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 c3 i% x  H6 S. Q5 a+ y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; N7 T7 E5 W+ M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 o: O& k* n- ^( ]; e/ j; R% hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 w0 Q5 b4 v9 z* d' Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# J$ I6 }: K8 E7 ?( C3 F6 F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 {2 H/ C& V; K: ?) L6 g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- y3 d& W# n% Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- Y/ b) v( K4 s3 l' p9 E$ }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ [( o! t$ Y( \" R+ ^
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 i: R" b7 Y+ r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# @4 x% o, `' D3 ^
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% g  u; ?1 O/ O8 I- ?) kgonadotropins.1,3: _+ c( E/ n: h$ @4 y* [
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) _9 G) L0 y. s! s
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# I+ h& _' j: o" ~* L5 Y; `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 f0 x$ T% R" w0 jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 s+ j5 U. q! p  w3 w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 M! m; ?% X4 J5 M9 X
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) S) _5 L. v0 D& d, P
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) t# T& |9 e( u3 J! A9 _1 Q% j
puberty in boys.3,4
- _) v) O- y" A4 ~6 V* f. m7 `The most common form of congenital adrenal7 Q2 q3 i; A2 j! _+ I, D' O; m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: d+ A+ ]0 G; C  a- ]! I$ R9 tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" X6 T1 j" c0 @6 yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# w3 }+ W8 Q- F1 T5 C- h( k2 S
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) W: w/ o+ }; |/ `& Sexcess.1,3$ L5 P& h+ n6 G# h  m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ s6 a3 y3 `+ n, ~5 O9 t
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- j1 ]+ c6 ]- W$ T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ o" @; o* i! a# ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known7 c6 T$ u# M' i& I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 l, X6 q( F& r  x" x1 U' a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, g2 _# {* K: w1 M$ D: ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. R/ _( i) Z4 G' F" ]2 Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ q: m4 m, q" N8 t
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 R4 y! p2 u. L* c1 `, z; {
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! y9 c3 z0 ?  y. f
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) U. j/ _: @; x: u  _2 T1 areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 g, {/ D! K/ C  qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 @- {: c4 \2 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ C' y: C) q  W* ?/ \2 [( ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ F& ^  M( }+ |& w" Y! }) U, ^4 lIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 J3 h: M2 A4 f3 z" hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; M$ G7 K. v. M) m; Ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ x: v$ N/ {  Y$ s8 G" uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father, J4 W( c# @+ n8 S1 G. w  u
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% Q  N* Z- V( u$ P3 z
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the  i0 `1 v. x: V3 T% _3 {. o+ S' e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# B/ I% G, e6 Z; X  L" v0 T
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 m& J2 v! M" z$ \- ]! I& u- j& ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 o  [7 D2 a  ?/ o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ A  B9 `5 N) f1 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" b7 o4 e  h+ o: b' U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 ]3 X- j$ X% b9 \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly+ a& R  ?+ f' x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: n2 u# e# ^/ L4 _7 ]1 x& i) ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# Y) c* w7 t% z1 G4 A5 }: Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* A# H* m3 F: wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  t8 M2 g# E$ M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 ^0 Q) z8 I5 E' musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ A0 W3 o" m& `: d, |  l2 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ {7 P" x, W& g" v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 w* j: h' K2 Q* v! d% X) c
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.) p4 ]( [# @2 ~7 ?* V( M
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" _1 \" Y9 K& Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 v& h8 B3 z2 X
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 ~: h) M, c. f% l- Z0 D6 Y+ z' X: Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( t; D- k9 R8 j. T1 k3 q6 d1 B( _; mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 G3 F3 ]( E/ e$ ]Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! M1 L! r& S/ i& m; J: _% o- U" S* K( dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that, ~, t5 A! L# e; \+ h' [
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* J3 G% I- f& V, ]terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  x/ w7 p' N, o0 ]
active in young children exposed to testosterone" C% G( f; T, P  c6 Z9 Y& ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ J% |: U8 q$ h( U' |0 ~drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 A4 p9 j* \$ w: F4 i( u) T  z6 Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 q8 d/ R$ f, i% x6 ]children results in an increase in growth velocity and- s- |$ n5 O' A" O6 H
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* _4 B8 |" z+ ~
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! t. F$ j, \( Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
( f; f, j2 V. L6 Xadult height are not fully known and always remain
; j- ~0 y* J' o  k6 Q, E: D. {a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 K" D4 h0 e# }% ?1 l* D7 @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. b4 u7 h2 Z7 }5 x6 V% Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 O5 }4 S3 h' l) K2 B6 Z" [- Q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 E/ x+ G* Z* O( w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. e/ P8 f$ }( f9 ]
There are conflicting reports and controversy
7 j3 Z9 S4 q& K6 F$ F  k" Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ e5 p/ M1 E# t3 O  G7 `. H4 apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: s3 Z/ ^2 w1 n" n# T$ E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 I' m% p$ h/ E. {# W) wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. s$ f( T# r3 D1 I8 K' wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ w; k3 X! ?* k* j! H0 }, V* Y$ T
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 ^, C! V  h0 k. Z# d  Tpenile length in clinical studies.  O1 e. Y$ |7 `$ F5 B, h5 @
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; p) p0 s2 p7 l7 J% M1 K. ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ ~! e, e6 f- E& ~. r; h1 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* c! {& G: A  F8 `2 c- G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 a2 \  {7 c- [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of# O; t# r+ L+ z; J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ S1 [/ p* ]1 N1 U6 z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 q% D1 z& |) p  s! Eheight will not be affected.
7 O! h1 H, S. j' X. BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-- ]4 s, Z' V1 [! l, \. L3 V& e* m  M
ability of androgen products in our society may4 }" O+ K" P1 ]+ |9 m3 m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& R2 A3 {  ^; K+ i3 H1 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) G: n* m; e/ `0 M  Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ p' c0 g: S3 R6 j5 `4 @' Jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or( ]% s9 ^- \4 Z  {0 o, t2 g
gel should be asked of the family members during
# F5 b( p2 i& A! n5 m+ h' U. }+ `6 Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# \+ C- i# N9 E8 L) T0 Y& iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 y1 p) x5 e) v' a8 u% ?/ z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 q' B0 d' \! f# Cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 d- t) e, h. Q. K( g( g) r7 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 Z) ]& N: k# N( N) D: H* C2 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 K  A# k0 q' U1 H' H0 n2 b( l+ p+ k
investigation. The primary care physician should be' t( u, z; y+ K. t
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 G" r# I% A) ^$ A, ]. [" |& v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" \/ Z) L/ n1 A- R3 m  i. h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ z' O. I* [$ c- I4 R, hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or* d' [' ~0 c! d6 E+ C
female child who might come in contact with some-1 z' I* ?& w; M
one using any of these products.
3 o8 I% z; ?0 a, S, n6 zReferences
# X3 a/ |( X& ?# r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% R1 S' @9 Q' h( k* [! U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 y3 q  h# z0 |; H/ z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" J% x% ]3 u: @# v, t
2002: 565-628.; E6 |  D: s! X* j! N1 y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, L1 x. w+ x. T% t# P$ j/ z2 h  x" S3 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 @$ q# F3 U2 v1 O% X) [精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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