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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 t4 l2 ~, L8 E3 D2 _/ ^4 e( iBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( h) O4 x) @1 {4 v, C$ k, i9 DExposure to Testosterone
2 p, g: g6 d$ LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 s1 c- E, x! V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" h+ k% z& D/ {6 t
Clinical Pediatrics7 n% y: h& z f2 }( C; w5 k, \5 @- G
Volume 46 Number 66 w9 n9 W; J( y! E: {
July 2007 540-543! A: g) B( W) d) j4 c0 e
© 2007 Sage Publications! y7 M, e# f4 k8 P& ~4 V" x2 O: a& k
10.1177/0009922806296651' w- Q( A0 _- `" E4 s2 \- B
http://clp.sagepub.com
. e, x2 K z- L+ G0 g8 N+ a! ohosted at7 E) i" u( V3 ^) ?
http://online.sagepub.com
% ~. M `+ Q4 T1 E1 wPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 o1 V5 m* m- v$ A, H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& [5 o- M+ ]9 n9 W: s6 a7 Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! U3 E* x3 @- g3 A2 B4 j) Uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 H; n/ J/ O6 E. ~5 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: e) X0 c5 _2 N. ~6 ~7 R" Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! M8 J! C5 L$ t0 h6 p1 B# Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' b2 s( `/ o, y# W; B+ nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) J$ r1 o7 R. m* ?- }cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ g$ [: O4 q( r" f3 i8 R Ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; Z. S2 P6 M. i* k3 K/ W; [6 Lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! y+ C. K! M& V7 y4 b0 L2 i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, e% @% u1 ~! K( s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; T. B3 L W, ~7 l4 h: [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! H6 p S/ g; `mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' e- b% _# Q# i2 c2 g- ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- e+ N" r% D# n( ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 S" C7 w/ d W7 \" ?2 w& U* Q- G
bly more common than the rare case report in the5 Y+ W! E, e( ^; p! U
literature.4( [) e" K& S" @* O% W1 w
Patient Report0 M4 V. Z& X. A6 S6 j0 h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 Q3 Q5 E3 y4 A9 N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 r( l% m& G" U# j& Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed `; n9 Y0 ]. F3 K
light colored pubic hair development when he was V8 r8 _; X7 j W; I* l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( Q3 @5 @5 g" T# \+ f- E& K' q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." n& c1 r& m! ?/ @; S
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- c6 f% V2 |$ J- xProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 b! N; I" v: F6 s2 g: R; r$ I
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; A% a/ M2 D* u& r. G* l4 F
e-mail: [email protected].
u! L" e7 K( G E7 H' ~about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 t7 n1 O8 Q9 r- S% R0 x2 wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- [; z1 J" @" P) C- S, L0 r0 y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child W% w( ^# m. Q7 J6 W5 \6 R) z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ u) m4 s" @/ X# z1 {; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( C0 H8 _0 E7 b b20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 H3 `, W' E2 J% J0 Z, Kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 s& e- m, }5 Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 u$ S9 Q9 I+ H5 A; fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" H' U* C& l1 _; {6 O% Q* E( y# Qwas age appropriate.( Z z. m4 L j2 _& L# p0 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,
' U8 }: y- `- L: d( Q, @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! t/ A# s% N& {" x: a$ cwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; Z3 s& ~4 H) R5 }) q# A1 y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 J# L9 O) Z6 c7 @0 ?: A! x) Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& f! H% q+ L: c8 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The( g, ]& w5 C. k& L& s V8 ^, O! M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 r5 }5 p7 W% Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 R) q9 G4 T$ n) r# z& |4 @
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 x: j( i7 h8 d( o: z: P! p4 s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 c9 O7 R4 t* b) vtives. There were no siblings.' I: t4 `# L- m+ G
Physical Examination
9 U* p, B& B# a8 XThe physical examination revealed a very active,! D) t! P* ?" u( }0 J4 T( i, z+ b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, j4 o) m L3 E! C- Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ h' l. t0 |9 C! `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' Y! \+ N8 j0 }$ o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# T0 K7 c f' b, L" B ?+ mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. U7 I z/ x z5 D( o, q$ w9 Z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 s8 z6 \1 I) ?3 tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for. T& e" \" Q. i1 s& _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 \0 H4 G( z+ p6 [/ m" D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 f- C% f. n7 ]# _- s3 J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" A$ s9 }3 X' N; d! _6 _( O4 O1 J) g540
# W. A# C2 j/ ?/ u0 P, t9 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 o* q- p s) `# C6 {7 }& pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( w j; x/ S6 P3 ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 ?; @/ R( ]" C- t4 B+ K3 }
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# h, W+ _1 X' h4 ~4 T1 c% G' G
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 D$ ^( S) i# l* I4 }- @$ k: N% |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 x7 I8 W4 T3 q" o6 x/ B0 F2 C4 L: X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; m1 f6 b9 l/ \ U* I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
l# B8 e v) P; zof papilledema.0 D6 U% T5 o& P8 o' Z$ J
Laboratory Evaluation
0 Y2 o9 c, I; bThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' Y8 i5 C& m: D& Z* B/ z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 E1 L+ q0 N# e3 N- I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: `1 V6 F9 g3 z- d9 ]$ l, a3 |; }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 B; `2 F$ f# o7 a) ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) D- ^3 @2 A4 ~; ~6 w+ }8 wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ Y8 P# V1 w# x$ a& x% D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 d- Q- b: p. \% \, }& @( [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 ^% }6 L/ K( z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 ~% E6 c, }4 F- K; kof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 _7 j6 j. U; W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ f# ~9 n" c( S! s& l5 U8 Png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-# G+ y1 l" t0 I3 l& J3 b
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% e o/ u) t3 j: l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 ]% L7 q2 k' x1 r) Z b- E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' y: N; a( V4 V' ~$ g/ ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* L6 m8 k" @6 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) B" z5 x& y; _$ L E1 y# ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ Z, L8 D( Q3 ]8 o X* wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 X/ j9 N9 K! I4 h/ U( J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) P7 y/ R' n" J; G/ t, J8 Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& n% W) O. K1 E* g/ p$ |! D( p8 Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 \8 f! F! K6 o+ n2 l* I
(prepubertal).' U: p* F! D1 ?7 G& K
The parents were notified about the laboratory: |$ v" d1 h: G3 J1 L3 e
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 \1 G& y' Y3 f' U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ j* h u* B- f
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( D) b( d3 ?" Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) |. g/ ^5 G( x7 J" w/ [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) S4 O' K+ O1 g6 g$ K
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! ~5 i9 F. w* }9 x& v: o% fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% _8 @) p0 X5 h( Q# n
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 S, m( `4 ?( }' A1 R+ }' Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( R4 n/ k' h Z" e* Spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 e9 k6 H5 F5 Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( Q) I0 ~; S" x3 R# d
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# b( P5 g7 C Z! U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 d5 @3 Y0 @4 x0 x1 m8 iing frequent erections.: g. ^. A& f8 t v3 G: X+ p8 i
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- i) [- O+ `) ^3 B( D, l8 Dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ c2 k7 U. I3 P# v
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, K% j" \. {5 k5 P/ m% p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; [: I" i$ G3 E( T3 `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, D9 Z. Z' m4 king over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! o+ _$ J3 Q7 g4 C5 B- j+ ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# Q, k6 ?" ~2 O) Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 ?& S e& j/ W& y3 D/ ~7 h" pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ P; _5 |. u' \: D4 Zsecondary to depression.6 M- [9 o9 z2 Y* g& ?
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
; }/ ~: [1 f0 \* b5 z: x$ X& Z' }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 I; c+ S% S" h, k0 |5 Q* c' xchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# c# K$ s0 p; q: ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! L9 L0 ~$ D, R8 H6 n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 Z1 N! n! A. awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' Y; W" q8 V& A# ?# Uwas high, he then read the product information' K( } z$ c1 x7 d9 L7 [* A0 ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! r2 \, z* l" S! C J4 {* m' u
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 B2 \5 w! J6 E# a# U& n8 t+ I5 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# K! M1 N2 B3 ]! s4 o# nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ m& U6 A( \& Q6 _( s4 S
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 s0 D8 e! b% ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! b; o& `7 p2 r4 }laboratory to obtain the test.# A; }1 D3 K, q. a5 d
Discussion8 g. x- f; J4 Q/ U2 {3 t- `: b2 Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; U( @9 i9 T9 a1 Vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) `/ o: d" N! R8 g1 W# uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 R' F6 v% {3 {& u- k
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* w0 I- l. K; Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 ^" h# j+ J+ k( @( y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ W6 G0 \& u3 z" Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& r/ v7 |. H6 a$ G; Z- ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) c) D+ O4 n/ l: F- n$ k2 x: @5 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 Q! }/ x4 g/ o, l5 }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 v8 ?: t( r5 W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ c& Q& g: I4 e7 M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: C# x9 s a9 [
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% _: x( C( b9 T: f* W* r! n
gonadotropins.1,3
) E2 u% a1 e# R3 PGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) F4 c3 d% a8 s! S& |7 B
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# I& _: j# s! E# [; Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# s0 Z( l" ?4 R9 Iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* @% X' K* x' S L; C) z. m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 e* L+ w' U. t/ R8 L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ o {# d/ a/ q, t8 Z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* N" V( S& ^) D, Fpuberty in boys.3,4
0 }; O9 P4 N7 T1 v8 [, j) iThe most common form of congenital adrenal: ]6 e$ j# L. V! f T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. I8 r) U% o8 _' K# m! B8 p! @The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& n1 m0 I v4 n7 g$ mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 ^; G1 U- M, r: R! Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 U4 |# z6 \& q; K6 Z' p
excess.1,3- [* _5 Z3 c8 J% D3 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from _8 E2 a# a, V( Y/ f' p5 o
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: r! B0 u* T' U' W% g' P9 p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ y" r" l) I( ~- lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known' |' Z3 c- T7 J6 g
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 G! R; r# @$ ?# A F5 _2 \# G) e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 q+ c+ z1 @( T+ u. U4 c* T1 h( gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, u: T7 [ q8 Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 x( T' T0 K2 U" z6 c: k1 G1 I. c, twith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 c, S: y5 ]5 z+ Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: a3 e- \0 Q- H: w6 M
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 Y, B: e. n( u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 `, Y2 Q2 `$ t# U: z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only' M& T! t9 @( [ O, u5 H
males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 C- A! V% d7 L8 j4 Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* \. K" b; M* nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 ]& E# c8 N" ~! Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, w/ f, p: f1 W% Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ B; r5 B2 ~! p, q. U% ~was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 B& q* a- z1 a. Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# {+ x+ E V& a6 a1 U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. j6 O! U- H$ s+ [! Rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 D& G8 ` P9 I6 X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 n0 p9 q" M* |6 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, \ Y$ l' O4 H5 P, @1 I8 y! ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 ^0 S% n# P' I, R) W, `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# p; r3 h3 F% O+ ]ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
) R0 Y& @: N) ]4 ^, XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: ?4 f! q% ?* b7 F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' j( E# k* J, x& M G2 T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-: O8 x. L5 o+ c. ~, h
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ u; b# k+ c5 d4 {2 E9 I" \
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- f. \6 m( v# z3 F2 [& p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 c& I. R v, ~9 c* u1 [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- o; V6 G4 U" Q( c
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 P. ?1 J* x" l* C0 _+ a' s
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. d2 N- a% }0 i3 A7 ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) Q) t2 p; Q2 c* VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 R# P$ ^6 ~; V: A# r8 R: A' M# \/ jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to: H, G1 O6 Q3 N# h/ S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' [" U8 g5 n/ ~- R1 n5 v
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 x3 s, s) T, _" Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. i6 e! ]! G# D* {1 B, H7 AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 c) c0 {$ R& {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 I$ ]0 m5 P6 B! N5 tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ B4 B( f: u* k8 F! Z; Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) N# C: N$ G) c0 d. W* Z, Dactive in young children exposed to testosterone1 j& A T0 s4 N' k% f" e: s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ a8 f5 f2 I, tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 v, X4 L9 L; c
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 o: u V# W: P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 l- k- G4 c N4 K2 b. l- ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) y [; A/ [4 u; v q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: ?) W6 Y, d& _9 o# M% l* {early childhood on pubertal development and final% }! E- ^3 M0 |2 V$ b" E& x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; W m; V+ v) a& K/ \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 N4 P y. B. I4 H6 S q& q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 m# Y! ?2 t! @/ `% }+ B( }; Kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) e5 p/ s+ d8 q0 q/ L0 xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 I$ f: a! N# I( k# Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 n0 c& \% B3 l/ Y4 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy- _. A& s- ~- [9 p7 N7 i) {
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult/ p6 [# B8 y; c8 r0 n* d# ~3 Y' {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# ?; k- s6 L4 q6 P& D( y" }# [. B# Q8 }1 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 |# l: t% x' p \+ ]' h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% J: y! m+ m5 m g+ D: i- g: ]* C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 E g' D" }( S5 s b2 o" ^" G! l7 Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 r8 m& d* L2 ~1 W/ O2 F, Y6 Qpenile length in clinical studies. f5 j9 @4 ?. j3 g1 D; X3 E
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" h$ ?4 k3 x* _2 Y, i* ?; Vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 x" V: ~, |$ M, i3 `( R
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 S1 h+ n$ v: i; P5 |. lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 G" R. L l9 L9 X, U5 W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of1 g* W0 ]! L% X$ f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. R" ^# n! g1 k# ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; O% Z% z4 X6 V/ _+ K( d* C1 [height will not be affected.+ R& g9 t$ `" H6 T. f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-, O9 f$ q/ x( z0 B7 |
ability of androgen products in our society may% a- U' E2 `+ G2 X6 G# d
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. b/ ?3 K7 g4 f7 \
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& b' k2 G# C' ?0 f9 t2 bgen products must be considered and specific ques-
' Z- @, U( `& Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ E: i: Z9 N, H) i; C
gel should be asked of the family members during
. Q2 ~& W6 {- ?( P5 n" }; `+ Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 [% ]: V2 t# ~& ^% J3 n" b
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 G) A# g+ N1 S8 m
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: i" Y# x+ Z# n# C kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, u5 F( d$ p: r1 @history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 z" C5 Y) @1 d( j$ eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 h3 C! `8 y" g* w; l
investigation. The primary care physician should be( g% b% q4 Y4 V, ^7 t- N7 m- B
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 n! |2 P# {6 ^! d8 r; Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 c# l: t" B; O! ^
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! b) Z1 p: y$ f6 t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, r3 O4 A4 f6 ?! R }( I
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 R" s9 r2 \1 y" T% D2 _one using any of these products.
w% J) B& o. q& a7 Q! ~+ zReferences* a7 @; j9 z( J3 b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. k0 I9 P4 C9 I- K3 R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& ]+ a% W# s0 F& c6 b0 h, j% s% U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 P5 N! V$ T+ A8 y8 T" x2002: 565-628.
@. w& ~. E3 q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 }; l! T. E( q4 `9 F5 ?: M7 B# o$ Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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