WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* \4 }6 s/ D% ]9 Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical3 K  v: X. O& i% S5 Y
Exposure to Testosterone
8 S, u" n4 }; X, i3 e  }3 m5 X# BSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
2 @. ?( f( ^1 p7 q4 Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 e6 P1 H% a- i2 x# o, a+ A% ZClinical Pediatrics
# ]2 @. _, {5 H' sVolume 46 Number 6
( I& k$ X6 d$ b' r; X4 JJuly 2007 540-543
2 T4 k! L3 ^; f8 S' m* V© 2007 Sage Publications! `6 s1 s) P7 Y9 A; }/ w7 t& e) n, x
10.1177/00099228062966516 b7 @' L( X0 a* T6 o
http://clp.sagepub.com1 T/ r, {* r. y0 J7 z! M, O
hosted at
2 b5 b" U5 o( P  _4 a% Chttp://online.sagepub.com
0 t4 D, e" {4 W& HPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; ?6 q9 N6 U% m1 z' T0 e# p
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 @' L+ p+ V$ @! q" D2 K$ ~% G& hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  n! S1 Q4 n! d( `; h& }$ S
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, [$ c! |8 ^* [3 f$ o2 k( _
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 @: C9 G1 X- i$ C' xlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 Y. G7 j+ r. tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic' ~/ \: f0 [# a1 E
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ u  [) f+ n: M1 Zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ P) L; q6 g% N; `5 X( T! Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 M8 }( @: M" a1 y& ]! E
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) u. L: c& c. \& r# U* ament without testicular enlargement, which was due9 Q. ]/ }+ l( a( I" f8 [: A% `
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ S' T) g" J9 |
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( p/ a: J# M* l) B) g) ^. x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ F* {& W. Z- l2 O/ p9 l
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' g) ^0 F  f4 }% D# C6 S6 @* b  s0 m
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 Q1 J9 P$ G" L# y" S! |+ M( U- X) m
bly more common than the rare case report in the! E: |1 D; M4 m% @6 ~
literature.4
& a; Z# ~2 O9 WPatient Report6 |" u- ^- l/ P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the! }) U: h6 T9 x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& b! n; B9 i+ @" E1 ^  F1 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed/ B8 i" z# j% Z5 y" L" m
light colored pubic hair development when he was: q+ \4 ]' b( f% v5 d. u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* L+ m" [6 @! ?2 w: h7 v) O+ N! f3 w
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ R1 X% F7 X6 |% a3 T5 U- f5 n
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- P& X3 r5 k! DProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 {' y3 k  Q2 U( k
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 k8 ?" _* X' V% z) C7 N. y6 Y5 |" de-mail: [email protected].6 g& w& l$ P- b" _: i/ l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! `( N+ R/ Z* K- o
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! U2 C5 K: N* B. H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ `/ {5 N2 {3 p6 t" kwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! f, u1 m  e/ ]5 m4 d" m" z; V# sa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) f! A6 D! ^8 a! |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ j6 F0 h7 o' [. i  b5 y: c1 rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( a& i- o) s. ~% B' g- F. X
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ I( s8 d) U; |; t. u7 a; ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 l4 D% }0 N% \- l
was age appropriate.1 o% D, c1 n6 o! W& S; _
The family history was remarkable for the father,; t& p0 V, S$ @" R" T& c7 I
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 E3 D& \1 z  q: H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 e  V8 ~" X) j7 t- N! f5 A
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 R  e5 X, g& z2 N1 ]: tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. x, e; W0 f5 G- Y& MThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' i2 h, F2 s5 u0 c$ Echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: X7 {1 ], V) B' P- Y; y: @' u5 K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, f2 a0 B. b. ^8 `* j& `5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 D! t. n& \; xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: g( g5 t; d" J( x$ b1 Z) O( ftives. There were no siblings.
0 U( a* U/ c$ BPhysical Examination! d6 g, W7 A8 _6 _4 F' |
The physical examination revealed a very active,: l2 I4 g9 a( E) }) B$ _3 w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 i* d* t! ^9 c3 {4 h0 va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! N# }3 T! @5 a
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' z2 ?- G5 ?; V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
7 v0 L0 p# A, H# yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* f1 c5 f1 u6 G0 k
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# }4 q6 |; i- ~7 d6 ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. }- O: z/ @7 J- Qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- n$ C0 l7 k' G3 b5 S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: m/ D2 a  U/ C. ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( P1 [0 b+ ]  q% V1 s+ m% E540
' S( v6 `, d7 G# x( Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" @; |8 \6 _6 O% f) M0 a8 Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, b! A7 B- j# w! E3 o% M, t9 ~2 l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; d4 Q6 I- g7 S, y: UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# c- K, x4 W* @: M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& Y. E% `5 m' Z! E0 G( @; P  cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! g& j/ Z. y+ x% d# ^6 HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- f- M9 h: }( |# \" Cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 U/ j; c; j- k( m# N3 `4 x2 Z
of papilledema.0 P8 A; m; l% Q/ T
Laboratory Evaluation. N* x& @- w" {
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by  b3 Z8 i$ h2 l( @% o
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 C$ E/ X/ F) F8 S* B
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, K; [* [2 R# `; H1 G9 m1 l2 ^; [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 t  {1 _* z- a5 Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% T9 I9 @3 H" k% blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ t# u. t- ]8 s4 e1 @$ E7 W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% @/ X- T0 J% y4 H$ P* |) zurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
) ?5 M$ S0 e* X; v  `8 b" i1 e: t) n$ Vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
; t* p* \$ v9 |4 o2 g6 ^of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, i; e8 I* Z1 P; [9 y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 206 l; }' K  f6 J0 k" k/ _" E$ T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& \& `" o$ `2 \* B8 X0 D( m
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( C2 o# U  H) p6 w" jdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. q" G1 m# b5 @1 l; N3 i& A4 q8 Y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- s+ E8 G5 Q1 |8 U$ S4 i
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: x- F' d, c0 y0 `; _" Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" J4 x7 c; ^! b! O5 X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 S2 n& j* J6 K6 t6 N( |
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, K4 U) H0 n+ L# T. ]8 ^# Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 |) l+ x5 l; f/ N' Pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* o. W  Z$ _/ O' m. J" [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& d+ c+ _0 T$ |- k9 m, N(prepubertal).
) U9 \, t6 [+ jThe parents were notified about the laboratory
' k5 x1 o8 I9 ]# j! e" Hresults and were informed that all of the tests were
/ e# L" L' l' Q8 d4 `( ?normal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 b4 b) j: v+ ^$ G- S  Rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 n+ A9 S" |  s3 L7 ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* ]: x% R- R" w  m3 I3 b0 H$ [$ R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: J3 x0 x7 J" g6 W6 m, }Physical examination at this time revealed that the: R5 [' N  s) v) z# e/ e9 k
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 v' F, m2 q9 v5 t6 B; ]. J2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! F& k$ p/ c1 O- t+ s% F% s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
. \2 a3 d6 p/ b: t( Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 W3 E7 c; R5 Z) U( b3 }+ p0 H% Z
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 G  T$ i& @6 I+ j. G' o& u' {mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ _: z' k5 g! N+ l5 ~# {2 B2 K1 xThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 g; H3 M2 Q7 x8 X" w& Ding frequent erections.4 w. Y# v2 E" N. g$ @
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 f5 K0 e( u. p( L
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to: j0 m$ D- Y  U+ I7 L
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. ]9 U2 _2 {4 U8 HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; f/ N7 O# P+ n
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 U  c( H7 S9 v# {  D, P, Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) h. C/ r% |& ^! t+ S" qa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 _& D' v& [8 F- v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, @. Q2 x) [$ @+ m  h) Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- G4 S7 R% x1 n4 L5 t
secondary to depression.
  T* g* V9 [6 K# z: }8 XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ P/ E1 S9 k% V- B/ \) i5 y/ SThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 E5 C+ R! j& C) R
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) i. ~* H+ f+ n& l, L- G: r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: I/ Q2 @: ^$ m
The father also admitted that after the phone call,: b7 z. n; Z  e7 y9 N& J. V+ y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
) H# J( c; ~) ^* {; o( {% Ewas high, he then read the product information
" c1 w1 r  w5 ^$ I! A! Z* [/ ~0 C& mpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: P  t( S# e; ~% o7 Y8 V" t3 sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  a$ ^2 b4 L4 }+ u# |decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ h, f6 c5 `; K
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had( k! Y: B( G* M
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
2 K  d1 Q) L" A+ h7 itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& N4 V  h: ~3 r7 J' z/ W
laboratory to obtain the test.  R6 Z; q  v5 }' u+ S: R
Discussion
0 p  k1 m) m! }2 b6 H6 OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. ~5 m( f* w$ b8 T! rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; l7 y7 w, z, B. n& V  rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 v4 |; F, G4 xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 ^9 j; F9 x! ]  [( Y4 k
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 ?$ Y$ b8 k( \( omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' V% R  T3 C+ ?, r& Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 y+ t! W' B1 x3 \: j$ jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' [) n1 Q  R0 Q/ ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! O- z8 u% w" t% R3 H
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# W4 w/ ~5 H. k* J! Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 y* \. G4 r9 d' l# pization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
3 c$ @& B- E$ e2 D( Vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! ~5 t5 O: t5 x, @8 Tgonadotropins.1,3) z; ^2 }4 k3 E# v7 o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! D- M: K; L- y2 d9 ?+ Ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
3 t: d0 |4 k" X/ O0 I. M3 m& pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ n+ a$ N# a# p& W) u. ~
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ u5 R& r3 k8 {' [4 Oulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 x6 I# D1 ]4 L( M* Q+ m; Bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive/ @. j/ R, u; z" F
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! B' S: g1 c6 {' Spuberty in boys.3,4
5 {5 G) L( J; U7 t0 `% |5 ]/ h4 JThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( q6 g. E# P& }8 m8 _hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% N) |% A( ?  dThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 C2 S& U4 i1 w7 [  K. ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 X3 ?$ P$ R# _3 s  lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen" D. v1 u, C+ i7 K3 H4 n- v
excess.1,35 W  O; b2 P) o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 i( V; x$ W7 V+ @
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& E7 W( L, t, g# Z% l
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
8 K3 \* j3 q! Z8 g- Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known" e7 |$ j8 c2 T. g
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. k, E% k, }! V( a4 D1 }very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 Y( t: W3 X# h8 P
with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 o$ c, ?5 L9 U/ b5 Z5 N( L6 M$ k6 H
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; B" M* w  s$ Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# `3 z% \" }/ i& P( i2 E0 Iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& Z$ h& n  H5 X5 r9 v4 C- e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% V: N, F5 r0 [. p2 O5 y( Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
  T/ P5 v) j( m* K; r& S6 s5 hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only# _2 ?" g6 Q. l
males; therefore, other male members of the family
) ?  J- ^+ b/ ^$ p' hmay have similar precocious puberty.3) R1 q# M; s9 r( S! z6 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-( Z! e. O3 J( z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% V, L$ r) v& q/ o" a
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 Z! p6 Q: b8 x+ Nwas in the differential diagnosis because his father/ z& ^9 N5 f' W4 k* U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 c* R2 H/ ~+ l+ k) U* S# j4 g, K6 [
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- Q, S7 [( u7 p4 nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
7 A; s6 Q" Q0 u0 i. Yative initial history of androgen exposure, our, w; k% L  d/ M5 P5 t3 R
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  Q6 o/ [: s# {- S$ Ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 M3 y; y% j3 C/ }: E) P4 q: T' ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
) S# X  h! E9 k7 K/ r- l' wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! d& S; ~+ t( p7 d
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- O. V" q: c. B7 z* k  rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 E9 m( A! g/ @% A7 O+ Z" O  ]- ^the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; z$ F  p- {2 d( q- Apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ n, P' o8 }. \! Q6 L3 c) `decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* S" [; \' _6 [- S* O) A1 F4 G
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 T" ]" N. }3 I: xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ j5 o. ~/ `. mDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
; T. U! Z7 ?2 W' c# ecream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 Y! N8 |- W7 C& ^, T3 Dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ B/ F$ ]; s7 _% `  s# P7 iSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' X: Z2 e- ~" b, ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to# O0 v- v. u1 [  I3 T' G, _3 o2 l5 p
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 R" v, S# T2 M5 J, |) Ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 L- S. l% r, k$ I" f5 \  z. g7 ztion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 o" I  u" B& @8 x' `, ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; G6 H" V. x4 z& U" M
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& M, W/ u* h" e5 L" b; Q6 D6 cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( [/ J" q% ~. }7 w$ kterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& a* F$ p, ?) E: }
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ \7 p$ `. X. i" h9 g* @- y+ f
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 ]" p3 F1 k5 g) P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
/ M/ Z+ F; L! S- u3 I* Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 q. A  f# W2 f) ^+ Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and4 C' ?; q; Y7 c; Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 T# D) m6 ~1 E! M; IThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) R& q+ a: ~6 f$ v
early childhood on pubertal development and final4 a$ A4 A5 A2 q* ~# ~$ o; ~
adult height are not fully known and always remain
% s: g2 _: H% @( Y  h& V1 |6 x% ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  f  F. }) ~* @% w. Z, C* G7 qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# E. f3 C, L+ w: i8 ~
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 ]) x* ]! z; e5 hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% H2 g! c: b2 g8 w4 H& Q5 N& d
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& @! i9 A. q$ Z8 rThere are conflicting reports and controversy) }( P9 `8 {/ @1 E, F5 p  J* e! U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 I7 I6 _* u. x( Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! ]/ O; m" ^/ ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ k7 m% \7 ?0 F% Z" I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. s0 J- a3 y  \6 ]; W' v/ TSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between) ?3 B' ]& {9 s' z# M7 _8 E; {+ x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 o" N; D! H0 }  |$ T, `
penile length in clinical studies.0 ^  `4 Q3 Y! o3 ]* i# U
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 |% I3 E  S* z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 \- v, w" [1 ?5 @  ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 H& E) d; u3 J# s5 Ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 P  y/ D! G' F
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of; E% m- l) l! B
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 k. X1 i: D  h8 q( L2 q, ?; R, N2 k* D
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. Q# B' T8 v! i) i% _1 n
height will not be affected.
: N+ r/ e$ ]  A( ]% XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, o' t  v4 i% u" K) yability of androgen products in our society may/ R1 m3 S; K' H
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
4 v7 u# W" j  G. G& @) ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) m, V; S7 \" O# `
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
" o8 m8 X0 D8 {2 T+ Wtioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 V5 q# B; ^! }, Y7 L2 Z+ A1 e
gel should be asked of the family members during+ \' i; Y( W/ k5 ^$ [& f
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ k8 k$ E6 B6 _ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 O7 w2 c* _% `$ t; x0 [6 ^' I) \: Unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% H  d# ~& ?) u! q2 v! _) iappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% d  B- ]8 R4 m4 G, _$ c" I4 ~/ thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 N! m& a! C) R
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ v  f1 L4 m' T8 h1 ^investigation. The primary care physician should be
& z2 A$ i! l5 m9 R- _% zaware of this fact, because most of these children" I( t' ]3 B2 W- i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- v' M- \' l( s7 E5 |7 S* k& a" z# r
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: c. M8 |$ Z! E' n
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
. c& Z; z" p7 W: ]female child who might come in contact with some-2 m$ I' Y! T: R7 W
one using any of these products.
$ b* H$ \# v! G8 A& xReferences/ d  }6 l: d3 E% G7 `
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" U, k3 R3 \. _- v0 {" i3 u& I+ Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
6 ^  y/ D) g5 r( M  l' dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 Q3 _" M3 Z- _, c& V4 h# b8 a7 n2002: 565-628.
' C5 ]9 w; [+ C0 m4 c2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 w' w: D& B; Q9 U3 F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ g( s8 }' Y( Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 Z% W9 [6 Q) d
Exposure to Testosterone
' L- ?, E7 h; {0 _3 x# m& ASamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 a# Y6 y: d; {; Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 H7 [4 p- h# |7 C& I/ p3 t
Clinical Pediatrics
6 N, ^- y8 @1 W6 CVolume 46 Number 6
  L+ J# D; a+ G" \! LJuly 2007 540-543
8 V+ T6 ~7 `8 S" M, j© 2007 Sage Publications
0 V1 J# Q" L& e' d! ?10.1177/0009922806296651
0 [* X: V9 `- nhttp://clp.sagepub.com0 w7 X! U. ]; ~9 y# |
hosted at" X' s! M/ N3 Z4 u) ?
http://online.sagepub.com  K5 t4 t- P2 q. q. j2 @0 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 t  F) c. u5 o! r: u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
  f  X& ]. L1 v  U* E: [' n# mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 @5 q( c# {7 a6 @# [4 D' c4 ~
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* G$ r" a# c+ s
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' _; w# I8 m  w/ {/ I# e5 y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ l2 [5 T! m: K: `( S( j6 D8 E# |
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, }! q* j8 r4 A6 r
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! p* e( x/ M" F( w" _  G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% p6 r  m% R+ D" C. {3 y: R
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the0 b) k  _, \* L& K( p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 q; H# Q3 G. D: M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; `9 a% l0 }9 Z' S
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& g0 h  P! T' \8 V! ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-) t6 ?* F# h& C1 S) x. z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; ~1 c* m/ f7 S2 }& ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of, E! ?! _9 v# X; r5 c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 r; k& |5 `4 L( o1 I
bly more common than the rare case report in the) C3 z- D, V$ t! Z6 P
literature.4
6 M# I" z! _! h" B8 S, p2 c& [Patient Report# V% e4 R* F  a8 e' ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 b0 t5 L5 C3 X# Q, M# }' \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& E. Z  {! @% Z( p1 Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ t2 ~$ w4 y, g% j0 klight colored pubic hair development when he was  M# x* x$ o( a. A# e. ?) R
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) I) r/ Z, M. k9 I: `1 YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 a# f* n+ {6 |  l# t' BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  A4 e" k; p1 }% e
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 H& q: c. b% Y  n  M& tMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;+ i' o# |, Q( c+ g
e-mail: [email protected].' [- J! u/ T, G! g$ n+ s. L4 y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. r2 x' s+ l: ^5 \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# u# J! D2 W; e* ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! {0 |/ y/ ?( ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- K8 J& e3 P* z  R! Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# k# Q0 i) R  n9 p' q2 x20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ x! Y4 h" s* h- t+ d. J
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* V7 o9 h1 S" j: {solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," x" I" V5 X, y7 ]6 l/ a9 s
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 Q) K' x1 `) I* m5 I. ^
was age appropriate., a  y+ l# y! T! W1 {
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 O% B! V' s) ]0 \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ \1 P% S% ?9 r" ^* x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! }6 f1 z& D  n' Z. e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* B) R; M5 I5 U: G6 u! j- O
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 s* }4 ]4 S# _* c' u( H  k. r6 K2 B! bThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 R3 E, h/ N& t  N
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& F0 Z3 P! U* _' s1 swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 X0 m0 @  {. t
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; `7 R$ Q4 D$ t: b+ N, Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. Q* |/ S" \- m5 x: U& O5 k$ I
tives. There were no siblings.( d5 @4 J" W$ y0 G
Physical Examination" G+ ^5 V. s* {4 M  ^8 Z4 V
The physical examination revealed a very active,* ~; I- a& P% r4 ]2 H. y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 c. n% e1 [+ t5 \' ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! b' C0 A* \& R. T- n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; T8 H- [7 J4 h$ A3 E
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! J0 j' [; T& c7 Z3 \3 i7 J
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 S1 r1 h# F* v7 U% L7 o: ~$ q3 z2 R
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' Q$ U& w  J( O5 g
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ G7 x7 }. D5 ~' d& A, r4 {' menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- }- z! h& x& L3 ~. i* h0 d) [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- ?3 A" {1 g& ]( odeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ v) a. l2 f. A$ ]9 q
540* ^5 h$ z" g- c3 o$ Y9 `5 Q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- }6 i: k0 l9 }: h* c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 H" ]  Z& r. s' i' p9 m7 h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 C9 c& f. o( Z6 D+ P+ s- n1 V# ~The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 ~5 Y% f+ j9 K) `9 |1 i: hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 b2 n* F. k. `/ ?  Y! S" _abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 K) S& C: S- z. K" |& sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% t, R7 {  i% j: x/ S  _3 q1 }) `
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 Q3 G( r# c6 y  T; S: z9 @, Cof papilledema.1 b0 A% T* v4 B9 \& ]* o" v6 u
Laboratory Evaluation
4 N# A/ b! B4 f; s( r/ Z0 {/ UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- f1 ^; b. q" [0 |  Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 j( j0 i+ K) d& A- ?9 J
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* O: e' l" r! f& l( U/ P4 _' `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" Y' ?* u" O2 p, i
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 s. s9 W6 L) V$ b" `7 i
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
- v3 g5 \5 ?+ m5 e% u7 v6 e/ N* z8 g7 }The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 z8 T& [+ |1 P7 \5 e1 k' M! Aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& |* I/ V/ g( `1 ~* e! [within normal range for his age. The concentration4 ^: \) w6 D0 w/ m8 d
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 z0 m0 h' V: E0 F/ M1 ^: [/ e3 S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 k- i! z* s2 d4 u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- h9 H% Z: `! o6 hterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, @$ f- A8 m/ ~4 U3 \
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 w, h  V$ M( o3 x% D( I49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 D: F) w; W2 _, U3 c. R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% C+ o0 v4 M+ l1 l
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- m  Z+ v& ]7 b/ f2 Q  A4 P- a4 ?testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; h! o5 d9 ~# z8 o; R
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, w/ y; Y6 }: h# B7 I9 ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 @, q# y: U- J2 b" c4 ]5 Pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: k; [0 z- g' [! N9 {concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: Z" ]0 ]( a. N6 \: ?  c' y(prepubertal).
. {# Z4 Z0 o3 i6 S7 Y; d$ Z; _The parents were notified about the laboratory# v, ]: Z, C% m8 Z% I- o0 v4 a
results and were informed that all of the tests were% M+ Y. C- K  i% t8 [
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 Y* q0 U% c4 C% |9 [3 {( Y' ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ \& L. R# J9 G) a0 [- X
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 S5 g$ W5 E( n% o2 B
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! F% p4 z; O1 d$ v/ g) v8 o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 m+ }2 ]" O8 C7 k
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' u& x3 L0 O8 M. h; P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- X4 L% w; Q2 P$ g. t! Ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 W. v0 ^0 o" J1 _% Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 V* C$ m1 y5 q9 @the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 c" F5 Q! J# O$ O+ M
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# Z2 _1 v9 E" u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; m: C) V. y) Q1 |* @ing frequent erections./ U, l* K+ r) s- ~; y  p
Both parents were again questioned about use of( _( b, e$ U& S8 K
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to* ]8 n' _2 m9 q4 Y, v) ?" M$ I8 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, \- r2 `! G6 _7 R7 B1 J! t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) _+ j7 m/ n# `1 }) Q7 J  o1 }
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 \) b7 ^! R% V2 E( F& K- n
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' v: c1 p- n! P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 ?: ?! k; A7 ]9 F
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 y& j% c% e; q; G1 v7 P
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ K: E' e! D0 ^6 K9 u2 D
secondary to depression.& @! L6 h  i6 j
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
* ^1 q" {' {$ }2 ?# n3 W4 d+ GThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his. d# ~" j2 Y4 ?- h6 E/ ~' I
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) M! D" g/ a) j5 [9 Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) C3 }+ F% [% e1 L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  R  v2 {6 Y+ T1 r! h8 jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; g' C7 a( `) f8 A' S, m- pwas high, he then read the product information
8 s' a! W9 t* e$ P. M3 Qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; l2 d+ b, R: K  f9 ~% x* a& ^# e- ?0 Vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 u1 }- N' @  t) ], ~, ^decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 B0 w% `1 M/ ], W( |father was not hugging him with bare skin and had  I: X  y0 f! o0 S) q
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& f. w7 A. K5 p; t% o
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* v$ h, t& \" o9 ^9 v! c
laboratory to obtain the test.
* R7 _# B" E: g" H) QDiscussion
6 }+ f5 g) O$ y9 WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- ^7 ^7 T, m2 K9 Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 M  l, C# O; X# A0 R3 r+ yPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 U$ N# s' C4 Git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: H7 ~; s2 K, u# A6 g" jthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 y# K& F, F& q/ ]; `& E( j
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 d% c+ Z- N" v( |# b4 vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is+ T% T* K& I/ c6 n! q( J) C2 }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& ?$ F3 F! b& o! @amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 k% u0 l4 i1 t5 f4 k4 A6 ?8 ~& Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in$ {3 K2 K5 L; f6 @( E! Y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! L0 U  \3 O: O5 H, b6 @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& i# F4 e2 I# g3 ~3 m' krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 r" z+ G  ~1 C  a5 D
gonadotropins.1,3
) J- }7 E" }/ p1 \! z  S( KGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ _6 p9 h* P0 Y/ K$ \1 q( |$ acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 {/ F8 ~9 w5 w# T; q$ d' ~& d. I4 vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ }4 O; n( H4 x8 P. a5 n) yexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 ~2 y( C) q3 o0 S5 Hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ {9 a5 R8 z/ t2 U" @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 l6 b- A6 J. vadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% l6 T" K/ U$ [3 P: x( R6 @) |
puberty in boys.3,41 U+ ?6 S+ ~' s1 F6 s+ R
The most common form of congenital adrenal
8 n! K1 @2 l. Mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ n$ Q( R) I3 _$ P& `" QThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 g& c& e+ Z) E  x( r% x7 A
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. u/ `3 Y+ u$ C: Q) ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% C) v, x$ r" c( W* aexcess.1,3
: z  }* l# ]; L. k# ^' Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 ?/ A+ o, n4 a2 I542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 i: K: \& }  G  _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. n- k2 J% q" o$ Q
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
1 @+ @$ M( L( _! las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
  I$ Q4 E1 L0 u% I8 S8 J& W! G' v6 Q6 [very young age. The physical findings in these boys6 p% x; |& P$ u' f* O& D. N
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 x# d" t  O) w( E# nincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 q0 J7 u" I) C; K* w/ Twith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 l3 m0 ?- o) _are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show. j7 C7 {# X/ s& C
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 m; M) m: ?2 b  A8 \1 _* p; r* |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 [; [# N+ h. C9 D9 O2 `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 ]- m# a2 `; G; K1 o$ U8 p* t
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 f. E7 }4 A$ ~; g3 Kmay have similar precocious puberty.3% k6 L0 Y; S+ [/ ?8 }  K
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
" E8 q/ J1 }) K( I& E5 C+ j7 bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: ], j5 J% \9 B  _' P% e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; |2 o) ~) ]- @; y$ zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father8 q: Z/ X# Z! D: x! B
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  m8 o. D& s8 b$ q! itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the' K9 R& O4 P4 T# A6 y2 H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 D8 ~) C0 U+ f- wative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ G/ F2 ]; D, x. }# X/ ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- `+ h9 y1 L8 M% Q8 u: p# P
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 r% m  e" L( Q* F: _4 U6 sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( ]) W- `4 b0 Oing the normal level of adrenal steroids.! D- l4 G* U; V4 T
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 o# a& O9 ^( I) R* V
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 Z8 }# S, x; s0 i  r# {+ m) E# A" Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( ?- O, k' f$ R/ w. lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: i" l) i% G( s: {; o" d1 {decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-8 M( u. D1 p# A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  L6 z- i9 S/ q: Q6 o# eusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# q8 U) \1 ]$ C8 ZDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. U7 |7 u% L6 |% l/ F8 [cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. f7 @( Q  ^7 A2 J2 kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 g- W4 U3 S0 r1 q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  {8 g/ f# P# q' E# A8 a* k; u- ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to) t. u0 Z. W( P! _) u$ K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: v) o8 C! _$ [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 d# j6 [! e. {5 z# _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 l. ?. ^# E1 r( |" @# I: Q0 j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 N7 H0 y0 U' y! [* H& Vwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: t2 g! k' R0 Ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-' u/ ]  R. l8 w! \$ z# w& \) y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 L3 T$ U. ~! c2 R4 Vactive in young children exposed to testosterone! w+ G7 f5 i, J0 B8 L- s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* P1 d7 x! U# Y+ P( N7 K
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 r1 P3 M8 g! y. r. X+ e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 C9 s3 [6 _. Y0 b7 \8 o2 nchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" U; C, p/ g5 E2 {, I7 A0 Z9 \% nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 x0 v" s. e& L  g3 a+ S+ LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ f0 f. o) O% V1 j3 V+ Y  d9 G, N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( _1 X" w  q+ b% D& zadult height are not fully known and always remain! L1 `. C) U7 ]- m
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- k" l* V' }7 L* R
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 a2 Z) l; U9 a& g) g7 Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 x! g. G$ }) t! ?( W% K0 f' W9 U
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation: S% |2 k) o; c" s/ e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* H! ?& G' X4 S! n( Q, y" e
There are conflicting reports and controversy" L" ?9 ^9 h# ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) ?+ X. @' U- }. z8 K' O3 [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' A% d$ V+ Q; Q& \/ |% S
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# g% }. d0 \( E0 i# |4 I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 [5 g7 ?  d8 X+ ^6 T* m
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
- L; S9 v1 K3 C8 schildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& R" j' [+ n4 ^6 e8 Jpenile length in clinical studies.
# L7 X, B/ C, w* w% F7 l' N; T8 aNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 a* E9 L% A8 ^( Pgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
% m# ?9 C; q# p6 t; v/ ]5 rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 X" y  k- K2 F& D3 R0 x7 g: mthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ }4 r0 F, `. X0 |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& |) h) n7 T, R) P8 @( c0 O- e+ C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 \7 p$ v4 \+ ]. b7 }/ Q+ `6 O, |
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 Q0 M8 ^3 H! o; D. i4 `. t+ Q
height will not be affected.
1 W6 I/ N* a! S6 t5 |5 Q! t3 K# }Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& n, c, J+ U2 [3 Z4 Lability of androgen products in our society may
" L/ h$ s- ]7 yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
: ^" p1 p2 k& W3 u- nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ T' _  h8 d, j0 g1 a" e* ~3 @6 M4 a) m1 H
gen products must be considered and specific ques-( P, g  k6 j' _5 d2 M) O: ]* S1 t
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# V1 |; l& h3 e7 F
gel should be asked of the family members during5 P' y, P9 M4 [/ D7 u0 g1 q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: w* P! @0 F1 Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' @6 t6 g7 f1 D* k
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ S* G1 T( l4 x  O/ i  f% L$ h: S
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) d& ^  p: {7 X& Y+ ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 _( t! L! V# R4 ?0 F
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& l! {3 O: F+ [+ o
investigation. The primary care physician should be- z( d  w& t! H4 y6 d& O
aware of this fact, because most of these children, C- h% R9 J  k/ K) a
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" N$ s" q8 C& U* TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a6 I  _) Q( [! t3 N" t5 r) }
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 G& h2 M8 M4 }* B1 w* h, h
female child who might come in contact with some-' `; k) |0 X3 N7 F6 G- s) F2 N
one using any of these products.
9 ?- k% E% S9 H: s( j  y/ E/ rReferences  J, T* K) K4 y1 O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
, Z4 a  n( r2 v$ `5 N- o' T# tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& P5 X, Y0 d) P4 g' G7 B1 Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;3 H7 i% M. Q$ H! u' ^
2002: 565-628.
. r0 t9 ]2 d& ~% b8 }5 {/ J! B2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 N" g" }3 M2 [8 m2 qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 ?+ f" _: b6 v* `+ z精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表