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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! \. q; C# {6 w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, v) l# s7 M: B" @3 m
Exposure to Testosterone$ I: p6 j) b8 V+ Y2 V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' [! ^0 E* x! b( `( q) zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ V, s1 `, I# d$ h# o" e" I: }
Clinical Pediatrics8 Y7 y: i, v: r$ p4 y3 ~
Volume 46 Number 68 |4 Z1 I6 y4 c" V7 G% ? k
July 2007 540-543
& L* a+ L. U$ O& e© 2007 Sage Publications
% X' ?# K4 `+ N) y. B" @10.1177/0009922806296651
9 V3 r8 v: b/ p; n, H, X, m5 rhttp://clp.sagepub.com
* b0 ] l: d, \# ohosted at" Y4 m$ }5 ?, X; M* q! n, Y
http://online.sagepub.com
: M" ]) r% D$ o9 fPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& a1 T; t V) h& H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 A) a* i; L$ X$ lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; x9 f9 s9 N2 y) c9 t* E
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 l; `7 m. R, J6 ]" Z
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; R* U" t% h" X5 C8 K5 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 J! c9 f) R0 U8 y$ o( X: x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" z( Z9 z* |4 C a, _
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- E, G1 E1 ^* c3 A
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( R+ _7 n" c4 Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) h$ U% h6 W( Z( B0 h( n. Tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 V+ n. \+ H5 R1 z# sment without testicular enlargement, which was due. ^ x- r B* L, W1 B6 i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 G& |( V! G3 h7 E, H
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 y% `! F0 n8 d2 Z8 @mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, ^. w% l+ D- f# o5 o5 nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ N L" U6 b3 h; g. J7 O$ o0 xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 }+ P3 T/ {) x' f- p+ i4 Nbly more common than the rare case report in the) k4 w+ M' g4 j. D# i
literature.4
& s! E) G: N+ ~Patient Report! h- L3 W& g% a5 T; U9 i ]; a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 C9 f% c! y: o% \2 y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, d3 E+ F6 X5 e l7 O- Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed. ?4 O* Z# C* P# {% u Q! t9 n
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( Z( d9 o' _) cFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" m h' _( Y7 [6 B! M# K
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' F, m/ K* h& R' f6 D. u0 c! ^Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," m9 x8 \9 w0 B+ T0 X- {. ~2 I4 _1 j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# F/ q' F" ^- o: I2 u( f* O
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- ]9 s6 D# x7 P$ j6 h" M5 x
e-mail: [email protected].
& i6 R2 r4 r+ C9 `7 sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 f! M9 @- v9 B2 o0 V4 p2 ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 h; i9 c! X( w( c2 q5 u; `$ {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 o3 U/ B5 T; W7 d; J# P% V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% ^3 [0 E' H& v' z; k6 F& l) Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 S. T* |9 ]; B5 @* T4 U6 X2 {. Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 N; V8 }7 u; _/ H! W
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 O0 @$ E5 y8 ?! m5 _! Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( `" E# t, u# Z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" [: P5 t' n, m k8 ewas age appropriate., r, v* P: D$ p7 A3 v1 P$ L
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& \: \7 s+ d# B" gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: L2 |- H/ K+ `. d% q! }7 gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- s9 n @9 A; g- H; `6 T
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 m4 \0 _% N" {# Y) U% L( Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# J/ L5 E/ n6 }The father denied taking any other medication. The; A- E; R7 O0 G E% R Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche h: _8 H& R, s* M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ u+ |- p# r a% g2 J4 e5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ O: \6 r' f, L. M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& l, K1 Q' ?: F8 q' K3 H G- @tives. There were no siblings.
2 m& a5 P: i' `Physical Examination3 Z3 a* G3 w8 Y+ J7 n Q6 h! @* F
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" n G# L: q; G# {playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented j+ V9 Z& r% r( d, O
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" ?$ o. |, h" ]! L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ g$ }3 j4 L% d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth, g) P8 |7 X& Z' i
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of0 |6 o! P+ Y' X7 P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 N4 @! s9 Y( k, s( [7 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ m5 p0 a4 Q" w4 V
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- F7 j X" R9 i# ?. x1 F2 N7 ?8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
A" q7 u+ L1 d9 [7 m- A& f+ Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& q1 u9 J1 k M/ d' U9 w7 S
540. d( e6 ]2 C6 j7 o8 c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% Y* `; r, T! |0 u. { Q0 @the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: v7 o N; r) }0 ]! u
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; c+ E9 s! O+ r; c3 y* WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, X4 F5 \6 U+ Z& d( f! C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* z6 }+ ]5 C2 q! O, M8 sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 x# D3 E5 Y1 r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! D5 z5 L& C$ ~ C) T3 O: \! `8 d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 Q& ?- J0 U, ^# W! c3 L) ^of papilledema.
# k. S! K0 t2 Q- f2 K& Q( tLaboratory Evaluation
+ F H. X: z( F" rThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by& n' }0 Y L9 ^! h( w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ K0 T0 H# z4 C& I0 j) o5 m5 T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 W* b( q, R7 V: h B8 y6 W
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# _8 [( A2 g, E+ y: ^$ I" y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ k0 |* ?4 l, A. W9 D: f4 S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' A4 `4 u& t8 S# lThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 t w* e# o) C; t' h A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 F$ [ L; l7 `- G" X5 ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration% Q. F, C8 M2 Q1 a
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' t( A* r) L* \ k
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
! G+ Z3 f' D0 ^3 Y- O; ^ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; h* E: V+ n; h, sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- r- W8 |) c5 F, O7 }+ e! X# e, mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, h" w' G7 C6 d6 L49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 Y; `& H Q+ E# p) Lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; W' X7 r* |0 {0 v2 Jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 V9 o0 E: Z& K3 K8 N, k
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),. _$ o" p" m1 V9 t0 {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. r8 v1 }4 U! l6 m$ E' e1 G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 C, r. A2 v& y' Q( ]. ]1 C
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) v% n# Z% v# B$ C" i! k2 }( w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. j# z% _4 [" x* I1 U8 G$ {3 b2 ~(prepubertal).! ?- f! G E/ Y; Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! J; t+ v C/ Y0 e, g& K cresults and were informed that all of the tests were% ~) Z; D) y; d* q$ u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: j! J8 Y9 e0 o2 p8 S( q' n- h, G
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 {+ a" M3 O, S, W: H4 Oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 P" `& {% f1 o: Tever, the family did not return for 4 months.! M+ Q# m! b9 e
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
; }* b4 y" a3 R) Y4 achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
; j6 f6 b2 @6 b! ^) @+ K& ]2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( [' m) @$ M0 Z: M
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ E* e* o3 S) ~$ i9 e1 x* E2 x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: W v( J% B7 m! Fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ D! p5 Q2 z7 v. n; amL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ X' v- X3 p) g- m
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-0 x+ V* \. F+ B- }
ing frequent erections.1 D9 j2 p: p" T1 f
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ N7 P3 L' V! Z- U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 ]' j P& d1 @1 m& j) _. M# i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- `" E3 [4 J* l- \" H7 w' v3 MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 g7 d! D; |6 I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 ]; V( T' Z+ m9 G: Sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( F" m- O c! f' ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
W+ y- H; A2 A8 Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! O2 v. L" L9 R4 z% j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' R. ]6 j2 u! s. t" `8 j6 Rsecondary to depression.1 _* e5 }- v, K
The child slept in the same bed with parents., R2 R! b8 w3 ]! K' J( v% f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 s/ v% x" X2 \3 G( d$ Y$ Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! y, w3 u0 K# U. h4 n2 w; R* Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* ?! M, ^9 x8 dThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
( x# }) T _0 R, ?$ |! V/ ?: \when he learned the testosterone level in the baby X: k+ [) z, g9 s
was high, he then read the product information
; s* Z2 x. M- ^* Z0 tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" I& {9 H% f5 `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& W( D3 i( G$ f. c' u4 ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' _9 z h0 \8 I7 l1 ?6 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 P. B' ]8 D, G2 H! R7 ]) n2 J
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 C# o4 M# j* m! _test was ordered, but the family did not go to the' z$ o$ E) Z2 C) Z4 @& Q
laboratory to obtain the test.
( B- o9 H- V5 t4 J' }. HDiscussion
4 Q" u2 E. }# |- i7 y, y2 u( H+ J2 bPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% ~0 i& C. R1 ~- z& h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 c3 i% x H6 S. Q5 a+ y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; N7 T7 E5 W+ M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 o: O& k* n- ^( ]; e/ j; R% hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 w0 Q5 b4 v9 z* d' Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# J$ I6 }: K8 E7 ?( C3 F6 F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 {2 H/ C& V; K: ?) L6 g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- y3 d& W# n% Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- Y/ b) v( K4 s3 l' p9 E$ }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ [( o! t$ Y( \" R+ ^
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 i: R" b7 Y+ r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# @4 x% o, `' D3 ^
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% g u; ?1 O/ O8 I- ?) kgonadotropins.1,3: _+ c( E/ n: h$ @4 y* [
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) _9 G) L0 y. s! s
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# I+ h& _' j: o" ~* L5 Y; `
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 f0 x$ T% R" w0 jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 s+ j5 U. q! p w3 w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 M! m; ?% X4 J5 M9 X
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) S) _5 L. v0 D& d, P
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) t# T& |9 e( u3 J! A9 _1 Q% j
puberty in boys.3,4
- _) v) O- y" A4 ~6 V* f. m7 `The most common form of congenital adrenal7 Q2 q3 i; A2 j! _+ I, D' O; m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: d+ A+ ]0 G; C a- ]! I$ R9 tThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" X6 T1 j" c0 @6 yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# w3 }+ W8 Q- F1 T5 C- h( k2 S
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) W: w/ o+ }; |/ `& Sexcess.1,3$ L5 P& h+ n6 G# h m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ s6 a3 y3 `+ n, ~5 O9 t
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- j1 ]+ c6 ]- W$ T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ o" @; o* i! a# ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known7 c6 T$ u# M' i& I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 l, X6 q( F& r x" x1 U' a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys, g2 _# {* K: w1 M$ D: ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. R/ _( i) Z4 G' F" ]2 Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ q: m4 m, q" N8 t
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 R4 y! p2 u. L* c1 `, z; {
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! y9 c3 z0 ? y. f
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) U. j/ _: @; x: u _2 T1 areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 g, {/ D! K/ C qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 @- {: c4 \2 R
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ C' y: C) q W* ?/ \2 [( ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ F& ^ M( }+ |& w" Y! }) U, ^4 lIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 J3 h: M2 A4 f3 z" hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; M$ G7 K. v. M) m; Ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ x: v$ N/ { Y$ s8 G" uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father, J4 W( c# @+ n8 S1 G. w u
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% Q N* Z- V( u$ P3 z
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the i0 `1 v. x: V3 T% _3 {. o+ S' e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# B/ I% G, e6 Z; X L" v0 T
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 m& J2 v! M" z$ \- ]! I& u- j& ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 o [7 D2 a ?/ o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ A B9 `5 N) f1 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" b7 o4 e h+ o: b' U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 ]3 X- j$ X% b9 \The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly+ a& R ?+ f' x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: n2 u# e# ^/ L4 _7 ]1 x& i) ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# Y) c* w7 t% z1 G4 A5 }: Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* A# H* m3 F: wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos- t8 M2 g# E$ M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 ^0 Q) z8 I5 E' musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ A0 W3 o" m& `: d, | l2 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ {7 P" x, W& g" v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 w* j: h' K2 Q* v! d% X) c
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.) p4 ]( [# @2 ~7 ?* V( M
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" _1 \" Y9 K& Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 v& h8 B3 z2 X
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 ~: h) M, c. f% l- Z0 D6 Y+ z' X: Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( t; D- k9 R8 j. T1 k3 q6 d1 B( _; mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 G3 F3 ]( E/ e$ ]Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! M1 L! r& S/ i& m; J: _% o- U" S* K( dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that, ~, t5 A! L# e; \+ h' [
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* J3 G% I- f& V, ]terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more x/ w7 p' N, o0 ]
active in young children exposed to testosterone" C% G( f; T, P c6 Z9 Y& ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ J% |: U8 q$ h( U' |0 ~drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 A4 p9 j* \$ w: F4 i( u) T z6 Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 q8 d/ R$ f, i% x6 ]children results in an increase in growth velocity and- s- |$ n5 O' A" O6 H
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* _4 B8 |" z+ ~
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! t. F$ j, \( Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
( f; f, j2 V. L6 Xadult height are not fully known and always remain
; j- ~0 y* J' o k6 Q, E: D. {a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 K" D4 h0 e# }% ?1 l* D7 @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. b4 u7 h2 Z7 }5 x6 V% Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 O5 }4 S3 h' l) K2 B6 Z" [- Q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 E/ x+ G* Z* O( w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. e/ P8 f$ }( f9 ]
There are conflicting reports and controversy
7 j3 Z9 S4 q& K6 F$ F k" Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ e5 p/ M1 E# t3 O G7 `. H4 apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: s3 Z/ ^2 w1 n" n# T$ E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 I' m% p$ h/ E. {# W) wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. s$ f( T# r3 D1 I8 K' wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ w; k3 X! ?* k* j! H0 }, V* Y$ T
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 ^, C! V h0 k. Z# d Tpenile length in clinical studies. O1 e. Y$ |7 `$ F5 B, h5 @
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; p) p0 s2 p7 l7 J% M1 K. ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ ~! e, e6 f- E& ~. r; h1 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* c! {& G: A F8 `2 c- G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 a2 \ {7 c- [
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of# O; t# r+ L+ z; J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ S1 [/ p* ]1 N1 U6 z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 q% D1 z& |) p s! Eheight will not be affected.
7 O! h1 H, S. j' X. BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-- ]4 s, Z' V1 [! l, \. L3 V& e* m M
ability of androgen products in our society may4 }" O+ K" P1 ]+ |9 m3 m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& R2 A3 { ^; K+ i3 H1 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) G: n* m; e/ `0 M Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ p' c0 g: S3 R6 j5 `4 @' Jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or( ]% s9 ^- \4 Z {0 o, t2 g
gel should be asked of the family members during
# F5 b( p2 i& A! n5 m+ h' U. }+ `6 Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# \+ C- i# N9 E8 L) T0 Y& iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 y1 p) x5 e) v' a8 u% ?/ z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 q' B0 d' \! f# Cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 d- t) e, h. Q. K( g( g) r7 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 Z) ]& N: k# N( N) D: H* C2 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive6 K A# k0 q' U1 H' H0 n2 b( l+ p+ k
investigation. The primary care physician should be' t( u, z; y+ K. t
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 G" r# I% A) ^$ A, ]. [" |& v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" \/ Z) L/ n1 A- R3 m i. h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ z' O. I* [$ c- I4 R, hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or* d' [' ~0 c! d6 E+ C
female child who might come in contact with some-1 z' I* ?& w; M
one using any of these products.
3 o8 I% z; ?0 a, S, n6 zReferences
# X3 a/ |( X& ?# r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% R1 S' @9 Q' h( k* [! U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 y3 q h# z0 |; H/ z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" J% x% ]3 u: @# v, t
2002: 565-628.; E6 | D: s! X* j! N1 y
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, L1 x. w+ x. T% t# P$ j/ z2 h x" S3 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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