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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& Z& f8 N- y7 v1 V
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: Y0 h# b& j: l/ b {Exposure to Testosterone4 [& ~% _4 k/ v" F
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 N! u) s* V' T0 p5 Mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 V9 |2 w) _: f3 ^" O0 E
Clinical Pediatrics! R/ A- A9 y0 Z4 Y8 n; ^! D
Volume 46 Number 6; W, l1 l/ j2 w B% {: ` ]7 a3 {
July 2007 540-543
2 {0 D; @' n; w2 t( W: \: k© 2007 Sage Publications, ^8 Q4 f3 F9 C$ b! @
10.1177/0009922806296651
* K" Y# L6 o9 I# ?+ A) ?$ Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com
" C) K9 e2 q+ h0 y( Dhosted at
8 U: A( T9 I" u ~& ~& q- Qhttp://online.sagepub.com3 Z9 z% M& E& A3 [5 E" B# w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 b, m: Y" a8 I/ y" a* t+ Q, t! Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
( M! A% i1 h o! G5 Y& sprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- s, W" D* U% t2 C0 O3 i7 d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ r6 j! L% u2 W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ r8 d1 h+ j0 |6 G8 A& Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ f9 E6 q: F8 V9 I8 P4 f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ W3 f: M/ g/ D" U5 y. y( o; j$ Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" ~5 N0 g. V3 H p3 S4 v* Y# Rcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# [6 }2 l$ q: z9 `
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 Z7 M7 @4 K8 Q3 c4 Eenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 ~" {9 U j( I! m3 ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( j) F; ?- G$ c" S2 R% g3 D$ j% {4 sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* D4 @2 p0 A; u, F8 Q0 Vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-, W+ R3 y' P3 R4 W& F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ p! e5 o: m. R, j5 v. r( schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of+ g* F3 F B* ~$ k" c, [, C6 D" O1 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* X- w$ y% j4 h$ ?, V! r
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ R5 G. A) d6 l" I5 v
literature.4
) X* g+ j R% S$ D6 O1 K/ C+ K- g+ DPatient Report
8 y! e0 W M% f. Q; zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' \1 u, X- D4 B a3 C7 G- {" Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( H. K* u$ ^$ a& o# [# q4 Lof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 h4 p% n- E$ Vlight colored pubic hair development when he was
1 X- g$ r+ |3 p" fFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# }" ^$ K# M+ h! o( i$ SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ d4 }* K+ @) NAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 \$ q: J' n- r! W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: S: ?2 M0 a5 b4 J
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: R# @+ W7 R- E5 ke-mail: [email protected].
) v* Z4 f& g, c: l/ C' L# V l. qabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 H5 K0 _: o/ rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 c( x2 |2 r) e3 F& }: u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) c( W/ y# I# E' {
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( m1 W2 l3 s0 d$ I% {' F9 q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& D d$ ~, _" w: m5 F0 v, E9 F20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# d+ Y% w2 I2 A# N o6 b- Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with- l9 L8 ^8 a4 B3 @$ z. U" n1 [" w# W
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- h- r. |! F! v4 _and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( f# Y# w5 X' D# N4 uwas age appropriate.. L# ^ \ b3 z$ J: U
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 T0 q/ ~! B* |1 e
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ o& |' X! B; M: G$ K4 d* e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( k9 k- A* i* d2 d2 l: {, e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" L+ F2 V5 V5 f, c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 {0 q, h* j# @1 ^
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ G+ |: V& E& U1 k- E, z' C# O3 ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" Y3 ^ }0 T$ Jwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: P2 a+ X/ T9 ]7 r6 D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 J- ^+ _: q- c/ }0 Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 S7 Z3 a" {/ H- r
tives. There were no siblings.4 ]! x% K$ f7 N% M- ]' e
Physical Examination0 v6 H1 H9 ]2 t) a w0 Z$ D
The physical examination revealed a very active,
+ {; _9 T/ F$ z* _8 ~) a; Tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* Z9 ?' l- C( F2 H% s( ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 K/ L. v: A- S8 h3 a
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ w% e/ d, w) @6 V) v$ k5 Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 ^( U/ R, e# e4 @- L/ z/ I# D& dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# @7 h# a; h3 j; Q! q3 t7 b- F6 s
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, J& {- d6 u4 wThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! i% V' O2 ?) U/ `7 d& A; senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 {1 _! o1 O9 ~ I8 x0 n6 o3 `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
6 _( K& I% Y5 ^5 s' Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ F4 l s2 Z" c3 O8 H2 ?3 Y! H540- ]1 U* l. }7 G2 O8 C$ P
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* d6 H; S6 O/ h; i7 P, l0 p# zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& q" v5 L7 t% e3 v+ V) T- J4 F( J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." Y3 j8 K! t* N; ^
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- o" X6 j; ?# k5 b! G7 o5 noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 W- U3 @! g+ Z# U' qabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* v' g2 V: \. U7 [) V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ m4 M0 \ q% c ~bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, l& W/ Z% ^8 Q* M; r
of papilledema.
# D; e6 C/ P1 @3 e& K/ SLaboratory Evaluation1 \$ }; d' S0 b4 ?4 L+ u
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ ]& h, M$ I$ ~ F1 y0 H1 C7 F8 [using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- g8 a. |. ~% g4 v. r: ?logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ |( ~3 h8 J0 I. Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 r7 {# t# Z) t( B0 G/ i
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% Z3 \2 s! Q8 j/ {% x) C) d8 r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& L& q1 I9 {7 y: e3 \6 FThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 d8 ^" L) K |$ x3 V
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) B% W' W* I& G. N& o9 s) r; L1 x8 x
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 n- s% u& n. Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL S. K2 i/ x- X, {1 r& V
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) L! ~. F$ Q, B/ t, fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' e, Q4 x: h" F8 R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" j F: X" _5 `2 o9 e4 W5 Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
; U. l$ N: K3 S p, i- o3 W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ r+ L* i, P% O7 B5 e6 Y% b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, p4 {+ }( d2 O8 ?2 N/ Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, z, J& f2 n- H1 }8 C+ x# _
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# m g& r+ f6 }5 D w& d* y2 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 U! N- y+ @6 {* \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- B) Y% @; O2 v& ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 Y& l$ N' J+ {( ~# T- f: u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 ]2 U2 i8 z/ i. m0 g: J(prepubertal).
0 U/ @$ _: ~9 Q+ oThe parents were notified about the laboratory; P( b4 X: @, q' j* f: _2 F
results and were informed that all of the tests were! R2 ^6 t* c3 a% ]/ f3 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
' ?. F& i' b2 t' g$ p* ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ f3 c0 D. S6 z2 B% O; gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" z$ x$ [3 i+ N4 F2 X
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 g' h; v4 y+ s. {( [Physical examination at this time revealed that the. K4 |! |) Q; I6 L
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; B& ~) x; S" D2 U9 d+ f0 U$ D
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 }+ G: @0 { _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 f; t% O7 h# ]. h* }% lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 N* o2 X0 R- E
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) s7 T0 p) H( M* n% ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% l; k6 U9 K- y4 @4 x! H: b) y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. s0 o) T- M1 ]' [
ing frequent erections.
/ p0 |3 i* t1 UBoth parents were again questioned about use of
0 o! I( }- ?9 w5 Z! p( @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# \! M1 `3 X# O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( \; }" w3 G; T8 ]$ T: z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. D% r, L2 N. Y1 d+ W, \
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& x; t$ d; a) j$ ~" e9 _( r
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, E9 T* i. i7 ^$ w( m ?- Ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 O; ?$ C/ t5 F/ ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ Y7 |1 V0 }2 K2 K# U7 Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 Q T2 s" P9 | k9 S2 X; H
secondary to depression.
7 p/ \8 R6 ~9 f" l( b: FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 D3 E" w3 L% W5 S ^0 ]The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( _% P. B A: Q2 ~* w; Y+ r( zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& s+ y( Z9 E G" A0 e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 l. @. D) T" K! |" qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 b' _! o* e- y2 _' cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* x: n8 {& X. E+ q! x. _was high, he then read the product information
. q) f8 n3 g/ j+ c+ Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( g2 H6 G, `* |1 Y7 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 U; {" P- F8 U& z6 E8 Rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
, K) D& p; O* _' a# z$ efather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 v9 k5 m! t0 D" F
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- Z1 R! V6 X0 I+ F; V; ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the- I2 \0 L5 s8 t0 D" W- F, n
laboratory to obtain the test.
8 \7 m# q' C( c$ Z- RDiscussion
) f- c9 P* m: l: }Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" ^4 y2 ^+ r1 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% v! V- n% X7 @+ G
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ l3 P6 ]; @+ {& d+ y$ m% wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 I7 i8 [3 ^9 U N. w
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% U9 k" F# w, L4 m6 A% u5 N3 E1 ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 k u& g5 t6 @may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 q3 j8 ~1 G) {: n" k' J; @& Q% sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 C, {4 b! g% k4 ]- @6 Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ G4 v( k5 P) ?. k* W' n
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* v! m, m' h; e- l! y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" s. B! y2 C1 k4 G% ~: hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 y/ J. Q9 Z. l! x6 b/ z' S3 I: L( B
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" U5 |0 J; k3 B5 z& Ugonadotropins.1,31 a6 n3 a0 e$ | A5 K, l& `5 ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, R+ ]7 m( N0 Y- r* R4 Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, r/ K8 {' O/ y3 @2 { O' zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* A/ \. A! g% S+ I" f/ {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-0 a5 R" E) k" ^3 a- R7 K! a! {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: J M9 F/ Q: \" Q( Z8 `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! x' g$ u" x. F$ ] r, R. O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) q! c- K/ Y8 G+ r1 o% i, N; ~4 Q
puberty in boys.3,4" q8 b. i9 @$ F6 u* {/ `
The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 }9 n9 Z' I* @/ A0 I$ c) Q; G- S9 Phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 j y" Q/ E1 [: t) @# H( r
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& ?. M/ {/ ~: v$ e0 Iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
N$ ? U9 v# o5 v0 dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- R& M) U8 [! ]" }6 r
excess.1,3
2 m$ Q+ t- N7 Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 B: I+ p( e* d- y* D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- E6 f# d2 L7 T3 G5 S* C" J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 H& B$ a) o( \
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; Z' D' e) R. p1 R4 J
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 t6 L' V7 K6 @: U0 h) I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys6 c+ ^: ~2 k# ]: F6 k8 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! U# `9 j4 t3 T2 ?7 w
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; I* n W0 N0 P6 Q! Uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ p( j" k; a) r+ u4 u7 p! Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show9 _* f+ Y/ H, n2 _9 |9 c4 e7 |' E: N
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ R( U0 i) ^) X" L% kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ _) ]+ V, c8 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; U; D3 C3 l. b5 `! g6 c1 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
. y; C* c; n; h' f: Pmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 E! g+ B' _' D, w/ iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
2 q) ~+ `$ e/ m5 e% ^0 r% \sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. P; p& s. g; A- t3 Y7 _
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 P* ^+ ~, \# o+ Z2 G: k# k8 @6 Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ n, _& s s& r+ i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally, X) ~! K, P( _9 h* E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; U9 M+ T& i& C2 Fbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
3 V9 U8 ?$ Z( g8 }2 n% s6 {# C; Lative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 c( F6 W2 H }! ~1 G7 M+ s) |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' y& s2 G3 x1 y* s8 y" t5 p
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. q: K- j: @) Q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 _3 G3 e+ f, E* ~& t8 H7 n% I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 R$ G6 {9 a3 m( Q0 I, Y7 zThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 W$ j. _' h5 L
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 R( O9 s# \- X/ `6 `5 {# [
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 \# a' ~$ @5 @8 U$ y3 L- s, u. c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 y( v, B' |# ~. y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 l5 W5 h3 }- b4 y" Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ u4 C$ y2 v5 q$ G) Y$ a
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% i% r# N4 q5 H5 u6 U. kDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ Q' f A2 Q7 O i- X1 v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 A+ L: q n F& |unprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 J& M$ v' @! c8 V9 t# ?" ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 o# w/ l) u. W' k& k, f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to9 v/ d0 r% Y2 j B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 O% V) o" V" ]$ {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 L+ n( G+ c1 A
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 j4 |3 T( U9 ~3 `! l+ b7 k/ O! N
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 D1 `3 Y6 o8 k
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! A7 S5 p6 x* h. f
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( ?+ S- M3 j! a/ pterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- I, \+ u3 |2 H( d2 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. H9 R& D* V: O- \2 ^ M2 N& {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* J' L3 T6 J0 ?! p# {
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: m# A% K" B" e% Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 ^& t. W- s6 C2 ~8 wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! L6 |) O! s- }6 m" p1 w2 I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& h; N3 e( U5 c" r4 C, s* tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* Y" G: p9 W: a, Q/ m1 [early childhood on pubertal development and final- x1 o5 j! Q9 A* `0 p
adult height are not fully known and always remain b' e- x9 v7 Y+ c- o1 J R- D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. ?, y1 l5 W, i% Y3 ~& q/ oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: N! S4 P. c/ \5 q/ o: b) \% \acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 @5 w* M9 m( m% v: z X0 v: y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 x! ^4 k0 d6 w" `+ {, a5 Y. F" Hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: Q. S/ g- i4 R5 @, W6 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
4 D. u% y% w/ ^ mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 p/ S0 y3 n; a" [+ Y0 K( gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( U8 r( y' Y' j* Y: l1 G! d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 b& ?& n4 E1 R$ Gulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ H' [4 u7 T9 @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- {7 d4 ?: j' A! e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 r9 p, Z; l& _: T1 z: c
penile length in clinical studies.1 F# e2 j9 c. f) _7 ^
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ c' B1 n9 d( l2 Q, L& B8 Y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' q2 R; t, r6 W; @ P4 x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 L6 w1 }/ o# c+ e/ {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 h5 a5 \' b# ~6 b0 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 B% W; S! s& \6 a4 s$ x3 Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- K' b0 c( Q8 b* I1 p6 w8 P" a! x1 Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 p" K4 H5 Z2 c# T2 {
height will not be affected.! v/ C/ j- X# I3 C: ]$ \, U! ^4 D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 B) Y8 L6 E9 i; u2 S1 s7 Gability of androgen products in our society may
8 L7 B N' x& |! }+ S" Bindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 i/ d3 W2 F5 R1 L/ v; j- I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. a- ?) Y$ A% r% J" N9 p$ ]0 y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- U% U* { j. q; k: I# I4 }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 m% ~% p3 K8 u1 tgel should be asked of the family members during3 ^- J* C2 W3 l- ~, m' Y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir- ~; p2 ]* X- {- A* j$ W
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 L$ z+ w2 [) r- {, K6 Z7 T P% M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 Y( Z9 S: N rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ L7 u, ] R2 C1 Y; `3 Q# J
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 o" B+ w3 q v3 X, h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, z- e# Q, `( R n2 J1 v0 [, v
investigation. The primary care physician should be* \3 F0 k, [2 S, F3 b+ v/ C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 K/ x. k" ~/ W, q) J: N# amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" m# ^7 @; H4 V3 rDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ j. H2 g+ Q, _' u6 swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) j" U# X7 Q" w# ^" @- p; \+ sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
! t7 e3 X6 A; ~8 Z- ?6 y: gone using any of these products.9 q6 U. J# v% c
References
. x' Z, y7 V, j2 r4 C& N6 T/ \1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 l- T4 [7 T8 B) J: _2 dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: M+ b* L8 [# j' I& r! h
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 I) p s% Y I
2002: 565-628." K$ c/ ?) \# o) N! Y+ c7 P- O6 l6 j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- u$ o0 ?6 B8 }/ l, B, ? V d
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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