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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ `) |! w' U" T! w, ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ C) k$ Y/ I! j4 V0 O) ]- N0 a& i0 @Exposure to Testosterone0 a: V9 y' u' y( N! ]3 P- H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: |7 D, H1 X3 ^3 Q3 C2 u2 c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) j8 w% f! L2 }! v; h* V; GClinical Pediatrics. z- z) R" s6 c% x
Volume 46 Number 6$ ]) Q7 `! S8 Z- W) P( C
July 2007 540-543
- L/ a' j5 z$ \7 I3 G& X© 2007 Sage Publications
* {; ]9 T# n. {: g( h  t; z10.1177/0009922806296651' Y4 \6 z/ F- Y* k8 C# K& M& a
http://clp.sagepub.com
) _; E/ z' \: O* |& V- dhosted at
, t( L, R: f& Xhttp://online.sagepub.com
& F$ h# X+ ]) `5 p$ b0 q9 tPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 W, |, A6 ~. t: D* ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
, C% S9 v- [6 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ w( d1 W5 r- T1 H5 }through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' v7 x1 R+ A- I5 H% V2 R2 Ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 k( E$ L+ F' [$ |& `  C0 K
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 u; x& \# n, o+ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' C+ x! i% D/ N6 S0 K9 Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( h- H2 v8 m) Dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 ~! y5 W# z' @: breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, H0 W4 p0 B0 ~1 ~6 Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. y/ P$ A( E3 ^1 L
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 u% J# [$ ]7 W4 U( y4 xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ k. O* U3 Y) n7 s* bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% L2 u2 d6 D0 `. }& V8 K/ Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% q3 Q% \3 u! T: J  Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- A* c% v* V0 y! h1 ?/ m3 f% g2 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; {" w/ R' D2 \" |1 ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
% y! S, j' R5 U/ Vliterature.4' i+ K* A2 U, S) ~0 R" b
Patient Report
4 r- o) s9 G, |0 BA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# ?% i# l1 v! P8 }endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 J. F4 }* P: L# @. N. Z1 m3 B! Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed9 d/ Q: h5 K& J+ r% f" a7 [$ w& [. L
light colored pubic hair development when he was' e, Q$ f# y( D7 Z) u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ [7 t6 K% k  x7 }' P+ H
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% I7 F9 P3 j9 Y% x2 d4 \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ z$ c% G. a1 \$ }* VProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 C+ [  t6 C# G1 D* VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;  A& L& u5 M. F
e-mail: [email protected].
* v7 @3 _& }0 Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ o5 G  `' B$ q; f3 g1 }darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ d" T- v/ Z; W' B3 C' H; A+ e! cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! e& }; c; T, ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% m$ q5 V6 [, }8 H5 |5 N1 }a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ I& j) E9 E" ^4 U
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 g/ u; D4 S( c: X# v1 aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 {, e" ]9 P! V2 _7 [- e# g  a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ x: I$ q* D6 R6 N7 |/ i* sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 J  ^: G/ P0 U7 O0 h3 k# i
was age appropriate.6 a4 h' W3 ?% b- g+ w
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# H% z0 h8 I2 y  x: m7 U/ R) K5 Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* ^/ C! s6 F: n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& F+ b' C8 _) [+ {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 p+ [: E) f2 P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 Y6 V: p- u% ?8 g7 \: y) ?& y# yThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; M; p  A, t8 d6 l& b8 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  @' L9 R1 v6 A( \5 f1 E
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! G( w3 ?1 n3 W
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* j, H  P) e" ~0 R% N- i. |( q( F
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 F- s* T5 Q1 p3 Q4 R4 c* ~tives. There were no siblings.7 @$ y9 b; G: o7 O3 ^& S
Physical Examination
( A% I+ ^( a$ zThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 ~  m  L3 X+ K. a& ^3 X$ Uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. |5 |% s1 Z- k8 U5 Q7 N
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% @) @, h3 C5 n0 n; Y& b) C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ D1 U" B/ l: D  j1 ](also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' u/ \: k' O; d1 Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 t: i% y5 i7 N5 n6 `' z9 x
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) I  `4 l/ C! S6 Y. i9 RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for# b# B% o9 T: {/ I* b, D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; q' ~0 S8 _6 V' d* ?4 l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 B# c$ W" u' |' ^% }3 G: Ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 J# n, ]9 l9 r8 X  y9 t540
4 T: A& m- W6 p+ P0 `2 qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 b* _9 B* u& K5 [6 U* `+ R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* m1 q% e- z  {- @* V
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 W- I2 c! {/ |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% _' [% ?0 S: \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; F1 Z! z7 l% K. \. S- wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; `- R! S. y- G# r7 i3 y2 U; g
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" z2 ?- c& ~% E& @, V% P" ~8 C- Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 D! U# ^2 ]2 d9 i: f
of papilledema.6 K2 R1 A8 g" B7 M+ X
Laboratory Evaluation
# O, H# W7 P, s0 f  q9 @0 fThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 K' O! w' i8 L2 o
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  a& U: v% s/ b* H& w; p! n7 p& m. Clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 s2 g7 y4 a5 c( |5 X
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# }! R+ g* q0 w. \$ m; U. pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& ]0 P+ ~; V% K% d/ t' Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. V! A) a/ y- {The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 K% u. i( V# J. m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. a9 m# G7 ]+ ~7 g* O* a  t% j
within normal range for his age. The concentration: X9 Z3 g" U& M& Q* A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! y& J  H9 w1 o$ E9 `(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) }/ s. o2 }1 U6 X* |1 a2 r
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, P# F0 Y, p: |
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 Y9 t+ }& l. k; y9 M
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to  s3 h/ J4 l  S" z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; z. _" d( d" I: x7 J5 Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" t$ a$ z2 c  B9 s0 [' P
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 p- z4 o* n8 R1 q* e
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ y* e7 o+ x2 b" {- `; j  i# zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 C3 ^4 y& A/ A2 v! ?+ z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ G; u, r) F( }, S! F- c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ C( T% b9 P0 @: N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 Q& {/ e" I4 F3 x5 E( Q(prepubertal).
9 N& `" ~7 @( X; [8 g- Y# m& N' lThe parents were notified about the laboratory3 ^+ ?0 y/ J) i; }, d* g$ k
results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 R6 a$ m9 E, w4 o7 c! E9 e" u6 ], Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 g8 w3 V8 Z/ h7 Sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) b5 H; ]  c8 ^: T! j9 wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) N# y8 t  x# B0 U& Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 R( N- {& T2 F9 K; @. B0 w6 ~. PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
2 a: a3 h% J) R7 c/ N  @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 R$ F; D$ o7 n* _  H: Q6 I# O$ x2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. |; H" }$ d% q4 Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- _! _+ L$ y9 |1 s3 t2 u* ]5 G
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 q. z2 e: G7 {# Z) s( G
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 `! b7 G3 M# u  X& L7 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* T4 \% O" c$ z' |$ F& y+ DThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ K8 h/ c. v3 i4 N
ing frequent erections.' o! j! Y+ C( N$ d4 m5 h+ |
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 V& f- {2 x- s5 {0 t0 S+ ^; t
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ r( e& [1 f, [6 c! G5 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* l2 [1 Y, P$ {: r! c% q. O* ITopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! G! ]* V' {! i: Z5 c+ ]6 P; {' juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# k* Q/ o4 ?7 _
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: ^1 F+ N6 O* ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 Z7 }1 D  ^5 C! h1 Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* E: x" D' I& Y1 v4 w! L
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% }$ e* B: D% Y# Gsecondary to depression.6 Y! p5 ]# ?5 n4 S" |
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# q3 s! z8 u4 Y! `# d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 Z0 N7 i* S% ?5 M# d  Ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( U" L+ x0 ~- }1 `4 r* O. Unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* E& q8 L6 e$ Z$ G- G( f0 f# O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 z) p; z; V8 U1 Q9 |8 `6 f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 |6 C8 z; @" A9 {
was high, he then read the product information
3 q4 p5 u/ E0 L+ A3 W/ l: Kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) K+ `5 A+ [7 R
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; b9 X" X+ G2 ]+ e; p3 Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! m3 M( T, A, d4 Ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 C% @* l  s/ v8 e& I7 ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 D# X! u1 `* f+ u; Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& e6 {. g$ y3 K* C* A2 w9 E& A
laboratory to obtain the test.0 u- Q) r+ ~% L# u2 h: |
Discussion
$ V, w& V- j8 K- F+ t* ~. E6 zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, k4 M9 {5 }& K+ I1 t+ z& k& `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 a5 Z1 X8 g, @0 m) c. O
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 g# t- l: A% X1 git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 g% k' p) }: l0 p5 ?
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; _# j1 K5 y0 b, x
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* s4 ^6 g( D: R  A) Jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is! [# c3 R4 z& b* @4 B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 l' d( P9 T; J. g  Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* ]/ O: g' P8 s: S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 v" b/ _; i1 z9 s: i& ?1 t$ C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: t& M4 S1 f  y" c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ V& F- v) F4 c  [; w% rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# Y  q; g( R. |$ f/ X+ s* f  q+ T* kgonadotropins.1,3% S# u( u4 t/ ?) m; K
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, K5 a) t3 O  p) }; |4 m7 Q) Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 Q# U1 `1 e' |! p! Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or) t! S" ^3 n: f# Y- z# [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 {0 U0 c( v6 w7 ]
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! a$ u( S! ]& H" bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" J! r1 W2 q3 Q' w5 m
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 ]6 q" A3 O& V6 l0 @! c& [0 o; X
puberty in boys.3,4
# k4 C9 z& C5 K" O1 ]1 L2 ]The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ K% ^/ l/ z3 Nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." D- N! n9 R8 U3 B& _3 m6 }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ ]7 H! M& k5 l; b6 z" O' R
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! Q" d8 Y8 _& l6 m2 ~& d5 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 G# s" b! N: e5 G! c
excess.1,3
1 v! _" p( f9 \) P( j$ G4 G/ a9 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 l' m8 I4 c  ?. ^1 P6 S# i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 R% f( x6 K* R, r# B- ~5 oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% V4 z' Z; h  U( J6 |$ |* E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
1 m$ M/ q+ w# z* Y) o2 Eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 c% H' d) N' z4 l7 P- q# Kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 U3 X  \7 W% _6 O. }& `3 b! kwith this disorder are full pubertal development," S! V& ]( v( M+ z/ P- H7 b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- X  O; ^  z) z  F4 S- Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ L; F( u0 f$ P, g- T7 Y1 g2 Y0 M0 k' f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  w2 q/ X! t7 R$ ^( O$ vpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 x! l) f, J4 B* \  t' I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 L& Q% Z$ Y  i7 F% b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& |) S: k+ h. z- L/ ^4 t, ~2 \males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 u6 F; I3 V  ~* S* y: Q) u8 T0 Umay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 i3 f/ ]% u  [" z- T+ L& }In our patient, physical examination was incon-
" m: O% \" N" ~/ Z- q% u$ M$ lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' E0 A- X) u7 o1 l, O- x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! {  n' w3 i" x6 z: }( y" i6 A/ N7 F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' z# T$ `+ Z, {( z& F( }  X0 u. [0 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- H# B9 t% `& z1 C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 c4 Q7 [7 y0 H7 a: v/ obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* N( k0 t  {3 _" Y0 j1 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 S) B6 t( d5 L
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) I6 N2 H' b" t9 _0 q8 ]) P) A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" v, z1 i, ?3 J( ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" N9 N' M$ F0 Y9 S- e4 X; d1 j0 Z  Fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* o4 u7 X$ m' h0 G2 I8 o$ L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- q5 r+ M% ~4 u1 o: m/ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 G8 F- n1 n! G" N
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' m" |- r2 ?* M8 g! ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# t& p$ S$ N+ }2 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ D* P  S+ l/ Y- Y! d  M' wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! M' m/ _" Z7 y' K# h. v0 @3 f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 Q5 G% C' w9 ^7 ^( eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ p7 L+ S, E& c4 `' s! T4 W+ I$ {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 p* W$ p9 D% r* j3 f9 Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.' F0 L. m' e3 M! ?$ _) X' P
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 o8 a' J0 F& u6 Wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% _2 h/ G" F, M3 G' O4 Ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( J4 ~; W: Y/ s. z6 t4 Npartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# b9 p+ E# E) p7 A: I" w' Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- _& \+ t. Z, e  |6 d/ @$ y. |Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( |* E4 S* _  K& ]  C4 Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" e8 h2 n+ b& \1 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 o+ t' u5 T4 O& o
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 }- R* l1 {2 e4 H3 Y  o, J7 U# w
active in young children exposed to testosterone: r( X- G+ t; x3 ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 k. o/ R" j; V6 @' zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 c/ S6 Z3 R. a' R: wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) P/ A! f: e- A) e
children results in an increase in growth velocity and/ V5 X$ t0 K! Y3 B9 N: Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 Y+ t, }' R5 |& R: S: xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. o1 m2 d8 E! W, ^early childhood on pubertal development and final& J4 B. `7 b5 W  l7 T* d
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ P1 t; w5 \" @9 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; \; f" k7 ?' }4 |0 t$ Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 v4 t' p1 r$ h7 C4 [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# v( ~8 `$ c& N: M+ Z$ E6 H+ e. ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% B4 D0 H" f0 m  F+ V: Q. Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- d  q  |" {( W2 [- F
There are conflicting reports and controversy. o/ t! I1 Z( ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 f( i, `6 M' |& C8 p, ^* ?
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" ?: v6 T6 `9 G# _- y' S* B) ?% Zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 [8 k4 ]( M3 P, }8 o0 J5 aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ z2 K4 B# G8 `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 F/ p1 ~: s' d3 `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& f5 k6 m4 {4 b7 S" q/ P* Npenile length in clinical studies.
0 {* v% M" O; l  I4 Y+ \8 z5 ZNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 Y8 T+ L, h; S- T; o8 A- \going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, `- `. p% r1 J, qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( r1 F7 x& V8 H" e
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 w( E: s" y2 Y' h$ e6 |4 |
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 y1 `* v& V. V  t7 M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. B3 s* ^1 z  I9 `) b
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 ~( U4 {  L% _* F- r2 Uheight will not be affected.
! M! g7 G6 {+ k: o7 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% {( a/ C+ i  G7 y& k  D; N' o6 [ability of androgen products in our society may
# q& D2 n% }* H4 U' ~# Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 w1 N2 f+ |$ L9 e+ f4 `* Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% }! O+ `, [+ N3 p/ |& }0 y, C/ Tgen products must be considered and specific ques-$ K, B4 r! F& b- I  W! v
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, J$ T% k; z5 J6 Pgel should be asked of the family members during
' A" y) d2 T. H( F2 a, ]4 R( zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-1 M, J* _' T3 e; |6 A  h, K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 t8 Z: ?" F+ snosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( n: C3 E8 }( Eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ n0 m+ i$ x: b/ _$ t
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& W, Z  ~" w* uresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) c. S9 l0 r4 S" l: [* z
investigation. The primary care physician should be) Q4 B+ ]+ w1 t9 d; |( K
aware of this fact, because most of these children
9 Y2 m4 \* T6 X- b$ w; m3 s/ ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 n& R0 C4 i' m0 r. M# P
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a) r9 z% {, k1 U" N- u& u( a$ Z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ X$ q" R* ^8 ?/ a0 x8 Y4 b
female child who might come in contact with some-0 ^3 M. ]% ?: Z7 S/ O' k9 P( v
one using any of these products.
" A. k* {. ?0 o6 U% O' kReferences. j. b. J8 m, Y6 D3 |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' L0 ?0 X# q  e  P$ i4 xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 y* F' `: M# }( J0 n2 _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% Y' U. C$ B. g+ B, k* n* b) N
2002: 565-628.  x, K" q/ n- z. ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( X. J% F5 }& G. Y. O
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  a  m% |  l9 r: N  qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical# M1 J, P* o+ T* T7 `4 ]
Exposure to Testosterone
1 S3 \+ d1 ~. QSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. s6 T1 L3 e( X4 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 h7 q# e: r7 IClinical Pediatrics
' @- T# n, B6 d. A1 kVolume 46 Number 6
4 U/ C/ ?& ?8 v7 K/ z# MJuly 2007 540-5433 a/ {  h* B5 q0 Q( D5 _4 C" P
© 2007 Sage Publications
( _8 o2 D+ ~  f10.1177/0009922806296651) d: O+ f6 M+ ]" @: q+ ?: F+ \7 G
http://clp.sagepub.com/ C* ]3 b4 r% Z  a
hosted at
  q' C9 ~2 v1 {6 h4 `) c! Lhttp://online.sagepub.com( [8 Y4 K( ?. U/ }7 }9 o
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) B/ P: V1 j2 r! v" `* }
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* M5 k; D4 a6 V& s" t( B8 r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 @% L& _7 D. V! m! r- kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( C; T5 r& n2 {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* ?9 ~7 a: L/ S# Mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( o8 E. P" i- P& b9 C; @) qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ l0 h7 r/ M/ p7 rhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) |! ~1 ~6 `0 ]- z4 F# D, bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 B# g" |/ E/ y# z* n7 M" s, V3 ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( j' J9 R; v; p8 j% ^/ J( A
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 [* X5 R& N: [5 \, y, ~( S
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. w4 x' q" h) |/ I6 T! o: q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by! p4 x1 L. J5 c+ W- }8 a1 R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-1 I0 z: _$ D; C5 Q1 T
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# h/ m4 x/ f) H7 U7 Z5 Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. c4 o) e9 J* ?: w) |, S0 p+ ~testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- `5 S& X, Q2 Vbly more common than the rare case report in the
8 _, f7 }. ~0 ~: wliterature.4; [3 z4 w" Z- s0 U% }5 ^
Patient Report9 F: L2 E9 r/ C% V- n
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" W8 p4 e: [' \' X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 V7 p& x) r4 ?/ N; G( |of early sexual development. His mother noticed: H& ]) \' v- }2 J  \
light colored pubic hair development when he was; r+ G1 \/ B$ x6 Y# h+ ], A  I
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! r8 ?. c% u3 `2 E. Z' r9 K
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 s; ^" ~) N  Z+ R9 D4 e5 k# G
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,+ _0 ^2 K! K& ~' U+ M7 ?2 C2 {* {
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  E6 \/ O" t4 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* i/ i' n7 ?& R7 P
e-mail: [email protected].
# o- G8 ]# b8 N  |7 o. aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" [5 r7 G/ H6 G0 w! pdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, J2 b7 w" q3 p  \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" C, f: ~/ J; ?2 c5 Ewas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ j% V5 \! ]/ f7 o+ aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" ~0 f5 @$ q3 U/ b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! {- P5 c6 y0 t) N5 J+ Lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with! w8 i6 ?" \, r. S* [- g3 d# z& o# z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. P, v3 H. ~7 \: d9 A( J9 n1 S( W9 Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) V2 m4 g0 q$ e) d' K8 M" qwas age appropriate.' K: J! B1 U  d" j$ R
The family history was remarkable for the father,5 v& d/ J0 h7 p2 a0 x
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, f* f4 b& |* ?  e* W3 {8 Hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% D% h7 a  A! `. o+ _7 Hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 N" w" {1 X0 m+ N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 k; ?) M3 Z+ [4 P' ~7 c6 aThe father denied taking any other medication. The4 g7 T9 v5 e0 B( `8 H! W/ q9 S3 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 q6 b; d& N+ f+ S) X  m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 }" B" L% Y5 I/ _* t+ U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& }7 K! I( n5 @0 a, V5 ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; ^6 ^% q: b! \tives. There were no siblings.
2 H& S) Z. y9 J/ dPhysical Examination
; a- I& g( C1 [( o, d# f( h7 P: lThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" ]; I) W7 A* u; F  U  _playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% ^: Z2 \4 y# r; ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* h, q# H8 C3 `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  E* F& Y' {1 S. K, w* X(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth/ G% m5 r, ?# p' F6 E
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; t) {; d0 A4 G) C2 m5 O1 R" m8 |the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; u) }6 R8 T9 }# h. BThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
8 V* `, l6 O/ j8 ]1 a0 r8 T5 x0 Tenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# V, i: L& H( [7 B) f4 Q$ r2 F9 T  ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- q$ G4 _5 P6 S! H! V8 Wdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ g+ q, h* ^" E& d, m
540  _1 A* o; t& w, d
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  G7 x* D1 E6 s# b* M1 n- zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) S) w0 N8 t' H' @
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 b" J9 [* n1 Y. i; m7 UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) n8 W& m0 K: x) N" L# ]$ p( V5 h
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
. T: d5 r& [5 H0 F3 v: Nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. \% s, W; b2 L4 l5 Y. ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( K: _% F5 ]  y+ Y, bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  P6 C$ ^! a0 j, H% Z6 s4 @/ U7 Gof papilledema.
$ W' ~/ g6 k, M8 L) s' s4 E0 G, a5 QLaboratory Evaluation- I  t6 w7 Z* F" j4 n) v% p
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 Q8 C0 U$ ]) C: G: Zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) \$ b; X, ?2 v! h5 G7 X1 A
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( d1 y5 e- q+ \2 {' `, Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. H3 i- v, G7 h& f0 l2 y( `4 _+ x% nshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; q' s" J& p9 H5 Y6 u, a' _0 klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( I$ v9 P. r$ a- _. A# X% q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 Z5 N* M$ n/ Y7 \- ]/ d; d: Kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; T8 l0 r3 I2 T! |" e3 `  owithin normal range for his age. The concentration
( W; Q- |) k; J+ Xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 S, s, t& `6 B$ I(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ |: A# s; y+ Jng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  C6 q1 j& n( {9 @1 F
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 S# i( E& q: F: [: C+ l9 I/ h
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* Z9 k0 B2 I/ t& Q2 n49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 j  m# @' E+ O- E
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' g! B& T6 B' K+ y5 Z  _tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# ]! o& Y" }9 f8 Z$ ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# U# Y' N1 L" ?  q7 \" F- Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  \3 F! }6 E, L9 `
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! D! v% _6 q4 Q5 j$ s% a$ S9 B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ \* P/ \6 p9 q) j2 r/ u( hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 W  Y: b8 E! f/ r6 P7 U7 \
(prepubertal).1 d- E5 R& o7 H" _6 J
The parents were notified about the laboratory0 \3 P7 v: {- T4 q, J
results and were informed that all of the tests were
# L& S- e$ x' Q! k& hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 F7 Z1 ?& [6 N5 z# j+ ~0 _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; z6 G" [0 l7 Z  h+ K: p
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' p& {6 P. J- R9 h& k
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) J# I- _2 ?* d6 P& Q: M3 {Physical examination at this time revealed that the! T5 t6 W# t  y% u2 _2 f
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 B0 S- A3 S2 W+ J- G2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! l; V+ M" u* i2 N. |% p2 O$ q, Qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 i7 Z7 d* u: jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# Y3 M8 H5 _2 [4 e" v  p' H
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
( j1 ^6 j6 L' u0 u+ d0 Z3 @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( H, E- K6 g( Z: ~9 j. t4 tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 F8 o/ y8 \" F" d9 C4 c9 l4 qing frequent erections.
( E$ E9 D+ {# F8 e' t* DBoth parents were again questioned about use of* D! K" W: |/ K/ Q1 P1 n! D5 @4 P
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- m" ?6 W; Y3 k; i. L9 ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' E6 E8 D5 {# ~4 b# ^; L
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 [( \' F7 Y% y6 yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- ]1 i  b) ~9 k7 }6 M/ h2 Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 L' i. Z+ y# D8 X6 D  ~a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ |  i- L5 W) Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( C' j" b6 F" W) `! @scribed by his family physician for decreased libido# `1 r7 a" M  ?/ N
secondary to depression.+ L9 P5 `# _0 y, v
The child slept in the same bed with parents./ P9 r; C1 w9 J. P. t
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his' x6 o  J/ |+ n. G! |# H0 i
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 l' }7 ~, M# v* P  [# p! Lnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; X. ]+ h" M7 |' i8 h* IThe father also admitted that after the phone call,: k6 r4 z' t4 F4 _6 w9 p" @
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 p, T6 @& _& C- W5 r5 N! u" Vwas high, he then read the product information
& T  r) ]- e9 k+ L7 vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: d! O0 U+ X( R) g$ K  Z; l# C
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- P1 J8 v$ o0 {4 Q( z9 P1 ~0 H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, E: U+ \$ z. y- O5 j2 X% C
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 f9 K/ |% m) N5 |- m& l  q/ }4 }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" F& a3 A, t; O: l
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ C0 b- z! U4 [) Z0 ?1 |7 Q5 Vlaboratory to obtain the test.
2 ?6 P; A) }# l. g0 p9 bDiscussion  X& t* R& E, r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" X" k6 a0 @8 m) A" i; v6 i7 G( Csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 k* c9 ]" `& z' F. s9 Z1 OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 h) m( j8 j/ g4 a! Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, u5 z5 d5 n  _3 {3 gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- ~; f- E! n: r+ {2 Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  Z4 B1 ~: n1 Q# K# F9 i: ]6 E
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. K! D9 W& P' Y! Aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! R7 O: C9 U/ a8 e3 c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 r' y1 Y! B" b5 Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! \' v  j$ v( k% S; c7 A/ Q; j1 K3 ~boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% V3 h- c& H9 c$ j; i
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
8 }! I3 B( P* B( f" z. ]rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 _0 i; K6 z# I- W0 T0 Qgonadotropins.1,3
% U: R( X4 ^4 b( LGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% V/ g% A* ~( c: }! ^1 E4 C& q( U7 mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" v+ o4 O/ t8 N1 Qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) i4 J3 s( R% B+ y" aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ T5 q2 S8 L& eulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% X- H/ A& |/ U% p2 gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* _: o, `, _3 W# _5 h
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 i8 ]; `7 @2 c* `$ c$ upuberty in boys.3,4- f  d7 V* K7 ]' g6 X7 ]" Y7 b
The most common form of congenital adrenal
  v- ?0 `5 N6 z: ~: K& Vhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 D+ Y* S# {/ E4 Y. oThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 e; b! M" P: Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( M$ l8 X1 V9 gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  D* A, l0 b3 T. {, Q
excess.1,3+ r9 _) X& U/ o/ R- _% c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 z$ ~2 t9 Q0 p9 h542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 m* ]4 e8 d3 A5 A/ BA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" Q% D2 `0 _: V: p* p2 A
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* a; P6 p" u% f4 ~1 Las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# {& L& R# O; u! v0 Svery young age. The physical findings in these boys
) A9 j4 f/ [% [9 rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
& q; h. _1 B9 F5 v+ N, x9 aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
% g# W2 P* R1 B; ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 M8 m0 T3 [% U0 J! M+ f$ @are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: d# I3 u1 E& b% F
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' T) E5 R0 j' [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked4 L7 A8 T. s+ w! H' C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only* s" k# e7 P, R" c. C
males; therefore, other male members of the family' e" o3 Z0 S) B3 ]; C% L+ j6 G
may have similar precocious puberty.3% N% u: t9 U6 i; s) t' k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-; c$ K8 r1 E- B0 Q7 @9 N
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) b/ o0 E! H- ~: d
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 Q8 \0 u6 k4 t, D0 |+ r2 n$ O' bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ ^0 L) Q; k& {/ ^: o/ p9 _7 u
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" a6 ^  R+ l/ }0 `testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 }' j7 q  j6 b# u) Tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 Y  o& G1 n0 z: s7 ]! dative initial history of androgen exposure, our5 g9 S: B+ ]" S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  y4 U- q/ c( ^" ~) g2 ~* W  U
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ w, F+ a0 O' c  @# Bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  H6 h3 H/ m; R8 m* g1 Y, Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.# q4 ^" O5 ]/ A2 T
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 P  m/ n2 R  K4 k; ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 o: e4 w' F7 ]! k" x, ]- Othe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; B- p) n1 J1 t/ H5 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and* q; V2 F/ b: c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% e' Q! V) O0 `3 F  I1 l! ~- S4 sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 \& ^4 \/ K2 [4 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, D$ v' b% ~) J& k2 tDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* A1 J6 h# u( C# v7 R* h( Y% _cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 H# Q# _+ R! s. a5 funprotected females through direct skin exposure.: F# L0 ~0 y& B! A4 t) q" e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% m% w' w# {4 Z; Y5 M% cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to# p5 @1 H3 v+ C' v- a/ V
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ w8 N) r7 p8 s! V& c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ Z/ u; a' [5 j/ T2 z
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.3 ~- ?8 [5 I  d- g" ~; O
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 G# W2 @, @- s9 i, t3 lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# [" q8 D' C( w, w5 g7 i- Y& v+ A/ \
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ |5 ~* u$ v' ]) a+ w
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more8 }1 e+ q; ^, M& ~  J: H0 k4 v. O& G' |
active in young children exposed to testosterone1 S0 F8 |) O& o- o2 Q8 r- E( K( V
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 U8 F" g! u/ Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to: X3 W. M/ P9 d0 I9 f6 l
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in5 Z' F0 X$ U4 R5 _/ q( F8 M7 j
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 @% V+ j- f3 X5 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." A8 g6 T8 H. }7 @; Y
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during: Z% l% z  l! U4 ~( U; m/ }
early childhood on pubertal development and final7 t. D; j" z2 ^1 O
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. o& A1 h4 |8 z& qa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! Q  f7 C8 J2 B9 A: J7 V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: s% K# ^6 `1 S. ^4 U
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 m6 ?) I5 ]7 k. ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& g6 W# l- I9 I0 n0 }3 v6 b7 V7 hdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,97 y) p$ e& f: I- q4 v( k& P! z$ F
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ r9 B& i% f+ o+ G9 K( b+ D
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# J: t( p. C( {! O, n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 c" [: V- |2 Y8 gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& A0 F! I' Z5 {1 O/ W1 s4 b
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" ], Q' i, c; V- hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; H4 I* K, a' z+ H" g2 w- r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 \9 ?( T" k6 A- I+ S
penile length in clinical studies.6 M+ d6 t  j) m1 B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; ^4 F7 ~; I3 x4 v, o. X  f& ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from3 H8 e4 P4 V& o# Z% E) B: @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ p& ]7 w- V4 t4 s: }( kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 f1 R: G: R! F- B7 CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, b9 a& x* N- Y6 g2 j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ N0 C) n. O8 o; b/ c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 I' |' R( T6 Vheight will not be affected.
; |# |; u$ x5 S) nAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ F' r* J. p& X7 aability of androgen products in our society may3 R. R! u+ i+ Z; F+ l: r+ v  a* H5 k3 e
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: D0 S0 S4 n: |' r+ i( I8 `3 Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( a) i5 k* N* _; b# y7 Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-3 z: \1 t* O6 ]; v& o6 d. @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* i2 }! Z  p; zgel should be asked of the family members during; ^8 n* L' N* Z6 e$ l
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 @' E0 `- Z9 W! m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 z3 }6 ]# O9 x2 |+ Z5 k  Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 W0 R4 t" l+ r( Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ S# N3 ^0 A8 @' v) j& a6 \history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' \' q- i) q" m3 ^8 u! b
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- F5 l# k; P  a! y- n& A' rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
; ]- l% A, \2 F- b( \aware of this fact, because most of these children  K: X- n: m7 v( O
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 I% [" K5 \: }2 B" F, {" ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* p% }8 O6 [0 E( E( R2 L7 ?- y$ Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ b. }0 J1 P0 X7 a' W0 \
female child who might come in contact with some-
: n6 ?1 M7 w. s: r: |  Y" e0 Q! sone using any of these products.4 y: c: `. e$ z% o
References9 d! ~. l2 x/ I% _7 }9 U7 p$ x
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ o" [' [, l# J' land puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 v" l1 U  M" K4 I# a+ u( t" lEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# T; J- M% _! a9 R& ?# h
2002: 565-628.
' o; y1 k+ x2 L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 D; P/ {/ q- d* I9 j  q6 L" g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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