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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 t4 l2 ~, L8 E3 D2 _/ ^4 e( iBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( h) O4 x) @1 {4 v, C$ k, i9 DExposure to Testosterone
2 p, g: g6 d$ LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 s1 c- E, x! V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" h+ k% z& D/ {6 t
Clinical Pediatrics7 n% y: h& z  f2 }( C; w5 k, \5 @- G
Volume 46 Number 66 w9 n9 W; J( y! E: {
July 2007 540-543! A: g) B( W) d) j4 c0 e
© 2007 Sage Publications! y7 M, e# f4 k8 P& ~4 V" x2 O: a& k
10.1177/0009922806296651' w- Q( A0 _- `" E4 s2 \- B
http://clp.sagepub.com
. e, x2 K  z- L+ G0 g8 N+ a! ohosted at7 E) i" u( V3 ^) ?
http://online.sagepub.com
% ~. M  `+ Q4 T1 E1 wPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 o1 V5 m* m- v$ A, H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& [5 o- M+ ]9 n9 W: s6 a7 Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! U3 E* x3 @- g3 A2 B4 j) Uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 H; n/ J/ O6 E. ~5 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: e) X0 c5 _2 N. ~6 ~7 R" Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! M8 J! C5 L$ t0 h6 p1 B# Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' b2 s( `/ o, y# W; B+ nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) J$ r1 o7 R. m* ?- }cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ g$ [: O4 q( r" f3 i8 R  Ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; Z. S2 P6 M. i* k3 K/ W; [6 Lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! y+ C. K! M& V7 y4 b0 L2 i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, e% @% u1 ~! K( s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; T. B3 L  W, ~7 l4 h: [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! H6 p  S/ g; `mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' e- b% _# Q# i2 c2 g- ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- e+ N" r% D# n( ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 S" C7 w/ d  W7 \" ?2 w& U* Q- G
bly more common than the rare case report in the5 Y+ W! E, e( ^; p! U
literature.4( [) e" K& S" @* O% W1 w
Patient Report0 M4 V. Z& X. A6 S6 j0 h
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 Q3 Q5 E3 y4 A9 N
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
7 r( l% m& G" U# j& Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed  `; n9 Y0 ]. F3 K
light colored pubic hair development when he was  V8 r8 _; X7 j  W; I* l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( Q3 @5 @5 g" T# \+ f- E& K' q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." n& c1 r& m! ?/ @; S
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- c6 f% V2 |$ J- xProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 b! N; I" v: F6 s2 g: R; r$ I
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; A% a/ M2 D* u& r. G* l4 F
e-mail: [email protected].
  u! L" e7 K( G  E7 H' ~about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 t7 n1 O8 Q9 r- S% R0 x2 wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- [; z1 J" @" P) C- S, L0 r0 y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  W% w( ^# m. Q7 J6 W5 \6 R) z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ u) m4 s" @/ X# z1 {; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( C0 H8 _0 E7 b  b20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 H3 `, W' E2 J% J0 Z, Kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 s& e- m, }5 Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 u$ S9 Q9 I+ H5 A; fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" H' U* C& l1 _; {6 O% Q* E( y# Qwas age appropriate.( Z  z. m4 L  j2 _& L# p0 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,
' U8 }: y- `- L: d( Q, @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! t/ A# s% N& {" x: a$ cwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; Z3 s& ~4 H) R5 }) q# A1 y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 J# L9 O) Z6 c7 @0 ?: A! x) Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& f! H% q+ L: c8 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The( g, ]& w5 C. k& L& s  V8 ^, O! M
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 r5 }5 p7 W% Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 R) q9 G4 T$ n) r# z& |4 @
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-0 x: j( i7 h8 d( o: z: P! p4 s
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 c9 O7 R4 t* b) vtives. There were no siblings.' I: t4 `# L- m+ G
Physical Examination
9 U* p, B& B# a8 XThe physical examination revealed a very active,! D) t! P* ?" u( }0 J4 T( i, z+ b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, j4 o) m  L3 E! C- Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ h' l. t0 |9 C! `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' Y! \+ N8 j0 }$ o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# T0 K7 c  f' b, L" B  ?+ mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. U7 I  z/ x  z5 D( o, q$ w9 Z
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 s8 z6 \1 I) ?3 tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for. T& e" \" Q. i1 s& _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 \0 H4 G( z+ p6 [/ m" D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 f- C% f. n7 ]# _- s3 J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" A$ s9 }3 X' N; d! _6 _( O4 O1 J) g540
# W. A# C2 j/ ?/ u0 P, t9 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 o* q- p  s) `# C6 {7 }& pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The( w  j; x/ S6 P3 ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 ?; @/ R( ]" C- t4 B+ K3 }
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# h, W+ _1 X' h4 ~4 T1 c% G' G
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 D$ ^( S) i# l* I4 }- @$ k: N% |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 x7 I8 W4 T3 q" o6 x/ B0 F2 C4 L: X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; m1 f6 b9 l/ \  U* I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  l# B8 e  v) P; zof papilledema.0 D6 U% T5 o& P8 o' Z$ J
Laboratory Evaluation
0 Y2 o9 c, I; bThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' Y8 i5 C& m: D& Z* B/ z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 E1 L+ q0 N# e3 N- I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: `1 V6 F9 g3 z- d9 ]$ l, a3 |; }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 B; `2 F$ f# o7 a) ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) D- ^3 @2 A4 ~; ~6 w+ }8 wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ Y8 P# V1 w# x$ a& x% D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 d- Q- b: p. \% \, }& @( [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 ^% }6 L/ K( z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 ~% E6 c, }4 F- K; kof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 _7 j6 j. U; W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ f# ~9 n" c( S! s& l5 U8 Png/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-# G+ y1 l" t0 I3 l& J3 b
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% e  o/ u) t3 j: l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 ]% L7 q2 k' x1 r) Z  b- E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' y: N; a( V4 V' ~$ g/ ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* L6 m8 k" @6 \
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) B" z5 x& y; _$ L  E1 y# ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ Z, L8 D( Q3 ]8 o  X* wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 X/ j9 N9 K! I4 h/ U( J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) P7 y/ R' n" J; G/ t, J8 Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& n% W) O. K1 E* g/ p$ |! D( p8 Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 \8 f! F! K6 o+ n2 l* I
(prepubertal).' U: p* F! D1 ?7 G& K
The parents were notified about the laboratory: |$ v" d1 h: G3 J1 L3 e
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 \1 G& y' Y3 f' U
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ j* h  u* B- f
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( D) b( d3 ?" Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-) |. g/ ^5 G( x7 J" w/ [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) S4 O' K+ O1 g6 g$ K
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! ~5 i9 F. w* }9 x& v: o% fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% _8 @) p0 X5 h( Q# n
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 S, m( `4 ?( }' A1 R+ }' Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( R4 n/ k' h  Z" e* Spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 e9 k6 H5 F5 Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( Q) I0 ~; S" x3 R# d
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# b( P5 g7 C  Z! U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 d5 @3 Y0 @4 x0 x1 m8 iing frequent erections.: g. ^. A& f8 t  v3 G: X+ p8 i
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- i) [- O+ `) ^3 B( D, l8 Dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ c2 k7 U. I3 P# v
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, K% j" \. {5 k5 P/ m% p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; [: I" i$ G3 E( T3 `
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, D9 Z. Z' m4 king over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! o+ _$ J3 Q7 g4 C5 B- j+ ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# Q, k6 ?" ~2 O) Dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 ?& S  e& j/ W& y3 D/ ~7 h" pscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ P; _5 |. u' \: D4 Zsecondary to depression.6 M- [9 o9 z2 Y* g& ?
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
; }/ ~: [1 f0 \* b5 z: x$ X& Z' }The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 I; c+ S% S" h, k0 |5 Q* c' xchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# c# K$ s0 p; q: ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! L9 L0 ~$ D, R8 H6 n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 Z1 N! n! A. awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' Y; W" q8 V& A# ?# Uwas high, he then read the product information' K( }  z$ c1 x7 d9 L7 [* A0 ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! r2 \, z* l" S! C  J4 {* m' u
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 B2 \5 w! J6 E# a# U& n8 t+ I5 T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# K! M1 N2 B3 ]! s4 o# nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ m& U6 A( \& Q6 _( s4 S
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 s0 D8 e! b% ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! b; o& `7 p2 r4 }laboratory to obtain the test.# A; }1 D3 K, q. a5 d
Discussion8 g. x- f; J4 Q/ U2 {3 t- `: b2 Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; U( @9 i9 T9 a1 Vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) `/ o: d" N! R8 g1 W# uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 R' F6 v% {3 {& u- k
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* w0 I- l. K; Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 ^" h# j+ J+ k( @( y
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ W6 G0 \& u3 z" Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& r/ v7 |. H6 a$ G; Z- ~responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) c) D+ O4 n/ l: F- n$ k2 x: @5 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 Q! }/ x4 g/ o, l5 }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 v8 ?: t( r5 W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ c& Q& g: I4 e7 M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: C# x9 s  a9 [
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% _: x( C( b9 T: f* W* r! n
gonadotropins.1,3
) E2 u% a1 e# R3 PGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) F4 c3 d% a8 s! S& |7 B
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# I& _: j# s! E# [; Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# s0 Z( l" ?4 R9 Iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* @% X' K* x' S  L; C) z. m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 e* L+ w' U. t/ R8 L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive+ o  {# d/ a/ q, t8 Z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* N" V( S& ^) D, Fpuberty in boys.3,4
0 }; O9 P4 N7 T1 v8 [, j) iThe most common form of congenital adrenal: ]6 e$ j# L. V! f  T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. I8 r) U% o8 _' K# m! B8 p! @The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& n1 m0 I  v4 n7 g$ mexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 ^; G1 U- M, r: R! Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 U4 |# z6 \& q; K6 Z' p
excess.1,3- [* _5 Z3 c8 J% D3 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  _8 E2 a# a, V( Y/ f' p5 o
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: r! B0 u* T' U' W% g' P9 p
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ y" r" l) I( ~- lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known' |' Z3 c- T7 J6 g
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 G! R; r# @$ ?# A  F5 _2 \# G) e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 q+ c+ z1 @( T+ u. U4 c* T1 h( gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, u: T7 [  q8 Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 x( T' T0 K2 U" z6 c: k1 G1 I. c, twith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 c, S: y5 ]5 z+ Mare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: a3 e- \0 Q- H: w6 M
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 Y, B: e. n( u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 `, Y2 Q2 `$ t# U: z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only' M& T! t9 @( [  O, u5 H
males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 C- A! V% d7 L8 j4 Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* \. K" b; M* nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 ]& E# c8 N" ~! Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, w/ f, p: f1 W% Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ B; r5 B2 ~! p, q. U% ~was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 B& q* a- z1 a. Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# {+ x+ E  V& a6 a1 U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. j6 O! U- H$ s+ [! Rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 D& G8 `  P9 I6 X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 n0 p9 q" M* |6 @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  \  Y$ l' O4 H5 P, @1 I8 y! ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 ^0 S% n# P' I, R) W, `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
# p; r3 h3 F% O+ ]ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
) R0 Y& @: N) ]4 ^, XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: ?4 f! q% ?* b7 F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' j( E# k* J, x& M  G2 T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-: O8 x. L5 o+ c. ~, h
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and/ u; b# k+ c5 d4 {2 E9 I" \
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- f. \6 m( v# z3 F2 [& p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 c& I. R  v, ~9 c* u1 [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- o; V6 G4 U" Q( c
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 P. ?1 J* x" l* C0 _+ a' s
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. d2 N- a% }0 i3 A7 ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) Q) t2 p; Q2 c* VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 R# P$ ^6 ~; V: A# r8 R: A' M# \/ jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to: H, G1 O6 Q3 N# h/ S
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' [" U8 g5 n/ ~- R1 n5 v
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 x3 s, s) T, _" Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. i6 e! ]! G# D* {1 B, H7 AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 c) c0 {$ R& {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 I$ ]0 m5 P6 B! N5 tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ B4 B( f: u* k8 F! Z; Q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) N# C: N$ G) c0 d. W* Z, Dactive in young children exposed to testosterone1 j& A  T0 s4 N' k% f" e: s
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ a8 f5 f2 I, tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 v, X4 L9 L; c
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 o: u  V# W: P
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 l- k- G4 c  N4 K2 b. l- ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) y  [; A/ [4 u; v  q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: ?) W6 Y, d& _9 o# M% l* {early childhood on pubertal development and final% }! E- ^3 M0 |2 V$ b" E& x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; W  m; V+ v) a& K/ \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-6 N4 P  y. B. I4 H6 S  q& q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 m# Y! ?2 t! @/ `% }+ B( }; Kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) e5 p/ s+ d8 q0 q/ L0 xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 I$ f: a! N# I( k# Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 n0 c& \% B3 l/ Y4 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy- _. A& s- ~- [9 p7 N7 i) {
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult/ p6 [# B8 y; c8 r0 n* d# ~3 Y' {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# ?; k- s6 L4 q6 P& D( y" }# [. B# Q8 }1 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 |# l: t% x' p  \+ ]' h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% J: y! m+ m5 m  g+ D: i- g: ]* C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 E  g' D" }( S5 s  b2 o" ^" G! l7 Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 r8 m& d* L2 ~1 W/ O2 F, Y6 Qpenile length in clinical studies.  f5 j9 @4 ?. j3 g1 D; X3 E
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" h$ ?4 k3 x* _2 Y, i* ?; Vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 x" V: ~, |$ M, i3 `( R
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 S1 h+ n$ v: i; P5 |. lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 G" R. L  l9 L9 X, U5 W
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of1 g* W0 ]! L% X$ f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. R" ^# n! g1 k# ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; O% Z% z4 X6 V/ _+ K( d* C1 [height will not be affected.+ R& g9 t$ `" H6 T. f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-, O9 f$ q/ x( z0 B7 |
ability of androgen products in our society may% a- U' E2 `+ G2 X6 G# d
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. b/ ?3 K7 g4 f7 \
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
& b' k2 G# C' ?0 f9 t2 bgen products must be considered and specific ques-
' Z- @, U( `& Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ E: i: Z9 N, H) i; C
gel should be asked of the family members during
. Q2 ~& W6 {- ?( P5 n" }; `+ Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 [% ]: V2 t# ~& ^% J3 n" b
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 G) A# g+ N1 S8 m
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: i" Y# x+ Z# n# C  kappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, u5 F( d$ p: r1 @history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 z" C5 Y) @1 d( j$ eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 h3 C! `8 y" g* w; l
investigation. The primary care physician should be( g% b% q4 Y4 V, ^7 t- N7 m- B
aware of this fact, because most of these children8 n! |2 P# {6 ^! d8 r; Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 c# l: t" B; O! ^
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! b) Z1 p: y$ f6 t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or, r3 O4 A4 f6 ?! R  }( I
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 R" s9 r2 \1 y" T% D2 _one using any of these products.
  w% J) B& o. q& a7 Q! ~+ zReferences* a7 @; j9 z( J3 b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. k0 I9 P4 C9 I- K3 R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& ]+ a% W# s0 F& c6 b0 h, j% s% U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 P5 N! V$ T+ A8 y8 T" x2002: 565-628.
  @. w& ~. E3 q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 }; l! T. E( q4 `9 F5 ?: M7 B# o$ Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" M: \* I0 H6 }: vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ j0 S; V$ y( A, [0 _; XExposure to Testosterone
0 ]: M9 A/ e4 d! u" s- {6 L, U6 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- v2 ^) _! [7 w4 L$ o7 \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& e- y/ v6 }4 e9 N2 p
Clinical Pediatrics
* t; q8 R0 Z& C7 v4 x& KVolume 46 Number 6- ?) `; E4 H2 Y
July 2007 540-543
% G4 G. N' r( ~3 N: C' n8 J© 2007 Sage Publications
/ m) J( E/ k0 u4 X# P8 Z+ H10.1177/0009922806296651
$ V4 }$ I# ?. s3 }http://clp.sagepub.com1 M# F6 e/ {8 `$ L8 b# g" f/ L
hosted at
7 t2 e+ L/ k) q8 whttp://online.sagepub.com0 O: X% e( ~7 Z/ ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," L  T7 t+ x( L6 [; b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central6 n& ^8 t! c8 K2 u
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 x2 O  r/ @$ C* t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
8 [' t8 F+ i3 O  N! M' [a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ _4 ~' q! u+ U5 J* U8 S9 c' @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; b5 H; N! A: wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ w9 S7 S/ H, S5 `0 u: v
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. R  m2 _# X: J4 F: ]" Y+ C( m7 fcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We+ U  S, y4 W8 I
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the% z9 U3 z) i  l8 c# A& O- _) ?
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ \" w. k( d8 T- d1 ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 r( v+ |. b2 v  n& ?/ T; hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" H. d6 L( i* G! B$ l- s2 y2 f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 W- }5 N# P6 {  d: h/ }; Tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ E- r& U3 s* J4 J, ^) L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 I+ i: x+ n* r3 A0 R8 M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& Q) a: l- ~/ U' i4 N$ P
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 y- Y; ?, ]2 H7 Y: I% [9 b: P0 T
literature.4
0 f- L( ^) z& x4 T9 @3 `) P: ^5 ]Patient Report7 J7 r7 r9 ], l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 e2 b% q- v2 x4 Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 W$ t. N0 J1 H# a( q8 y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
( H+ w% l' u" `light colored pubic hair development when he was! {3 U! r$ q4 c2 t# ]; v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 ]; I1 B$ {! J' _$ [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. p! U% y9 _$ U) G' {# wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! @. k" I- a( S% N+ j
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 i- y1 Z, j9 F2 }9 W
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% w9 i) W8 @8 a4 D% A/ h0 re-mail: [email protected].
6 q* U, z% M* Babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 Y2 C# B+ F0 O: j3 x+ a; ^darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  }% f; g  d9 n4 oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
* g: D4 T1 p* Z: M+ Q' M3 b" I0 j0 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 L& z; ]; U& }7 _! k8 f4 T* ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' c( F( N; e4 R20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 T( B$ e+ ~/ Y: }; ]) W/ E, Uof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 M& T3 P4 L' f7 E  ^# |7 gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 u5 h3 a6 W  ]# n0 D# Vand his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 s) f- r( q: M( J+ A. ^3 M
was age appropriate.
9 z& t. z6 Q& N% o4 D% RThe family history was remarkable for the father,
0 ]1 {/ H; [5 J; Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 d! U! Q3 _# B$ ?2 ~5 F- o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# t& f+ N  i4 m0 N* z* @" p1 M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ l( }0 l! \; B* u0 xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 L9 u0 h9 F+ [7 L- f7 m( `( vThe father denied taking any other medication. The& \4 w& p+ P) R- x+ _
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  l! q  n% y8 `# f9 z+ w* w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet. h! n7 `- Y6 S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: d. {. {% [8 dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ D3 W9 j3 v/ H3 _( ?
tives. There were no siblings.! a, `% v- a$ p# ?
Physical Examination) _3 H( u5 M' N
The physical examination revealed a very active,
. l) `1 u/ E* Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- N1 r: |/ Y3 ?4 A( za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! L4 o4 S2 M) T) u1 ~3 D- L90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) J/ X0 ]: y0 D4 C(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: a; R9 m+ Y+ V6 E3 g+ O  R
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 r7 [; M( |9 s& J1 Cthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: O! g' v0 Z3 e  O3 L8 Z# A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ y7 x+ P+ w7 j- _% A
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 h5 ?; u, u6 B9 f8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 D- F' r1 ]1 Z- R
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: L& [' s: c: u) O5 s
540
. E) A) E# x3 t) d5 t% O( G9 \) cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ Y/ t+ T+ x/ v: q0 x# S( D: y) C
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: J) ^( t% z* M/ o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( _7 \, @3 ]! b, b, V& b5 A0 t
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. G8 \8 m# [$ }! N! Z1 j/ J* joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no0 i4 b+ i9 h0 s* r3 E) ~( b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' t5 o' Z: l9 z" m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; L7 r+ l7 S) Y0 q3 |+ e) Fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 q% `0 n" w6 D! D
of papilledema.
0 n8 ]- z" v& pLaboratory Evaluation
5 I* `+ X& `2 I/ _) |0 Y9 D1 qThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ t( f  _+ E, Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( o& a+ @5 M4 Z1 ylogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' j+ w5 A  b2 X0 w" y( \karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test0 V4 J2 @7 R4 e* Q8 m* x
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: h/ V- v# V. J# U' clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 G1 J5 d% ^5 h: ?4 wThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! {. e' ^0 E( R2 I& ?. p8 Gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; M- r7 o2 e2 X2 h  Q/ M7 Nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration$ `) M& {( p! U; A; Y, O: |/ i
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( ?9 [3 B; s2 T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% A0 T, W3 P6 l7 y' O$ Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 I1 z( i" {. o. z0 jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ ~, C2 L7 D$ b* f4 |4 ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! @- R* _3 [1 m/ Y4 B( v4 ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* _" Y3 C) W' q8 v" X0 |6 f
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# L% H- N4 P% q6 l; t/ V; @5 }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 Y2 k# j+ C/ F  O# N; Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; t8 @/ ]' O' H2 q; `, Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 o5 s) E. L9 \  }! ?5 O- s9 I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! q% ], l$ K. O. l, v
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) @* U( U' e2 Q* F; s% W% O" Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 B, ~- |$ m  Y4 f" l% y
(prepubertal).
" O; z) d, {- t$ W5 E6 ?- K: @" WThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ ]% W6 w7 Q$ m- ]1 r$ Q0 ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
1 k& I6 G  X& c- I! b) l, `normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* ?- ~/ K8 \+ E- D, s5 F+ _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 z8 h3 B8 j8 U5 Q! i
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' w) q! q1 J9 Z: h8 C, y' ?+ k5 L
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, R5 W$ S  u4 Q; F4 APhysical examination at this time revealed that the7 r" H' C% y8 A0 K0 z5 Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! i9 w+ B- a" X+ H
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 L/ B) }; I* R' ~+ i' \unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 Q. H& |' ^) q0 L' e% p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 c: _- \2 I- M6 U  [- `, b) J: e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 }0 B' ~- O$ M: M: _) e& GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# b* a  E' Q( \: C
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. ?* D% G4 v1 b& q7 {ing frequent erections.
2 J+ M+ J) `; s2 Z0 KBoth parents were again questioned about use of
' r) V5 G8 `9 c2 Y  Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, [$ c0 e6 Z/ }+ Vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ u4 W2 }9 x9 i2 d0 r: zTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 r; r& l1 y8 i1 quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( S1 g1 p9 [3 _
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; M0 K' B1 l5 W7 z$ g$ |a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; ~, X4 v6 A2 u; G, ~
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 C4 J4 J( b; T  b& U+ ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% q7 L+ T) Q5 o7 w5 bsecondary to depression.
5 c4 b9 b4 _+ \9 t/ n) KThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. x" E( i5 \( \7 V) ]
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 o/ r. L1 {3 J1 b$ @( S& m
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
, H$ y8 y% ?4 Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- e5 d, a4 `$ z# H: cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# \* @) ^, P* ]% a1 r5 F* |
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 i5 O  F9 W: H* x: ~/ O% pwas high, he then read the product information$ x- u" d0 y4 ~! D) M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 ?# p* B  M& H& T; Bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ R/ t: z* D" q2 }/ @( N0 `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 e, y4 G/ E5 V) q8 @, W% B' F
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ A' d/ u' {, x, F- @" D
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ A* e5 \& i/ d! w. V! c+ J1 utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 a  d' S5 c! g+ a' v/ U7 I
laboratory to obtain the test.' ]* S* C$ P0 g0 m
Discussion
. ^- z2 \6 X7 r* vPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: ~6 O" F  }1 s' K3 I" a
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, v; d, a% }1 ]* h& S9 ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 r# ~  Z& g2 Q4 k' V) q+ q4 Kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ T& O# ?  J  x% v5 f( K
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 I8 B* V: U* R1 |! D/ J/ C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
4 F& q8 S0 w5 Z! Pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
2 r( S2 s7 c* [responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 ^5 r# a" V( G& e' p" K  Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 H, K4 U. [# S2 x4 ^
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# E  W# j5 A' x9 O  a6 ^5 g  q5 E
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ c7 o0 @$ u$ R$ r6 J. c6 e
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 w1 D  Z3 R% k+ v5 |- \8 V4 Orical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 M) I" G# O' O5 Vgonadotropins.1,3- X( p' `; x/ {) \' Q
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 R" Z4 s  v9 c3 L% w6 B0 v& l7 icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, y2 r7 [0 H, o8 G+ U
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 t5 U+ ?3 W( G2 G7 X5 cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% P! _9 {1 f$ s$ `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing2 H; a0 T; b; \( o, X# ]) |$ U
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ Z8 t0 ~4 ]- r  {$ ?+ A0 a) `# Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  P$ }1 c/ j( H  R/ h
puberty in boys.3,4# O( }* W) \" u3 T; f  F* b" L
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 o% Z! K8 c! ]6 h7 ]. Z$ khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# e, _3 A4 ^2 n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in4 s# V" f" G0 @# V
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' H; S2 N* d: O, o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ O- P& b( ^- A5 C: h' ~excess.1,3
( b- o. h$ D) v9 w5 ~6 @% Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 H8 P5 h5 x* m/ s' S' N
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 q- P4 H- q( n  E7 B$ ^: s
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 o% h- K2 t* p* L' O* I8 Aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known& f. z) a6 E6 N+ P; ?3 v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% X, [' \* a$ [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys5 ]% C3 P# J, @) R9 h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 {1 a5 @3 B( L5 ~5 eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; ~# d$ h& S+ ~* M8 Rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
! a9 g/ \" f* B+ q4 h2 U: I7 [are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 P4 _# x" \3 K- P( C$ b$ rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 k- t* r& p' C2 J
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 U" C  y8 ]4 S0 E- T% I0 q* Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% t2 g8 P( V9 v( D: j4 J( @- Kmales; therefore, other male members of the family& J1 P; r( _% M
may have similar precocious puberty.3  [5 |2 e5 X) s! G2 b% [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 E& c$ H% s; @8 {sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* M% ?) _# B7 Dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, i) F$ @1 [1 |0 e: Wwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ O) w: O6 A( K/ F8 `1 ]8 M( ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# _  I4 f) ?- r+ Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. q6 X, U+ c0 i, ]4 {! Y) h; A! Mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ d" g' Y8 I6 ^! \2 n+ Y0 W" ?ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, `1 h& j1 W: C! \0 Y' }# \$ m4 Vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' G+ J9 T0 T! z) W
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 r" S! I+ I8 ^: I' pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 h. Z% w  ^" u/ n
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 B) H1 m5 K, ?0 s& sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! G" y$ s7 c, D% p! D: Lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 b1 g  S  x8 e; O3 A0 N0 `0 C& Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 K+ \& {6 c% A1 a, Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. Y' P" ?+ q- }+ z' `- tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 U! k/ w1 b: \$ b# \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! Q  V0 {$ |" ?5 l3 P8 Y  _using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  O  G; J4 y4 H2 u( Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ w3 `8 ?  O9 T+ [! |, T% h
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( w6 ^5 U  p& P/ J& e
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* h. O$ ?6 ]$ r. B% x& b% Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ u0 {, ]8 x; J; Z- C
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' @  \* y. D6 m9 u& m3 N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* u0 q( d, F* u) H/ M* s% q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 a% T) p5 z" o, p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& E  p6 j3 B8 C0 J2 \2 b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 S% M& \: Z1 g2 T6 V' [. S% d# {which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" p2 t) W) @4 w# w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) i( i% V7 o( q3 Y1 Q! f5 E# Nterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& y6 m  I3 x% V# Iactive in young children exposed to testosterone* J! V0 z4 m7 w: \% }$ ]: H) g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 p" ?' E/ y" I$ S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
! s7 O$ p3 M( P. avirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  S& {- d2 x) k' U: [1 q' z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and, {0 ]8 U: K! q9 @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 F4 w6 s& M( p: N, ^' s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during  e8 Q6 F* |$ R* [  V
early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ W# t3 S" Z3 d; vadult height are not fully known and always remain% i7 q: u) G5 t5 q+ o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 M" s6 b& _$ _) b0 }, G( e4 b- Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- c$ q* @# ?) U
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 d- u2 G0 e# s# Z8 s' l
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% w) ~2 a. t. ~1 J. F$ g
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 g6 S$ C0 V( n+ J! G
There are conflicting reports and controversy* Z0 K- p8 h. h
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( k& v" k4 t6 P2 d' rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* \) k! J+ A* h; I* i5 |' ~6 P
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# y( w1 Z  R1 Q- ~  f# h5 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
0 G" M( F. y( ?/ ~9 HSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. |8 n! Z, R) ]3 l/ }9 \
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. z7 p- S. s( }penile length in clinical studies.
- W2 ]6 X5 J, |4 {/ J. FNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& d6 d' o5 ^, p& xgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from4 Q' o4 E3 C* [3 ?3 k, n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 W3 a) S% U6 \- C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  D5 j! I. m* M% L5 ]% P9 N7 p
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of2 f, k: q) Y; Z& b/ Z( X
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- Z- T+ A0 F# Hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 w! ]) x- X" m; A6 g  m& X# n; u
height will not be affected.
6 M2 `4 m( K$ e) u/ mAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-3 D3 m5 r) q$ L/ X4 s
ability of androgen products in our society may# Y) f" m5 V( ~2 r
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 ~4 {* L# @) w$ Y( d' b- cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
/ D5 F, S' {5 W; a. i* |: Bgen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 F- J' v) Z& a% g4 ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or
9 O# S( X" t( m# lgel should be asked of the family members during& ~* G  R$ J9 n) B* d# A: V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" D% I9 e! o/ T% c7 ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 P& o' I8 _1 `2 ?- f
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 Q! a% Y5 Q  V1 S. k  m) J
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# A+ a0 ^, m) _
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" l$ P# P$ ]  Q. z5 O. Hresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ P8 _3 z6 a. y- A7 [0 Binvestigation. The primary care physician should be& \! R9 C9 V: l: I' I
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 I2 Z; Q3 ]1 Q9 L9 |& e( U( w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( v1 J* j+ x: L" g5 Y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a- `8 R/ x" a. f5 \
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# G0 r9 ~( I1 c9 ]4 W( A, lfemale child who might come in contact with some-! c9 |  \0 l( H6 }5 J! {5 J, p
one using any of these products.. U+ `" t9 m3 J+ g& }4 \
References
. P# R: O0 m* \1 ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ E7 \5 M$ a& I1 A; E8 n
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 j1 K- |$ Y  C/ t$ D9 A4 T2 ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;8 e( x4 W. y/ t8 n' g, r
2002: 565-628.$ v( Z+ N, q2 o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, F% |' b* K- e4 R* }puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

, {# y. y1 @4 d: o- r- ~; H, _精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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