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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* k1 n- @( P/ M6 S# ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! n; D. W! T9 m9 `Exposure to Testosterone) k  b  i4 _/ X: o4 ^9 [- z4 o2 z( y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 Q" K. b' I9 }& }4 f
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  M9 h- L) \' D% R6 f! iClinical Pediatrics/ z7 x. H; {+ K. p  _* V# R8 d
Volume 46 Number 6
# x7 G) l6 f' d/ y' p- H5 ~/ N" ZJuly 2007 540-5432 s2 G/ ]- V; ^9 n! d% l
© 2007 Sage Publications# K+ F0 o- _- p* T6 {
10.1177/0009922806296651( Y( l# h; ]9 M6 `2 Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
" E) }" A/ J+ F, }  |  shosted at
* C' E4 h. M" rhttp://online.sagepub.com
5 M( d) r% U0 rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ W1 y4 x9 z6 Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central
' \  ~6 l' Z; `+ c2 X. r" vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. T0 m: V& a" H0 P. K/ V5 y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* G2 g0 ]2 _; h' w5 Ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* b6 I, z0 [. {$ J6 h( Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# `9 r+ Z3 Z! G3 _- |& ^8 X; Sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
. V$ g/ S3 D9 @9 e' l* L8 |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ [; L6 Q8 @) x4 Kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: k/ J7 S4 [+ o- ~4 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 }3 ~7 f' b) W$ \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; u& [" H! C; u* }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, o2 S& l: u7 M. N1 M$ g6 P7 \7 oto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: W) K, \' k# x6 ^: |. I- j' w9 C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' w- G. h/ u0 m/ e9 ]" qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 T+ B; S1 q1 J7 |$ S; D8 f
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 W, e* `2 G/ g( \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-3 N, O$ ~5 e9 o! s( M% N3 c+ h0 g
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) n! E5 ?1 p! p+ t# i' y$ hliterature.4
3 Z- O, F) Q4 N5 Y$ OPatient Report
; [) J7 d/ `9 J# h" o8 ]' w5 o7 _- g$ _A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' D5 R( T7 |( k, c8 `) i, uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# |0 Z% c, o+ u1 q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 |: w) P! X) W% ?, ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was" [1 x* f( m  [! F: _' Z6 z
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! L5 T' }+ `2 V$ zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% a: o! A1 t( J1 M
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  ?8 f; c4 I7 Q& l5 |3 d) [
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) @9 f, E& D! J9 |8 j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' V% i" w6 r; G' x' Ue-mail: [email protected].
& Q( n. c! @) J* ^( x* aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) A& N1 S; a" rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ a1 y+ k5 D5 g: }* ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, p/ ^( T( o3 r( D( |was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ n( b3 L: P% X$ b2 Z7 |# m
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 v1 r+ B: t9 u9 m$ _20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 H; f6 R# p  E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 T+ z( J# I, ~4 J! r0 z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 E# d2 E) u0 W5 k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 X3 {! q/ v2 q5 ~4 s
was age appropriate.  b8 f$ a, \/ E3 A) B
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ Y" Q5 M: w% Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ ~, F5 C5 m* y$ ^9 p; j/ Q6 U- @which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 i8 A2 r. [. e0 hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! _" R6 U$ G; D% ^
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ Z0 ]  z; k- [5 j
The father denied taking any other medication. The. W3 X. U5 M/ t1 _" k( Y1 c
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ i5 V; V! j1 g0 k- owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& [) w5 }, F8 Y7 R5 J- w- G
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 v8 Z1 s4 O' J+ Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ J; `1 g6 ]) K2 K5 A6 D2 @6 T
tives. There were no siblings.& m5 P" D0 r* W  G6 T
Physical Examination2 p* d' D/ i! c
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* f3 F1 Y  q. }5 h$ a  G& ~; Yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! \8 g# p! O1 M) P1 h- V5 L& `- {a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( T) U. _! s4 h& j5 X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ [0 l, G) A6 I$ H' ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" n( i8 p! I7 F" H  a4 h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: Q" _) z# H5 e0 v2 @: Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 g7 o& x" [& C. o& N/ I& f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 b. ~% w+ f0 l; M; m4 ^3 N2 ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# I$ x; }9 `3 _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  y. g+ ^* U9 K! k, e% Tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 D6 b' M) J1 t% N
540: N$ r" z2 c# R3 h7 B1 s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* O. h- k- b% c/ w8 `& c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ n1 U" y' x1 O7 z& [7 e4 p$ Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ k$ N) {8 N( m& C- w' ~3 N3 b! k; B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& e" f) i  \8 [2 a' ^oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ @; Y' v0 w% T8 v( Y% N% Uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! c0 r5 g: E9 q* ONeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; K9 Q4 G6 d5 y/ obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 A& y- ~- E- c# ~7 I5 D  O* j
of papilledema.3 h/ m" ?  d# ^! W
Laboratory Evaluation! H' d' d# _5 f( O+ ]  S* W4 V! }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by: Z/ D& J7 A1 g9 \
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 I+ Q1 z/ f* w( {+ ?* w( m0 o
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 N2 `/ N3 R; u; [
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! d; ]  H3 J& S5 P6 }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 D+ _; n" [" \+ x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 N% N, d6 @9 r$ e* J3 t. l5 Z# BThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 k( T. ]& j; R7 M3 e! l# Turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were+ T; l0 R: d* f' ?
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 ~& C& ]8 Y1 P0 t/ P( xof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# J. }  i4 b. T  U6 M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  @- _" T+ M# V# S* Bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; K; ?( O) U8 S* F3 b: }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 F. s" U# \+ ?0 k, h6 ?' c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" M/ Y' V  Z) V+ f$ M" I" ?2 @49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* {- _1 ]1 g9 S/ h  ]8 Y
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
9 L- U; m5 q$ t5 C4 w7 g1 Itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) V, j& ]3 h& @
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 U2 f8 W' Q) c
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 s  _9 f( u% e; n  r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' N& M5 J& {9 I+ Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 t! A. E# P, b. R  Y: c9 ]/ `concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, S2 P7 k7 I  @$ `" Z
(prepubertal).2 C2 w& p6 `: Z- Z
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& k2 {7 j- j! ]/ {( [; t5 h) V, z2 Cresults and were informed that all of the tests were
" R+ R- m  i( b* a" nnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
" H" e6 z* A/ L4 _( r" `0 Qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* I, a& v1 x/ o4 G; T9 S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" g/ m) L7 l+ t+ Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ n& d3 l/ j0 D; H+ X+ S- {$ RPhysical examination at this time revealed that the6 \- n* N& E5 \7 f* R6 s% w/ V
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 U( T2 u& B7 m4 u
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( H  x2 o3 d& \( k- F: I) g# u& `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 ~- e. _- @* g; k4 J
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 K% v6 O; D& o+ ^  D1 Hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& L& }# ?7 R6 s. X% DmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. z$ d4 `* K, K) p6 K2 ?, P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 R) N; a# e6 H. n. Ging frequent erections.# a9 _! h7 ?$ @$ Z% A: z3 R
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ l0 y9 t' y7 c) [9 v& b6 ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 U+ g. S- D9 D4 d, R4 Xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  G& [- c3 P+ `. g/ f( C; P9 A6 GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# B* a! U0 ~! ^: |7 {  y) kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# ?5 V  K: D( L; |0 xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for2 M; U4 O; c; \" @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ X4 G0 X9 W& V) M/ [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-9 ~$ W3 C2 F, I/ F$ j6 e7 e  @( ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 g8 }' H& u  @) A& ], T( W" z6 Hsecondary to depression.
9 O& K. t3 u  H3 F; ~/ BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 ~2 s9 B$ S* B5 v5 s  |& M
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# T( v2 V- d+ {$ C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 X  n# z9 T7 {& A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 g5 g+ u, E7 q! u& |9 `$ W$ nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# W: ^* H/ ^3 @" F! Z( s
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 h" B3 Z6 {& P/ H4 A% T
was high, he then read the product information. C( F4 B1 H6 H, ?) n+ o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 q. D0 m5 ]( I2 eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: L" L+ D* _& }' [9 ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* K, ]" F& F  y2 q6 C; p, h
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 S; I7 l% w+ X7 K) L$ [  w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 C! w$ [) `% d. a
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 }% D8 ]4 t! d. B* ^laboratory to obtain the test.
! m) t; v5 O# o& n6 r/ R  P% M* X( ADiscussion7 u1 |% Y+ F0 o. X# c$ ~* }7 L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 ^7 E3 Z4 t, A! w( b% zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: [2 U  g7 J) i5 F3 r0 i( yPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; A; K: V' `/ ^6 _2 O3 V( xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  ?2 }! ^: P' }* G3 |' b2 Q( y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. \& q& g' E! p( M( }5 wmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' M7 A) i2 H1 t4 g( x) Bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is. M: y, \' t* t1 @( d! z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  u7 N6 a& r# d& d
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! p" K$ c3 u/ ^) Y, p4 S3 F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* u2 q5 l- B; Z+ O" w* a$ z9 Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 A: v& x; V" M
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ F1 d: @$ O# D( j1 {. u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 T. N! Z. G0 lgonadotropins.1,3" W( h" ^2 w" C& E! h3 b
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 r& {6 T% j/ F6 P1 Y0 A. W2 G* Gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, ~) k( ~6 h! t/ ?
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 [  l; }2 F  f! f' N1 y( r9 J9 ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 I  J) g4 C* c+ _( Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 C- k' T2 t& A; lcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, `6 N% _; t, B& S. d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( D5 F+ D- R* s: o' w! k* gpuberty in boys.3,4
# T) O3 q/ R" x2 {8 ~* J- b/ a* M9 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal) x$ K- v$ W! u1 A+ l/ U2 v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.9 F, D( b8 P9 z3 M
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' G0 K. z. C. T4 T* P# w$ iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& K* [3 O1 b8 S0 Gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; q/ P9 `$ _9 @
excess.1,3- m0 F8 C8 z% @6 Y7 X) h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ h+ n4 g5 b" ]0 }) R0 E6 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 Z1 Y5 S& k8 e0 dA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 y" b% b( j0 ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# O1 d5 W4 w# T2 i: a1 aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ S8 y3 S$ [( L4 l# avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
) e5 n. N" e- h9 o. gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: u* g; ^5 z, @" s6 _) d7 @8 eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 \9 @, ?* K9 ]/ h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 a; c! J0 {- S! Ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ X# F0 N8 I! c3 g9 K9 _. M
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  E8 a1 ^1 X$ M1 t5 Qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 s! X8 \- A. Z) K/ [( c+ v8 K
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
6 Y# e0 Y9 T" |% i$ M, @  mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
# L9 r  e7 m6 c0 amay have similar precocious puberty.3
6 B2 n+ X4 ]% t  ]& o1 e) ?; l' _! H/ _In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! F  s2 c7 Y2 l: r! Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ i' l. v- k  D" K
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" @1 b8 h% h. M
was in the differential diagnosis because his father0 x$ v/ E9 p) Q, q" n! U, j7 P
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) j0 _) u5 H# m. w' r6 ^: ]testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 X5 O+ m" C  |3 V+ Z( n* F) W. `* pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 Q, B% P, C6 |1 v  r: U
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- C* {  V2 Z% h# _5 R0 z" {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% n' }- j2 {' D, g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 [0 b: W$ z" C& f
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ H! b( S1 q) u2 {) ~. \3 s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ M$ Y: D( L7 q9 CThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: ?3 t4 x& Y* \. b  F# I$ l
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ \; V' x2 G  A! P! vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 Z6 d  F# a. G1 Z* A0 Npearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% |+ L& H% k. d9 [6 d9 E1 I, i2 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  b3 ?- q; g. n# }+ v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 s1 z; R% B5 c8 @; {8 Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ D5 k" a1 W9 X8 O% t) B/ MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% i- z/ b! n6 ~" W5 o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, f% n0 f" T3 Z8 `# F) Cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 ~$ t+ v/ D5 ]9 {1 Y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 ^3 p( A7 C3 A. G- r: H$ sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to& O( x$ R+ h1 O/ }7 {8 v, K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 N, ]$ C3 t# |; q$ Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, U9 q8 O$ o0 y/ c" ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 A, [- I1 W: WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 ?9 T, G( C4 l. x0 dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 B3 o, {  d/ `/ l
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 X* ^- p0 U3 y8 ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 F8 Z* ~1 E+ [5 g: N6 z
active in young children exposed to testosterone4 a" z6 Z* n, g) a; `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
7 t7 x( F3 |+ o3 e6 C; d) zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* L" x/ P5 B. A0 }$ o
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- W, j) U, s* H7 }children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 p9 x7 @7 s9 O# l3 ^( q7 \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* w" F$ g$ C+ Z- WThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 N8 l1 j/ f! S" C' R1 [1 \) \early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 p( k+ J* r& g, G( r3 o; T0 g8 p5 b# Vadult height are not fully known and always remain
/ ^+ f% i* ~2 [; ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( }/ D/ e0 T: V+ p1 @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 p) N, K& K- }6 _
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! {9 L5 ?, d. f( ~% l6 z- ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  Q) Z; d  }+ e( G, T4 q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. J) K7 v/ G1 T; NThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; J' }$ v2 {! {8 bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 P$ r. \+ G, n% K+ Gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 ~2 o9 N5 ?" V2 ?6 \& ?2 ^
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
: g9 ]" S3 ^+ i) ?- a& F; j/ Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& s- }, w9 d; w) X! `1 zSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: Z% W0 D) r! n% i, C& D1 z7 lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ l- ]# k( `$ A4 \$ _9 C9 p0 x, @penile length in clinical studies.
  H+ N* J! ?2 p' G( T6 UNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 j( J/ N0 N% ~5 ^: I# u: z( Kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
; w2 V  M- B+ c7 r) Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
  s9 `- i! m8 L/ Y0 ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 p5 p4 t: |  ?4 gAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of/ a' T% C0 V: c% P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 Q) t+ \1 C. l& Gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) \; {/ r$ c3 m; H
height will not be affected.5 [2 c3 c7 ~' _# C/ C
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ Q7 s0 f2 a- p: s& u. E$ {
ability of androgen products in our society may9 E& O. g4 T: X: V! I2 }
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 Q# s& o/ y5 Q  s9 `! jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% z; {7 f- x# ?2 y) Jgen products must be considered and specific ques-( j! j1 m# ~9 l$ L5 N
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- l+ b9 u- K# Qgel should be asked of the family members during
% A- a, b9 z4 v! P# \! Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# E; J; K0 J/ g5 I1 bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 j* q4 C* i0 d) H
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 U3 a) p5 V% z: C; D- J# Z
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ D, N  m5 t. _. t1 K( v: Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
: q3 P) |+ y* {# d+ wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 E# x, N6 `* Pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
& n2 z$ n4 V: Z6 Haware of this fact, because most of these children
1 Y/ |+ ?) }- M5 F( qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’/ q3 K4 d) t1 m0 m# \" H7 d
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
! o; `; o, f% M2 d5 W% V+ J' Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 A* t' G% |# @5 N( _female child who might come in contact with some-
9 w; u) x# {) L% V+ I7 q8 H% ]one using any of these products.
5 p: Q  X( J. a0 W/ |% JReferences8 _' x6 i7 J, J% H6 K& u2 f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) K5 \# R( l4 ^
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, y6 K, A+ D% h: @
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 @0 z  l; v" a& [2002: 565-628.
- V% l- v8 |% @8 x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% W1 y& T. s7 O
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 U! ^; |7 J3 g: L4 K5 c
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% r' ]. d% p! F9 W) H7 N
Exposure to Testosterone! r8 I  R0 [: |" q4 m" a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 r9 s. w2 k7 k9 Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: b3 r0 K3 Z$ E: l& y" H# _/ Y3 W
Clinical Pediatrics, [$ J. c. d7 E7 w
Volume 46 Number 65 Q& m- Z/ a: `* ~
July 2007 540-5435 E& D, s* C# l
© 2007 Sage Publications1 E' C1 Y; Z  l" Y* u9 e( ]1 @1 }
10.1177/0009922806296651: d) n5 j+ M: O0 s
http://clp.sagepub.com5 A( }2 o: s7 F: q8 h
hosted at7 b0 E( N* @: h5 D' u
http://online.sagepub.com$ \& o* C" y2 \! r) {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ z' [/ ~: `6 ]9 _& W* Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 a6 Q: D: b; V8 Y3 a1 {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; T6 i+ s. I& P6 ]
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 e& w) I1 m. {* Z/ Z: |
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ R% ~2 g1 _- Z; dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  u2 i  Z& G7 J# O+ |. I7 lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# `3 J2 [. ]' {7 t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& X, Y) J. X8 H! S/ t$ F  _! Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 B6 ]$ U9 C7 K: V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" D& F4 \( U) n2 d- u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) G% d. X. q5 C  Q% ^5 a8 ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 d$ Z" [7 D' G+ @6 Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 D: G5 h; |; G: W& {- }7 h; l- C! Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 |4 Y2 x( ?, D/ }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- `0 h7 ]2 ~5 N4 d1 L, B
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& n2 l  l2 l' E* h# d7 Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- p( q/ W1 ?, P1 v
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 \! l+ k5 n& p6 o% o4 W
literature.4
4 W6 F7 i. o9 j' TPatient Report- S* b5 K; b$ S  p' S2 l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 O9 g$ a" ?. ?2 c8 Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& I1 A; c+ o/ f: y+ ~+ Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
- R) ?% W' o3 [! G5 Y% N7 e5 d8 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was) ?3 v8 {/ j8 B7 V) P
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 j8 W3 j5 W  `) u3 b4 @9 e4 b( K: {* W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( ]# X: k5 q5 ]7 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 B, T4 }3 m: I/ _" f5 x! pProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  k; H* @4 Y. B, y* j$ J
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 F7 s4 y  V' `) C
e-mail: [email protected].8 F1 B, D5 Z; Q; W- U- N' D, C
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 c2 v7 f5 n# X/ Y$ c, b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& H' N9 H4 f6 ^$ Z& m* v
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; v& A# L. H2 B* M) Q( |" ]* Jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ H7 R; h  `8 \' s: da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 j6 l/ q8 x% M" @, U
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ ]# |+ j) y; P) F8 Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ [+ c, M6 D% g& p
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," c6 g; n. y$ @6 r, w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" W/ R% Y0 a1 k* L3 U7 z0 k1 b/ [0 j+ Uwas age appropriate." U  x4 W4 E( X; i; f6 m' q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 ^1 ]# v  C1 g8 C8 I) Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( |6 D  `% }* U- x  N' Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; B1 ]2 R, L4 B/ ?5 P
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 ?8 s- J6 E1 |5 B# g
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# @  [/ j0 n+ q% qThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ P; |# m; s6 L8 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% A3 g+ [& \4 n5 E! o+ Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 _$ Q- ~# v4 ^/ R1 f! Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, P$ z- z$ {8 G7 F1 Bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 r0 \+ I4 A7 [
tives. There were no siblings.
& L$ S; O( A$ Y* Z. NPhysical Examination
& q8 }; B$ _& L- T# @# n% z: KThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; s/ l4 s6 N$ fplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; J8 {+ e  p# A2 }+ J6 f9 da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 |4 d* ]8 U3 C/ k8 }3 q8 U( i5 v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, c. Y1 u6 {, g( c2 p" k7 C" X
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# R4 K2 I! i8 ^# N7 Z( wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( u# ~' D- o# l# k' T4 ?1 Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  o! x  J0 d! M- ^) b$ S
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! r: L& O/ R% o/ yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' x/ F: b+ p# v4 T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 F8 c7 K- V  b* N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 a# Q; b/ }. V2 {
540
; f: I: E. m3 G: _+ O, M# \. d7 }3 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 x! ]4 F4 _" Z8 f, B2 V5 j8 a4 T+ Dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. O& S- H8 D# J" ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ }2 J3 G- A- T# \2 n2 c9 GThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& Q6 P8 ]+ m2 j* p/ x- y% e* Y/ f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 G+ O, m! G/ |+ Y7 h* gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 J0 A1 N: Z- PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' m- \! E5 U; o6 w" F' w; T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, e: g0 Y" v4 c9 C4 U& S& N
of papilledema.
! C5 x2 v  T6 Q. L$ dLaboratory Evaluation
3 O# W9 W2 n* pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by. @" G# ?6 ~0 [8 \  E( A
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ {- o8 Y9 o( `+ A; v' u
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ l* e" v+ I! u3 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; ^. ]( N+ T: O' L& @
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 K: k' T. A8 Z8 s5 C( N
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 n6 i5 x0 {3 l2 d/ G& P, u; \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ J; w4 W& N4 t, l5 X% X, p9 hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' D! K' u4 G% d" ^3 ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ j  v6 ]5 r9 V2 P/ Z6 q5 u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# f5 \+ y: k7 J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  t8 E% ]2 W1 [9 ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 v% w" _) o1 Q4 X/ z& F# }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' z2 n4 G  b( w% K+ e1 c) y" xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' t" n& ~8 F5 j) n/ ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). ^. ?5 ]( _' D3 `" Q4 A/ _
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. c' _4 N+ n6 F
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 n( B1 \& v+ ^, ]testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 Z7 t( d# b' W& g9 }' dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ `4 M8 t, C9 L4 D+ J. e
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) u7 G* D$ b! }: y. `. O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 U  \* u2 t7 @5 v( Tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! X% q* J) @8 e(prepubertal).
" w1 y( L7 z/ q( {4 ZThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 U8 w7 q  s4 z3 M4 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were) o5 ]) b; W. h9 e* D
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
' t5 f' k, C  f0 y  ~; H/ y. \4 jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 y6 j. k8 i9 C# V; M3 Q, i& nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ i0 m% Y/ B% |- q  {/ @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; G! v% g; C; T$ ^. D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 Y3 J7 W/ O) J
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ {6 H' k9 K4 j
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
% y2 |, I) u( v" Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. f. {6 p5 b$ G! d$ W1 h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- K$ C6 P. }% _3 \6 ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 s, \+ a+ y  S1 I
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) X2 y7 w" v) ?% aThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 q* l' i, V  Z- m& Ling frequent erections." E, Q$ g$ N  Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of% f9 s% p9 i& ?2 ]7 T, \) {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. ^; e* g8 F$ `: a, U7 k( C' i5 ~$ b  [4 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# m1 e- Y, J- U" F, Q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% H3 d* N2 E6 d5 e& S' O% i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, R. ]4 n; ?2 R' X0 aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  A: ]# H7 h  \: {4 A* ~( ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  P* _# [* A+ {9 N5 O' L& W9 Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" s! G' _/ j$ ^# yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- w2 F3 R- a  J
secondary to depression.: W/ b# O+ B" z9 X
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. ]0 O& T) [0 O9 R) G6 L2 H/ [The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& t5 {1 o# U8 ]* p  L1 D6 C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ s; o2 x& r, v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! A+ {: _/ l/ L$ {7 Q4 Q# y5 ]8 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 ~" I' @. h  Y, h- r% Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, i0 ]% Y( W, }. k: ^' V6 j3 N3 Ewas high, he then read the product information* U: {4 r7 C3 G! D4 G7 N: M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. p- K1 a+ ~* k" W2 }; T$ Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% ^# k/ b2 L! f2 Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 }) j# [7 B! T6 n2 y! b  M" w* J) C
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 p  i2 E: U) B' }. S, l$ F; P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 A1 S1 W2 c5 S% T9 P/ U
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 [& s& Q( i( {! _+ vlaboratory to obtain the test.
3 o) n) A( \" m4 |- dDiscussion$ q. N) q6 I, B, q! }% j( J1 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( c0 c5 s1 X, q5 s7 t  Y2 m  ]sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) ^5 i( @# H7 G' p  HPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: u/ S' L: D" Bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 ^5 s) S& L/ q* }7 Wthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. p# t" ]/ a1 j# p/ umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ C$ a" X8 z% O; j0 Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 ]7 a8 m' m3 h; q4 P# }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 z% X; ^; H( D/ \$ U8 t: Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 \/ ]5 Y! E% Z) q$ @
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* f7 p* z" W1 f; Q, }4 V8 Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ m' _, c+ ?" @+ M- Tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 z1 K7 O  g8 |( t- Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! I! M% D; v" Vgonadotropins.1,3
  C3 r. M% C/ ~7 W( `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, U7 Q  B: ]5 {0 L/ [2 c) L0 C/ z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' x; ~- r# Q/ R# T1 Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ T0 _+ Y4 t; y! R% R! F8 T* o
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ T' _0 o% i/ C( h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* H* W. L; ~- b1 m
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- g( U5 ~5 j% [. }" K
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 M! e, N  l6 }/ s' i' D1 t3 S, x
puberty in boys.3,4
! d' s4 I9 V( p) ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal
" _6 ^3 M* M/ s; o  F+ Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& d# I' \$ `0 |, m$ h8 I6 yThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' H7 ^5 n$ R6 _% B' h) m7 bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 P! Q1 m1 x$ U
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ f6 \; l+ E. J$ o
excess.1,3
- S" R2 C+ d! R: Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 a7 W- x6 D. t$ y  G& F* R2 N+ ~+ m( O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" w7 C6 Y/ C# B& {2 NA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  n- B0 {" E: P0 Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known/ E" `1 t8 e/ x# l! Q, I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ y. v2 I5 w* D: W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# t* T2 }( ~  Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 @7 ^: c9 y/ o  Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( G; Z3 w' ~) R, Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# J( [, |& c' y% ]  j8 iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show. S% F1 \8 f2 e, J
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# x5 C/ G6 A. L6 _, Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 E. A& O0 N( l5 N2 E% M
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 {; Z4 I3 ?7 m1 ]males; therefore, other male members of the family8 V: a& _0 F0 s% `8 v- i9 R8 T
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 Q% a- t4 S+ EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 r& c6 z+ o- G! Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( u: s. W( X. g0 ocles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 x' J! Z) S0 v; Y6 ]: owas in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ g( w" S; K% k1 r8 Q. wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 W  a1 A3 A/ \# _8 W  }' Atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 N" z% V8 l+ @9 v* `7 r2 zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 ^3 n- O  d$ j6 V  oative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ U5 ]- Z/ Y  B4 c; V4 r$ A6 F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  Z% A* r% b9 T- @% Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 C. X. S  r5 x9 u8 ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% H' h* C2 V$ e  y! z" j2 n" ^" O# g+ |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& O1 Z8 K+ C1 u# {/ w+ M( l) PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# @, Q0 v, v* ~/ n7 U8 W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& p# A' u) {8 j% X2 c- c+ R2 Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 D; S( x* d' l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 k/ g$ {. y2 m; U( T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. \* O: M5 E+ Y' v# L' J# g5 o1 n& D! eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# l, q% I( q- `! U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 ]. D' f& `) @6 h& R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ h4 E2 V( b, n* d* icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* G- N" i" Y1 T% t/ q' i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 \, ~! p4 t- q/ }) i: H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# w& j% x8 y7 O1 K6 V
baseline value in those females who were exposed to+ \0 j3 m. v0 s3 e! @6 v9 z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& n# U; o) L3 }: k& ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, w" p& \" s) Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ i0 M  H0 B$ b& {% m. n% Q4 `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 }/ L; A! g( W# z, H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' g& }7 n$ Y+ J$ \0 P1 T& b  Jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) I  {7 Y- K0 @( n2 Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; v2 A0 L* d) v  y
active in young children exposed to testosterone  ~+ `! h  I8 `2 y9 C, x
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 s& H4 b* f0 o; Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 N+ X4 ~" g6 D6 kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ M. O# F' S0 }
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 V- z1 N5 C) c! y( w; c8 ~# p8 P
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: j8 {& B$ y, \9 B7 L: k' CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 P) p3 R( x9 U) n8 B) K- Qearly childhood on pubertal development and final1 f2 b- _! B/ N2 L7 U2 e8 L
adult height are not fully known and always remain' ]/ n7 i, O) o0 V/ p
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' `6 ^+ J4 Q$ l0 X& }+ P+ @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 {1 |& h7 N9 i, O8 X: hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 m: C6 r* ]7 |  w* ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 a( `5 G6 D' ~5 r0 q! U9 E! _4 Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) N! b+ z! L/ t( Y2 Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 f' B; L7 b* ~# ]" V, U1 d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ G" C2 b; H' M' Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! w' ]# L0 N9 o! V7 Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- z2 N! H0 F1 `% E% v( N4 s: @ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, @( q5 P, b& E: e0 Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 T9 h+ F) n6 j  Y; Q; y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, x  P8 i7 v7 R4 r9 Apenile length in clinical studies.
% l" M  w+ ^; \. ^, L- u& @Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% {0 V/ b6 ?2 M# B& B
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( Y) h' \* Q+ L4 I1 ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 `, @# t" d5 ^. y9 ?/ i3 o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) c) K2 c0 a1 h# u7 t) q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& C/ r8 i1 t/ N; u- y0 R/ h, @diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, M0 |+ D* y% X# \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 q' E' x) R& k9 l" H% b4 ]
height will not be affected.
9 |$ n. h' h3 k- u, i6 YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-. n( P. u6 p- v: R3 C
ability of androgen products in our society may
& I; M: x0 ]. O. B: Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female, A  N/ H9 h1 m% F7 m
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) U/ m) K3 c& ?# H$ K0 Vgen products must be considered and specific ques-' }' n1 z+ a  l) a2 ]
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) D3 w- T4 d$ ^5 T# u$ x
gel should be asked of the family members during% v# w5 K7 g  Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& w2 M/ u( I# ~/ O/ H3 a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; {1 H8 T% w1 o* R) N$ r  g
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 I. J/ Y6 ^+ P; x% Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: H" p6 k1 h0 O% L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 W3 C$ q5 y! @! C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; Z/ C5 S8 d  Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ S' Y0 m0 H5 L2 x- {3 Maware of this fact, because most of these children! l, T1 W. m  H' Y5 f4 l8 Y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: V. d; Y6 U0 |7 \6 \0 EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- A, V2 Z8 g8 I5 \9 W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 E" L0 x  z$ ?; J% ?2 o, ^female child who might come in contact with some-
! v2 H+ z; d+ j1 gone using any of these products.
* e: w. B1 t) V# N) |0 O6 AReferences3 d6 C1 U' e# N/ r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 _1 F- J: L$ H( {. w/ N" M
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
6 n9 l; U$ u' @) ?' [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  M& U4 b: c/ [1 n5 H& z( _
2002: 565-628.
5 W; L) k2 ^7 D9 O& n" z: R* D  W' q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" L# i  P& Z+ [* Z8 }7 |4 W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

: t$ D5 m, Z. \" o精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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