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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' z! B" ~: Z5 r* a6 S2 q  t, @; tBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) u. w& y2 s& d) h
Exposure to Testosterone; i- q: ~* C. S# _' b9 S; Y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% Z, G- m; X  p5 k3 o: ~+ R
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ R7 h3 x& g4 U9 S; E% N; o
Clinical Pediatrics3 n  B# t' q/ r8 O  D2 f" I
Volume 46 Number 6
+ U5 j2 y2 K1 x5 e( BJuly 2007 540-543
2 m+ Z! ]7 P7 m; W5 _2 p) V1 H© 2007 Sage Publications
" Y- N& _3 L+ h4 C/ j5 n: n10.1177/0009922806296651
6 _( U2 `( j% }* b+ w: khttp://clp.sagepub.com
. r+ y  w  ~+ Z, T/ g& B5 `hosted at
0 d4 q& m% x6 F0 R, A& H# M6 bhttp://online.sagepub.com0 X4 J/ p( z1 j0 O  s: \
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 a4 o" K$ I4 a
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' [  G+ d8 f/ B0 a' r, F/ x. f% jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ n' _; C# K0 Z0 Q6 T) Dthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ y5 B0 k' z- j6 U' Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ f$ G1 R4 M+ v" E5 i8 `9 F. d/ z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* w- R" O; J" u: m1 `6 o" q5 r7 _8 Eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 \+ `# c/ N3 t: C. }" z$ E( m- K0 v3 r
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 _& m0 r5 I6 b, k  Scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ O" c1 Z7 U4 s0 V8 Hreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  b2 W  N6 R$ k8 R3 H4 d/ Z  C0 Cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 m+ g! e$ f0 r- X+ Q& r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 m7 H, o- J3 n  L( Y* [0 \2 @
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 P$ a. O. z% c/ z7 ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 O8 G# m, c1 [* _7 ?+ C6 w! Emation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# l1 ^0 M* ]' Y9 k4 a: p& ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
! Y/ T7 |2 R: l  l: J1 N" |: Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 e9 J  U& l, ^+ t; E* qbly more common than the rare case report in the
' z. P& r4 |" N: ~+ {literature.4* f- I; }) s: F6 i
Patient Report
1 l$ c8 F" U7 S1 f8 m# H* g. bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ _2 i( d5 x* \" @, [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( ]& ?- h; H  f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 W/ |" Q1 _0 u/ p! ]& c
light colored pubic hair development when he was
  [/ w9 w. X  C- zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 O6 k( L. e3 n" C5 ISouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" Y1 f& ^, m( X' U' i+ Z9 q- S. O3 uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( Y, E: Z( i( h6 V# HProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; A/ I4 U& `0 Y1 w; u2 E( xMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 h. Q* [) {* s* F; v
e-mail: [email protected].2 C. M7 A3 d9 L# u+ @1 d1 I. u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) T2 @% T: o! y. z" Zdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 u" A5 R+ A- @9 ?% }3 a! H0 bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! ^$ [# T3 k3 o. a$ Nwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with1 }( d2 d" p" J; v9 q2 }9 t+ l3 o$ B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- o. H' I  R5 l/ _2 Z1 i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year1 P" z+ S' R) G0 ?; H5 {
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 t3 q9 u3 g5 D. J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  e( Y( S8 y- N, R- Y( P* Qand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# k4 [! G& w+ a4 A2 \$ ~  x
was age appropriate.4 {2 U) K# O# x  x4 Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 s5 o1 j; ~; c/ }% B5 d# twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 h+ _0 b; a6 d* w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' T# U! N) K; b% I& u# [% m: vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( s$ r1 i2 B9 M# Q" @9 d  searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 z/ y% d1 `5 H+ Y6 x. bThe father denied taking any other medication. The
# N1 M- M' I3 R, ], ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% D) P* g; F2 C) t. s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& L9 I" [# D+ ?# L$ u; o# |1 t6 z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-9 U. [' ~( {$ Y/ |, F& o- j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ v; G& z- u& {% d& ?/ R& q2 K+ S+ ytives. There were no siblings.
7 ^$ f  k( w, y6 s% |2 nPhysical Examination
* C$ b5 c2 j- |8 mThe physical examination revealed a very active,
& D/ K1 D* V( C4 r+ C8 g- mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
9 t# q8 n; a. qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ d. k' ], ~! e0 t, D. A; v. I: G6 a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 b+ H/ U1 D8 y- F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& C; z, \6 o# X+ V
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% c0 d2 U+ K- V; N& m: y- sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 a  @( j# P8 B# X, V% b
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: t' E2 m4 k4 [2 q9 G. e  ~# Xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' q3 T5 e* O, N2 y4 ^5 u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& M! H  j0 i  h7 b7 ]4 R2 y. ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: f+ F0 |- c0 f+ N0 n9 t
540
8 g% Y) _. q; @3 y1 \# |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# v' P) \3 w, t9 j- O$ O. a( Zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. g( I8 j# \+ U3 S) \5 S
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 e1 t- J7 C" ~/ p9 ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ a7 ?" e: m6 M, h
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 ~4 @' F6 p+ y) p3 Nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& X! i6 y7 }+ t6 _2 Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; x3 I( Y; \7 D; b* G/ Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 G7 X2 p; A3 \
of papilledema.
) [- U0 D- e0 A7 DLaboratory Evaluation
9 Y1 D: v! ^0 K4 K# i$ }5 f/ m! v9 \The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# Z2 u* c; T5 ~' g, @7 Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: g8 f  ~! C) E- e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& S( _/ Y* d. a0 `5 \
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; ?* t6 i! X, L  k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 |/ t( x, ]( l0 O; _0 blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 E: q, }$ q$ e2 i2 V& Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 }* ]7 `8 T8 T  C; h& W5 q3 }
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  U/ u& k3 k  o& C1 T1 dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ y- A/ A+ R1 X1 i8 p$ ]. s
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 x; L' s9 v3 I" h* `' p(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# j, T; i4 c7 Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ G6 W9 t0 W( E0 w+ ^1 U: |2 ?1 ]( uterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% I; K- L+ o! ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 v5 Z% ~4 B( Y' d9 i& ~
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 x9 c' m( O0 U. k
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 H* w5 `( z4 I6 m0 I- Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( z; E& g. Q' N+ `6 j  h9 y, U7 J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* W( f# T, [* Z0 j. X- |# ~
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- O8 ]- \  g9 D2 z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ }" K$ m4 e. G% C+ r) y1 y) T. b  ystimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 t7 ^) d0 _- p( k1 o8 [, Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* G' I$ @9 k5 A8 e. R$ v(prepubertal).* H6 J, W( [. N5 r  _
The parents were notified about the laboratory
( i  S7 C( ~) d4 o+ X! b8 I; @  Kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
& k; ?: q6 e: m& x& H% Y3 znormal except the testosterone level was high. The5 c' J1 H, N& ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! V& n/ F& d/ @) Q+ i4 f0 D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 x6 q( L- U1 u  s- n7 V7 y( c2 V
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 _4 i& c& ^' N7 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 P, A' g# H( z) F& }child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 _/ k8 h3 i. \( J8 @% m8 n1 v3 f- \0 E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 S3 R$ Z) W. H8 H5 U) T% Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: @* z% ?) t( o: f" T  \- b& {pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ Q/ K: ?% W0 M  n2 k0 H& S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: i; g4 ~! s+ T1 ~, F( J, ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 D& U5 q* ^  @! D0 P% k) n
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 o5 P! u  l) `) O+ z
ing frequent erections.7 x$ U6 ^# n! y7 P3 Q/ N3 F4 F& T  U2 @
Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 |3 ^! N0 h; \: Z8 ]any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 ]1 u' h4 x1 M( R, r) \0 |$ M. `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 W' E+ o& {* [6 r) j6 C+ W  [" P# sTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; Q* r1 T1 B" l9 \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, x( H7 h% y- {# [4 g$ S+ p2 B$ wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 c3 f* ^2 M2 N: g5 {7 aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 z6 d2 o& r" s7 I0 E/ Q/ j8 q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& r+ j7 Y( h' s' a& V
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. u( O' k$ B0 C. T* |# F9 p1 xsecondary to depression.
9 t5 y$ j, p% GThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& k5 R3 Z5 I4 uThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% O' V' G- `' C1 x) U6 c- I: cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 |; S4 P- M) x# h6 Y: H- |" x9 Qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% B9 b9 q& i- ?* a8 X" q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" @8 P7 ?0 v$ `1 O8 H$ _when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
0 h2 o! e) D4 Xwas high, he then read the product information
4 ~4 ]& x% \6 U0 Bpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ r% V7 t0 s: T; `' O4 i! q( sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% Q% G' w% B& w! e9 X4 S0 u
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* |% u$ ^; K' d2 j5 ]father was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 e4 b9 }: L4 Z! |
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 q! }0 x. n: U+ W$ f: o/ r; B
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  m# c& S( q0 ?3 V8 p" d: ~laboratory to obtain the test.
5 }- E# X$ o& y; c  o% tDiscussion7 @3 B2 j& i5 x; T5 ~( x9 f  z+ B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 @- t* T" H/ s8 q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. \8 ?5 }! g+ V0 H0 E9 |; C; E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 E$ T2 M" a3 @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- Y) {# L- f: L6 T5 r- ?9 sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' `, }# y! n0 ?! s5 Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; r! C6 X9 e) F) U; h& P# a, p
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. W- d- M9 o: D7 r- X$ I! t  aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# F: z2 J3 t- ^: i/ t1 D& O3 M& Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! {: S* C7 r4 @& ~) T) O/ b
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- z; l$ _( q/ U3 h& I  G2 L  tboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 A* A& v: V( o1 I# M+ Pization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, i, _8 M; N4 Z; s) B* h8 q7 T# A" L6 nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% L8 r/ R5 n/ D. X  Z# [3 g% hgonadotropins.1,3
. y3 c5 `$ a" B/ g" J* N  M" VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) M0 V6 C' f- M, Y; t0 C' Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 r9 r) m% Y0 R8 p9 [6 Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
! Y0 z3 Q  g3 M4 M0 Lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) O; `+ ~+ q" _) d! `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) V6 \: [+ M/ g
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" O" t- S0 C) c- [! X9 n  U. \2 ~" Ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) {* y9 h! X. T, Opuberty in boys.3,43 R, G' a) x- N( r) }) ^# Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 w" e2 J' Y+ Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: \' e, D4 {+ O- ?7 A7 u
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) r/ `" L9 g0 D! K
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 L4 N2 B) g9 |+ u# M/ N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 M5 X4 X/ v8 b' N3 `excess.1,3
4 N) W8 E( M# [2 ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: o: w+ E1 ~9 N4 w, T7 ?0 t  o& Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. y! P' }9 o7 u7 uA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 G9 @5 I6 @6 f8 X- Y/ w* G% [1 eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
, N3 J9 F4 V5 a5 das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ ]; b" u- S; J. Z- I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys/ S- Y2 n6 F$ p5 j; A. s
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
& w0 r1 ^! o) p) ?- E3 dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 ^2 K& e8 h# {1 Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 }: j+ L! k% d) n* ?2 P9 Kare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; c5 ~$ a  h5 D) @2 z3 N3 npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 d- v& E5 d  P7 jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 t6 v# m8 m  o; Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" ^+ r' z- _5 q. b; E3 Z. ^; b# I
males; therefore, other male members of the family) k, ?0 }9 {  I; J# i- |2 m. I
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ r" W0 N( S7 V3 i6 tIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( s" q) n5 Q9 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' j0 M4 r" X; f! z, g. t: ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% c8 Y( h, O6 R$ K4 \( N9 t9 jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father+ O" z2 F4 i$ i7 M
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& j, y4 m4 j# t5 Stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the) r4 y5 A0 s6 Q: p  Z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% \( b0 Q. z$ D: O9 ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 r) ~! b" \! V9 |& Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,5 e- h3 u: p  G: F0 P, d" ~
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 y0 b  H9 B2 \5 ~" Zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 E, V, ]) f/ w, T  C" b  F( Fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 H& F3 b: M! i" H: _4 e
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) A* B( F8 c. n/ msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
5 \1 O8 \, R+ e, Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( Z' m& c1 T9 x% vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" [: H+ w/ ]1 }6 N4 w2 X, Q) ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" q$ e+ }: X, l" ^9 l: X9 y  |# H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 E5 }* f4 o. Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 e* {6 F; X- e. jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or: O4 E% K! i4 P0 D4 t4 i) o+ _7 Y
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( ~* w4 e$ l. n& r+ s7 n# `$ `unprotected females through direct skin exposure.) z; v7 E& U0 d" h9 E& H" ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. F. d5 B; }9 E) J6 E+ Nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% h; W0 ~. Y+ N5 v2 V9 H# j5 D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! E  ~* w! M$ x: |2 ~: K" ?
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) I4 d, F  F+ r' ^* k* x) d3 e" Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 y0 n1 ?$ s3 p. ~; v. ~7 bOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& `$ A+ N+ {* C8 S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& S/ U  c6 B' P5 n( Z3 A, Sdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* ^" G3 b* t& D5 b7 f7 F" i, y8 R7 v/ A
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ B9 }, B8 u8 j0 y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
+ ^! W) C8 T+ B& @exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& @& i) g7 W4 {5 ^& k9 e8 v
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ K$ e) W4 K* H& }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& e% R; m" W! J& y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and- C2 z; c: x0 l" ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ R1 J; n2 D" T3 P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! v* d3 t: O* E" w
early childhood on pubertal development and final
4 x. g  N8 Y4 y& c" ?/ g! H9 I; n, M8 Hadult height are not fully known and always remain
/ K4 B! m' n, n" h9 ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 G% G0 C; [1 {3 [) Iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
8 j. n& J* W5 M( x4 G& Facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ c7 u7 B5 [: A7 `$ N6 Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ ^9 [( H( u; W1 Z! P
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 p- X; j/ Y% {1 A1 ]There are conflicting reports and controversy
% i- v# f7 Y/ s/ X$ n6 lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 S& r% {# Q( q: x6 S
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
4 t' N% Y( i& jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 ?% m( l) `0 B9 g* Y+ Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ x) q/ z# ~4 K0 A# |6 pSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 T6 p6 e1 r' [" a7 k, ~1 [+ ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ N' P' C# b( ^) L% C5 v+ _: x" cpenile length in clinical studies.& l! V# j  i" d& x5 P. u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! ~" r% ~% c7 I" D6 b
going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 l2 }/ t7 m. @( N! o
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ x8 s! w2 W% _( E; K$ o6 H+ hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) K$ F$ R3 z  D; ]" j6 j" z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of- h, b! v$ J7 M) ]. Z+ a7 m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 C. Q6 ?$ |, M0 m
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
# N' _1 l( X5 M! aheight will not be affected.) {, F( j) a! x# b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 i# M7 N$ G- }6 u; W9 o  t: Y
ability of androgen products in our society may
+ n* H3 N1 o3 |: E9 _# Y4 U0 jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ G- G$ u( u. h% p3 echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-; }4 w( N! {( |# ?$ I) V
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
  Q& n6 T" L: E& O; `: `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' l- j* Y. {$ z/ T+ M4 U
gel should be asked of the family members during5 h: r$ r; n6 N  w3 i
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% r* K  j: Z) O+ a8 r8 R% H
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- ~' _. @! }* N) n4 E3 D; |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 j5 D2 X3 `2 k  L) ]1 A6 Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 K/ K( Z+ y# K6 E8 d( {" Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
1 q$ N  J% R' C& x5 }- W5 K  y# [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 n+ D; j* g) Q8 X
investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 @( z& N1 F. y+ B3 m) K  W! c+ ^8 Taware of this fact, because most of these children
% r* a1 ^7 ?8 t5 `( Jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ P$ H' y2 ]5 b7 U/ iDesk Reference and package insert should also put a9 E' m4 c0 T3 u) e" \; f+ D* f9 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or; a. K7 E  {7 Y1 e7 f. t8 X
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 U  O1 ^1 N" F4 @2 Q) Y9 K2 _one using any of these products./ u3 y1 p. w3 w( A; ~# r" @
References9 p& G# S  N1 a3 k3 Q2 U+ \
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 w& b0 A7 B/ [  D% m  band puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( i6 H5 p* f4 ?" M# D5 Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
  e# I; e- [0 I0 P2002: 565-628.% R  T% u2 R/ B' d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 R% y3 Z, ^$ S8 S) w9 J4 G4 w$ B" apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 y6 Q; F% Y& r, i
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- j. }/ }( H/ v. F9 K  k
Exposure to Testosterone& v. y: M3 I1 I; ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 E+ R0 S9 B$ n0 L/ }; o+ [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, M6 h5 S3 t. _1 V
Clinical Pediatrics
, P1 M- ~: v# Q/ B" A& a# ]$ ]Volume 46 Number 6
) H0 B: b; P% }4 }! qJuly 2007 540-5431 Y; f  M2 h2 I. k( d
© 2007 Sage Publications
4 h8 e* E8 Y# ~2 u10.1177/0009922806296651
( e: y6 l9 m" X- M. s4 ~4 a/ Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com
. Q( h, k6 }: Rhosted at
& h' Z; d4 C+ Q5 D- Dhttp://online.sagepub.com3 w+ N- C' \' v: x5 J0 ~# p
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% L, ~' U8 O8 `! ?4 m( K; n
is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 n  U$ X5 d0 t+ k1 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 Z+ D% @- ^* F4 z% N; h. v9 q" kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' [: b- X, W0 X0 Ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system# u$ l* C% ?& S6 c' K- Z& z$ M2 B
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 @% w+ O9 p% R; S. o0 |: S0 r& |
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 M# Q& O- W% W- E/ G1 p: ]5 |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' a! T8 V0 r2 E" B' G/ lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( I. J; S4 f- P4 b* kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* P( l6 H1 @* I( u8 p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: f7 n( x* p3 d' S& h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( _3 \8 J4 [; |. }7 O/ k
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( Z( v: i6 T( C3 V9 c$ A4 cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: m$ u& ^2 P! \: `8 ?
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) G9 A' r  y  I( A2 U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' X5 j% O2 D& {" o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: m1 W# o2 q! jbly more common than the rare case report in the: o- H; I- U2 W7 _5 y
literature.4
' }. D5 J3 K4 R9 P# XPatient Report
( T7 e5 g* O  h+ T7 {1 D/ c! KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 O/ A" V/ M  p9 c. \. ^endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 W& e4 ^, d! S, {4 `" oof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 N- @  v. A1 f1 e9 z3 F$ r! p! rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! `8 W; k, l# u$ M0 \. c9 QFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' @: I- Y4 r3 x& W, U/ Y. I4 k( mSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.; K) e! T2 ?* f; }
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: q2 T8 G  M* v7 b& [( G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ A' m; ]( l  g8 _Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 K3 m( j8 U0 N0 ?' e9 u
e-mail: [email protected].: c& a' B2 i. C! s4 O- l1 z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 ]7 h) z3 v1 ^  l- ~8 `darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 n1 n+ [: S+ d' |
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 C. \2 ^& N# M- N5 k- lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, l$ p. t2 _/ B) u* c# N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" H* }6 h- y& A; [, W$ x3 |: _  v3 k  B
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 _& G' e0 C+ \/ S& u: ~! y2 K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with  B$ [) r$ Q0 p7 J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 X6 |3 R" W5 |  t- a3 }
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# P. _& u, q- G& @' S+ V3 U
was age appropriate.1 L9 A3 `' `( R" J1 d' O2 ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 J# V+ K. ~6 [, q/ P1 n& G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: R( n: Z" L2 [# `. swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' k; C) I! y! p  H  Q; jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 @4 w, s' J% f  B; f
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- s: ~5 E1 p% ?The father denied taking any other medication. The# B, f% V+ k- N4 n4 ]. E9 f( p7 T
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 T1 z$ Y. q1 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 A7 @: z4 W- w: U- Q: a
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% \% n6 x+ c: Q- K) N2 Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 V* H+ B- j6 Y1 xtives. There were no siblings.
" p' T& g* h! l9 n# IPhysical Examination
- u: q) e" n0 L+ |The physical examination revealed a very active,! a0 y1 L6 v: g' C: d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 u7 I8 {4 r; `  E% |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 T" N7 b& ^; V3 A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ {. I: N, o) x3 k4 W+ _(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# Y# `& R5 q6 P0 ?6 ]2 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' O5 G4 C6 O4 h
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 x9 O* ]8 `! y2 B6 r2 K, vThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for  J5 h+ h# W* o) L! f8 Z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) ~# s; t8 S7 @4 ]( r# K1 ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ K# Y5 W0 M0 c5 k5 T, Xdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 R; ]  Q7 g9 j" a% J% n4 ~540
" G% ?: U( D# G& W4 s8 Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ Z" r) D. I' ]! O
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 k# P5 ~8 x; Y$ x: itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 @% p) r6 K6 D4 _9 G
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 a. \% e) n1 {) k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- R7 x$ V% B/ u- _- z9 t9 U0 s  Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., Y2 @- _7 F3 q4 o4 k' B
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ H: ^/ D) n2 Z3 X$ t$ m7 b, {, kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  C  m) n0 c5 t( f
of papilledema.
* W1 W, t- I/ z6 R, mLaboratory Evaluation
; k# q: k' t4 c5 cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by( j$ @3 ~- R+ j. ^# b4 E7 d+ L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% Z* m1 q7 B4 A/ {  b# I; _6 u$ {logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' e4 _& Y! E, P/ J" q* Y) Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 m' F3 l, ]- n/ v; ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. j; c5 X1 E9 E, @" g
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% V4 v. E: A1 n! K; E8 uThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ J5 ]' J, B* _8 Xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were! i) @/ L4 L  e* H3 Q9 t
within normal range for his age. The concentration; |( K7 x% \% l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# ]3 a( Q* o( i7 D6 G) p
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# `0 o+ C* ?- o) [. |6 k; C" T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 o# K# @* J3 Q: M. j1 i& L" Vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% M/ h5 z4 X7 K) ?/ J9 E
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
$ d$ U# W' i0 Z& M" [; G7 ]$ I49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& c- T5 g- y) _7 }% mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" o1 h9 u$ ^' q% f1 s" Atisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# F2 `0 e! e( Z: W0 A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 b- R. V3 p' n- r) B- t: u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ f9 A; W% H$ k
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" f  |( S- C( |% sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) O  w3 i2 e& @) l4 N4 `5 l6 Dconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! Y$ F6 O& q; f) u(prepubertal).
# T* ?. p: G: Q5 ]! n2 ?9 {# bThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 P# f6 D# Y( y. g4 G
results and were informed that all of the tests were, p3 P; q- {7 G1 w5 c) v0 b
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 a8 Z8 N8 T0 }0 X4 x; J& g" r. v
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 _4 ]0 o7 P. f% o3 oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' q  y$ M; R+ U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! c# U. `9 Q- X0 k5 \+ N/ \: }Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 w# m- L" q9 ?5 M, j
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ n! Y" o$ E  U1 F9 g: C8 _2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, P' }# F+ F: V0 K# y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 x! ~* ~9 n# g: B/ S1 x3 e) D% ^( lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 [9 D9 `( G7 p5 O0 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) }- B3 c/ ]7 d, {% _4 w  E
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
1 q, ~  z5 e, m/ x4 }, M" mThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 C$ D* g/ w  m8 King frequent erections.
# K1 k$ e7 E% T+ u* ]$ [% B. J& NBoth parents were again questioned about use of2 d4 C5 v( p  M$ L4 S; m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 r3 q* G. J+ }6 n6 q$ N# @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( D6 G) S8 v. W, rTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541" a$ z% k  o6 T( h
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. A/ e* z! v  u# s0 ?% eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. y3 G6 {2 x7 f( S3 i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* m  n/ s# S% G  t/ ~
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( T' {! [; T1 C0 g$ l6 ~6 hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; \* B7 }+ u2 ?7 f+ o2 S2 h! w2 u
secondary to depression.
1 ~- r, g1 R9 K' LThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 {' a3 J1 }+ t; v
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( o+ `' Q: }0 o$ R3 j5 U" schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
, c* J! v7 }% Y1 Y1 L9 `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.# u; G0 Z8 o/ \' f% s  G, l* _! d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ O) n3 D6 \4 B4 a+ o& D- {
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" u( J2 k, g9 `. Y+ Gwas high, he then read the product information5 {, E! \" p9 ^
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: d+ c7 |3 D. F( ~% o* Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 \& C# C* |( ^7 L. pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" f, \. |, R7 f- E: y7 \6 h- Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' R5 s6 i- u# Z) f0 j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. x6 d$ q0 F; i  }2 B
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) R$ w$ s7 q' e# ?1 Xlaboratory to obtain the test.
7 L1 D- e1 q% i: z: u  N6 ?5 YDiscussion# h5 q8 F: h- N6 @4 x4 Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary' O# n3 }3 T  k5 d. T8 X
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ P0 Z8 \  B" [% ~5 APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 @  J( T- r4 i8 R2 V1 E
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ a  B1 E3 {$ B! Rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ T- H, Y2 u6 _% b0 I* L, y' n" j# {mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, u) T/ j% b& ]" I
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
( m' Z- w2 h9 }/ Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' G$ w( y$ g8 ?& ~8 samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  J6 B3 v& i4 ?4 s* L% l$ gsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 a# e% r" h6 z" a5 X8 ^8 F8 v6 b6 X/ J" x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 ~" L1 _! J- x' j
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 c( T6 D3 I2 T% s9 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 C5 J; e* R. l2 A$ Q
gonadotropins.1,3
8 W1 {1 {2 E/ R( ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 F3 D; z. Q4 ?/ g+ U. a' Dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 [, j, E7 Q- Eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or; E/ w# L! F4 D- X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; C  m& o. a0 i, G, u
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# ~. f. v. K) ~# [" `* Ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
; G: f. _8 K/ f0 s/ eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ C4 A' x3 x7 Q. s. Y9 W4 Tpuberty in boys.3,4" z. U/ |' {! W7 N0 P& i
The most common form of congenital adrenal7 P% s" w0 Q# t8 B
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." V8 N  Q- }* B5 [7 r; {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 H4 t( R5 j2 f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 ^  k. |" a! Q: L3 v5 {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! V$ j2 |" N$ |& ?- m7 W2 j- A" D
excess.1,35 \4 H& U( ]$ {; r' C! O, z# }, Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. q0 O4 O9 ^9 i0 \1 }
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' j1 ~" ~( ?6 B3 f7 j: P# TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) d2 o5 ^& x3 `9 f5 Y+ j! d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) R4 w8 L6 q/ f: F" o/ u1 Q4 aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 o/ }8 B$ ~) ~* J4 j
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 a5 w6 d, }) L* _0 gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,2 a* p. z2 n8 m6 B; H& M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, W5 T) ?2 w% p7 |9 c( vwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 G- b& ^) F' B/ A
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# f! ~# @: J6 N# o8 kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 i# p/ s- f6 T' j) Y: i+ t1 lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 e4 m) B8 M. S- U1 l* ?% e0 {9 Y* zautosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 U5 m3 s3 z3 J+ F& C/ D
males; therefore, other male members of the family
7 p/ y7 I- L4 T0 ~. L( }may have similar precocious puberty.3
2 s" D3 H3 G' T! B1 {+ h& {In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 t# x2 C2 k( _; T5 B
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 z# p8 j2 b9 L- e7 l* }2 P9 m9 l
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 ^( v6 K; s) S/ t; K& s4 X
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" |# k5 U8 i4 M, Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; v0 e  _1 H( O  o! y7 M) ]4 mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 m" u5 B9 e- A" nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- Z' |& B. e/ }; i2 e: c5 M; a* j% H: N% J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' g0 y0 \4 N( m$ R0 X
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 b' ?9 }- T/ t* C5 @, n7 Eeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: S, j7 k. H& _
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' [1 h6 \8 }1 I0 U* ]+ }  Z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ N5 r% R. w  W% F( M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( P/ J7 c/ Y1 z+ p  \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) C* ^$ O- d1 ?: r" R; K0 Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 `4 ]( H) e7 T* D" L6 Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( m- j" k5 Y! J+ I1 p6 @2 xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& `0 W! R3 l) m2 l$ Z5 ]) I4 fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 C9 N% m4 T! c' C0 O/ ^! g
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 X( b& @, ~* t4 Z3 }% A) G- O! sDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ k! X( `' S! qcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 A9 D- M5 k" O' n/ P* munprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 g7 J: f' K! {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 j5 R* \* @+ kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 x, G; \& J' k# @even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 [7 Z; A! q$ e" f; ]/ x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ P9 N, U: Y# |: C0 W
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" T' V9 {! N* o1 h" [Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 A( O4 p7 y, X- C! z5 qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 T+ t6 w6 @9 i0 D( a1 _9 Pdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* ^5 Q& L; R! n
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more1 L5 @7 i* @; ^- D' j! b0 G0 P
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 q- {+ M9 v8 W" Kexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) |, ~9 E# o) f# o0 O& N" y0 _' Kdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% E6 R. k( r7 Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ G6 _" V7 i  Mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, Z" R2 m& K& ~  P. B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 h/ O" u% A6 D* M8 Y; ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 m$ z; o4 F, J# r+ D' n* D: @
early childhood on pubertal development and final. a1 |: L+ K. G7 L/ _$ e
adult height are not fully known and always remain  O; z* t. K) i6 T1 m2 n- _6 C
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( t- l7 s: W! X2 I# s. v8 Y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* i9 R3 ?) |) Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- i) q, N2 e% b9 Y; M. G" ?
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation+ W9 ]! D  C2 j: P% R+ p2 y! Y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! W% H' t) w6 V2 I
There are conflicting reports and controversy: [( ]3 O8 h2 b. m
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; N4 {4 I9 ]$ E. |) \; i( Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 a4 ~. V7 T0 d$ yadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 D' _3 r/ S+ k  _. ]. O; culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' ^) t2 m3 @6 x# G
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; T. E! O4 X( R& X- C$ |childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: z  `. |! J4 U$ F) Ypenile length in clinical studies.5 q/ X9 s/ n# T3 w2 a
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 I& @0 @  p8 j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
  _! q. U) q" O4 qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# j; |6 N- d2 O' v0 N: |5 @the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' q5 E5 h' X) F1 |
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 B3 b# V" @4 H$ y! z- q) B) ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 I9 b: r- m! kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 m8 a9 X. H' n/ \# ^  u: t7 _9 ^height will not be affected." B4 m" f% C$ S8 f# i* d* m7 L( l
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 Y# K7 j9 @+ A) I; bability of androgen products in our society may
* s( m: j! D; q6 p$ P1 x- W! h- @indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ N) O1 U0 \* V# x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% E6 [. E3 l8 J0 d" I" U8 qgen products must be considered and specific ques-5 j# o/ o  P# ~7 `* }/ X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ _% d8 {( y7 B! h; L; |5 q3 ?
gel should be asked of the family members during  p, \& a- Y6 V# k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
$ G$ l% S  J& s& W4 [6 |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: D3 e! x6 _6 r
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& a! O) }( ~2 u. D5 F1 a# ~7 Xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 i' d3 D: |4 H" @7 j( q, Jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 g/ b& u2 @/ E" nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ f  e: k) L& j+ W/ [) w8 S! F" Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be- e+ g3 t0 y% S
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ B6 k: }) F3 B8 ?6 e5 R
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
4 l& s5 |( c2 X& P" PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a, M! v5 o4 T" L0 S' w' d4 Q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 w- k  E: p3 h$ j2 i/ F# @2 S/ Mfemale child who might come in contact with some-, B) C- Z% P1 D- R. Y, o
one using any of these products.
( A0 s; i( W0 V, D+ gReferences
$ ^. L7 t9 d$ ]% V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! M; ]# w: ~0 M- V5 j9 pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ R9 @( a# p6 x& M7 k
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" u& k9 {1 _: w* [, Y' l+ Z2002: 565-628.
, y. Y- r) Y) l( |3 ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 t. ~+ M' }0 Y7 A& B6 qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

; D. H: R6 [) {+ `精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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