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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 U! ^; |7 J3 g: L4 K5 c
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% r' ]. d% p! F9 W) H7 N
Exposure to Testosterone! r8 I R0 [: |" q4 m" a
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 r9 s. w2 k7 k9 Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: b3 r0 K3 Z$ E: l& y" H# _/ Y3 W
Clinical Pediatrics, [$ J. c. d7 E7 w
Volume 46 Number 65 Q& m- Z/ a: `* ~
July 2007 540-5435 E& D, s* C# l
© 2007 Sage Publications1 E' C1 Y; Z l" Y* u9 e( ]1 @1 }
10.1177/0009922806296651: d) n5 j+ M: O0 s
http://clp.sagepub.com5 A( }2 o: s7 F: q8 h
hosted at7 b0 E( N* @: h5 D' u
http://online.sagepub.com$ \& o* C" y2 \! r) {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ z' [/ ~: `6 ]9 _& W* Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 a6 Q: D: b; V8 Y3 a1 {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; T6 i+ s. I& P6 ]
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 e& w) I1 m. {* Z/ Z: |
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ R% ~2 g1 _- Z; dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
u2 i Z& G7 J# O+ |. I7 lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic# `3 J2 [. ]' {7 t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& X, Y) J. X8 H! S/ t$ F _! Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 B6 ]$ U9 C7 K: V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" D& F4 \( U) n2 d- u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-) G% d. X. q5 C Q% ^5 a8 ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 d$ Z" [7 D' G+ @6 Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 D: G5 h; |; G: W& {- }7 h; l- C! Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 |4 Y2 x( ?, D/ }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- `0 h7 ]2 ~5 N4 d1 L, B
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& n2 l l2 l' E* h# d7 Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- p( q/ W1 ?, P1 v
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 \! l+ k5 n& p6 o% o4 W
literature.4
4 W6 F7 i. o9 j' TPatient Report- S* b5 K; b$ S p' S2 l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 O9 g$ a" ?. ?2 c8 Vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& I1 A; c+ o/ f: y+ ~+ Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
- R) ?% W' o3 [! G5 Y% N7 e5 d8 Flight colored pubic hair development when he was) ?3 v8 {/ j8 B7 V) P
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 j8 W3 j5 W `) u3 b4 @9 e4 b( K: {* W
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( ]# X: k5 q5 ]7 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
6 B, T4 }3 m: I/ _" f5 x! pProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of k; H* @4 Y. B, y* j$ J
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 F7 s4 y V' `) C
e-mail: [email protected].8 F1 B, D5 Z; Q; W- U- N' D, C
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 c2 v7 f5 n# X/ Y$ c, b
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& H' N9 H4 f6 ^$ Z& m* v
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; v& A# L. H2 B* M) Q( |" ]* Jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ H7 R; h `8 \' s: da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 j6 l/ q8 x% M" @, U
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ ]# |+ j) y; P) F8 Z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ [+ c, M6 D% g& p
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," c6 g; n. y$ @6 r, w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" W/ R% Y0 a1 k* L3 U7 z0 k1 b/ [0 j+ Uwas age appropriate." U x4 W4 E( X; i; f6 m' q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
4 ^1 ]# v C1 g8 C8 I) Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( |6 D `% }* U- x N' Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; B1 ]2 R, L4 B/ ?5 P
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 ?8 s- J6 E1 |5 B# g
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# @ [/ j0 n+ q% qThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ P; |# m; s6 L8 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% A3 g+ [& \4 n5 E! o+ Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
7 _$ Q- ~# v4 ^/ R1 f! Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, P$ z- z$ {8 G7 F1 Bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 r0 \+ I4 A7 [
tives. There were no siblings.
& L$ S; O( A$ Y* Z. NPhysical Examination
& q8 }; B$ _& L- T# @# n% z: KThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; s/ l4 s6 N$ fplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; J8 {+ e p# A2 }+ J6 f9 da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 |4 d* ]8 U3 C/ k8 }3 q8 U( i5 v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, c. Y1 u6 {, g( c2 p" k7 C" X
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# R4 K2 I! i8 ^# N7 Z( wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( u# ~' D- o# l# k' T4 ?1 Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement. o! x J0 d! M- ^) b$ S
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! r: L& O/ R% o/ yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' x/ F: b+ p# v4 T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 F8 c7 K- V b* N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 a# Q; b/ }. V2 {
540
; f: I: E. m3 G: _+ O, M# \. d7 }3 eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 x! ]4 F4 _" Z8 f, B2 V5 j8 a4 T+ Dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. O& S- H8 D# J" ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ }2 J3 G- A- T# \2 n2 c9 GThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& Q6 P8 ]+ m2 j* p/ x- y% e* Y/ f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 G+ O, m! G/ |+ Y7 h* gabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 J0 A1 N: Z- PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' m- \! E5 U; o6 w" F' w; T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, e: g0 Y" v4 c9 C4 U& S& N
of papilledema.
! C5 x2 v T6 Q. L$ dLaboratory Evaluation
3 O# W9 W2 n* pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by. @" G# ?6 ~0 [8 \ E( A
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ {- o8 Y9 o( `+ A; v' u
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ l* e" v+ I! u3 mkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; ^. ]( N+ T: O' L& @
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 K: k' T. A8 Z8 s5 C( N
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 n6 i5 x0 {3 l2 d/ G& P, u; \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ J; w4 W& N4 t, l5 X% X, p9 hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' D! K' u4 G% d" ^3 ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ j v6 ]5 r9 V2 P/ Z6 q5 u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# f5 \+ y: k7 J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
t8 E% ]2 W1 [9 ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 v% w" _) o1 Q4 X/ z& F# }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' z2 n4 G b( w% K+ e1 c) y" xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' t" n& ~8 F5 j) n/ ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). ^. ?5 ]( _' D3 `" Q4 A/ _
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. c' _4 N+ n6 F
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 n( B1 \& v+ ^, ]testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 Z7 t( d# b' W& g9 }' dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ `4 M8 t, C9 L4 D+ J. e
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) u7 G* D$ b! }: y. `. O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 U \* u2 t7 @5 v( Tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! X% q* J) @8 e(prepubertal).
" w1 y( L7 z/ q( {4 ZThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 U8 w7 q s4 z3 M4 Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were) o5 ]) b; W. h9 e* D
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
' t5 f' k, C f0 y ~; H/ y. \4 jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 y6 j. k8 i9 C# V; M3 Q, i& nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ i0 m% Y/ B% |- q {/ @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.; G! v% g; C; T$ ^. D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 Y3 J7 W/ O) J
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ {6 H' k9 K4 j
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
% y2 |, I) u( v" Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. f. {6 p5 b$ G! d$ W1 h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- K$ C6 P. }% _3 \6 ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 s, \+ a+ y S1 I
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) X2 y7 w" v) ?% aThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 q* l' i, V Z- m& Ling frequent erections." E, Q$ g$ N Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of% f9 s% p9 i& ?2 ]7 T, \) {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. ^; e* g8 F$ `: a, U7 k( C' i5 ~$ b [4 d
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# m1 e- Y, J- U" F, Q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% H3 d* N2 E6 d5 e& S' O% i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, R. ]4 n; ?2 R' X0 aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for A: ]# H7 h \: {4 A* ~( ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
P* _# [* A+ {9 N5 O' L& W9 Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" s! G' _/ j$ ^# yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido- w2 F3 R- a J
secondary to depression.: W/ b# O+ B" z9 X
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. ]0 O& T) [0 O9 R) G6 L2 H/ [The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& t5 {1 o# U8 ]* p L1 D6 C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ s; o2 x& r, v
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
! A+ {: _/ l/ L$ {7 Q4 Q# y5 ]8 nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 ~" I' @. h Y, h- r% Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, i0 ]% Y( W, }. k: ^' V6 j3 N3 Ewas high, he then read the product information* U: {4 r7 C3 G! D4 G7 N: M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. p- K1 a+ ~* k" W2 }; T$ Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% ^# k/ b2 L! f2 Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 }) j# [7 B! T6 n2 y! b M" w* J) C
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 p i2 E: U) B' }. S, l$ F; P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 A1 S1 W2 c5 S% T9 P/ U
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 [& s& Q( i( {! _+ vlaboratory to obtain the test.
3 o) n) A( \" m4 |- dDiscussion$ q. N) q6 I, B, q! }% j( J1 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( c0 c5 s1 X, q5 s7 t Y2 m ]sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) ^5 i( @# H7 G' p HPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: u/ S' L: D" Bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 ^5 s) S& L/ q* }7 Wthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. p# t" ]/ a1 j# p/ umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ C$ a" X8 z% O; j0 Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 ]7 a8 m' m3 h; q4 P# }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 z% X; ^; H( D/ \$ U8 t: Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-8 \/ ]5 Y! E% Z) q$ @
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* f7 p* z" W1 f; Q, }4 V8 Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ m' _, c+ ?" @+ M- Tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 z1 K7 O g8 |( t- Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! I! M% D; v" Vgonadotropins.1,3
C3 r. M% C/ ~7 W( `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-, U7 Q B: ]5 {0 L/ [2 c) L0 C/ z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' x; ~- r# Q/ R# T1 Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ T0 _+ Y4 t; y! R% R! F8 T* o
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ T' _0 o% i/ C( h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* H* W. L; ~- b1 m
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- g( U5 ~5 j% [. }" K
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 M! e, N l6 }/ s' i' D1 t3 S, x
puberty in boys.3,4
! d' s4 I9 V( p) ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal
" _6 ^3 M* M/ s; o F+ Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& d# I' \$ `0 |, m$ h8 I6 yThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' H7 ^5 n$ R6 _% B' h) m7 bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 P! Q1 m1 x$ U
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ f6 \; l+ E. J$ o
excess.1,3
- S" R2 C+ d! R: Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 a7 W- x6 D. t$ y G& F* R2 N+ ~+ m( O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" w7 C6 Y/ C# B& {2 NA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
n- B0 {" E: P0 Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known/ E" `1 t8 e/ x# l! Q, I
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ y. v2 I5 w* D: W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# t* T2 }( ~ Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 @7 ^: c9 y/ o Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( G; Z3 w' ~) R, Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# J( [, |& c' y% ] j8 iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show. S% F1 \8 f2 e, J
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# x5 C/ G6 A. L6 _, Mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 E. A& O0 N( l5 N2 E% M
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 {; Z4 I3 ?7 m1 ]males; therefore, other male members of the family8 V: a& _0 F0 s% `8 v- i9 R8 T
may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 Q% a- t4 S+ EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 r& c6 z+ o- G! Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( u: s. W( X. g0 ocles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 x' J! Z) S0 v; Y6 ]: owas in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ g( w" S; K% k1 r8 Q. wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 W a1 A3 A/ \# _8 W }' Atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 N" z% V8 l+ @9 v* `7 r2 zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 ^3 n- O d$ j6 V oative initial history of androgen exposure, our$ U5 ]- Z/ Y B4 c; V4 r$ A6 F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
Z% A* r% b9 T- @% Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 C. X. S r5 x9 u8 ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% H' h* C2 V$ e y! z" j2 n" ^" O# g+ |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& O1 Z8 K+ C1 u# {/ w+ M( l) PThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# @, Q0 v, v* ~/ n7 U8 W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& p# A' u) {8 j% X2 c- c+ R2 Fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 D; S( x* d' l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 k/ g$ {. y2 m; U( T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. \* O: M5 E+ Y' v# L' J# g5 o1 n& D! eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# l, q% I( q- `! U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 ]. D' f& `) @6 h& R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ h4 E2 V( b, n* d* icream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* G- N" i" Y1 T% t/ q' i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 \, ~! p4 t- q/ }) i: H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# w& j% x8 y7 O1 K6 V
baseline value in those females who were exposed to+ \0 j3 m. v0 s3 e! @6 v9 z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& n# U; o) L3 }: k& ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, w" p& \" s) Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ i0 M H0 B$ b& {% m. n% Q4 `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 }/ L; A! g( W# z, H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' g& }7 n$ Y+ J$ \0 P1 T& b Jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) I {7 Y- K0 @( n2 Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; v2 A0 L* d) v y
active in young children exposed to testosterone ~+ `! h I8 `2 y9 C, x
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 s& H4 b* f0 o; Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 N+ X4 ~" g6 D6 kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ M. O# F' S0 }
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 V- z1 N5 C) c! y( w; c8 ~# p8 P
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: j8 {& B$ y, \9 B7 L: k' CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 P) p3 R( x9 U) n8 B) K- Qearly childhood on pubertal development and final1 f2 b- _! B/ N2 L7 U2 e8 L
adult height are not fully known and always remain' ]/ n7 i, O) o0 V/ p
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' `6 ^+ J4 Q$ l0 X& }+ P+ @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 {1 |& h7 N9 i, O8 X: hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 m: C6 r* ]7 | w* ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 a( `5 G6 D' ~5 r0 q! U9 E! _4 Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) N! b+ z! L/ t( Y2 Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy1 f' B; L7 b* ~# ]" V, U1 d
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ G" C2 b; H' M' Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! w' ]# L0 N9 o! V7 Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- z2 N! H0 F1 `% E% v( N4 s: @ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, @( q5 P, b& E: e0 Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 T9 h+ F) n6 j Y; Q; y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, x P8 i7 v7 R4 r9 Apenile length in clinical studies.
% l" M w+ ^; \. ^, L- u& @Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% {0 V/ b6 ?2 M# B& B
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( Y) h' \* Q+ L4 I1 ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 `, @# t" d5 ^. y9 ?/ i3 o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) c) K2 c0 a1 h# u7 t) q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
& C/ r8 i1 t/ N; u- y0 R/ h, @diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, M0 |+ D* y% X# \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 q' E' x) R& k9 l" H% b4 ]
height will not be affected.
9 |$ n. h' h3 k- u, i6 YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-. n( P. u6 p- v: R3 C
ability of androgen products in our society may
& I; M: x0 ]. O. B: Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female, A N/ H9 h1 m% F7 m
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) U/ m) K3 c& ?# H$ K0 Vgen products must be considered and specific ques-' }' n1 z+ a l) a2 ]
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) D3 w- T4 d$ ^5 T# u$ x
gel should be asked of the family members during% v# w5 K7 g Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& w2 M/ u( I# ~/ O/ H3 a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; {1 H8 T% w1 o* R) N$ r g
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 I. J/ Y6 ^+ P; x% Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: H" p6 k1 h0 O% L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 W3 C$ q5 y! @! C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; Z/ C5 S8 d Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ S' Y0 m0 H5 L2 x- {3 Maware of this fact, because most of these children! l, T1 W. m H' Y5 f4 l8 Y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: V. d; Y6 U0 |7 \6 \0 EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- A, V2 Z8 g8 I5 \9 W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 E" L0 x z$ ?; J% ?2 o, ^female child who might come in contact with some-
! v2 H+ z; d+ j1 gone using any of these products.
* e: w. B1 t) V# N) |0 O6 AReferences3 d6 C1 U' e# N/ r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 _1 F- J: L$ H( {. w/ N" M
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
6 n9 l; U$ u' @) ?' [Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; M& U4 b: c/ [1 n5 H& z( _
2002: 565-628.
5 W; L) k2 ^7 D9 O& n" z: R* D W' q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" L# i P& Z+ [* Z8 }7 |4 W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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