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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ `) |! w' U" T! w, ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ C) k$ Y/ I! j4 V0 O) ]- N0 a& i0 @Exposure to Testosterone0 a: V9 y' u' y( N! ]3 P- H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: |7 D, H1 X3 ^3 Q3 C2 u2 c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) j8 w% f! L2 }! v; h* V; GClinical Pediatrics. z- z) R" s6 c% x
Volume 46 Number 6$ ]) Q7 `! S8 Z- W) P( C
July 2007 540-543
- L/ a' j5 z$ \7 I3 G& X© 2007 Sage Publications
* {; ]9 T# n. {: g( h t; z10.1177/0009922806296651' Y4 \6 z/ F- Y* k8 C# K& M& a
http://clp.sagepub.com
) _; E/ z' \: O* |& V- dhosted at
, t( L, R: f& Xhttp://online.sagepub.com
& F$ h# X+ ]) `5 p$ b0 q9 tPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 W, |, A6 ~. t: D* ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
, C% S9 v- [6 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ w( d1 W5 r- T1 H5 }through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' v7 x1 R+ A- I5 H% V2 R2 Ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 k( E$ L+ F' [$ |& ` C0 K
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 u; x& \# n, o+ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' C+ x! i% D/ N6 S0 K9 Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( h- H2 v8 m) Dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 ~! y5 W# z' @: breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, H0 W4 p0 B0 ~1 ~6 Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-. y/ P$ A( E3 ^1 L
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 u% J# [$ ]7 W4 U( y4 xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ k. O* U3 Y) n7 s* bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% L2 u2 d6 D0 `. }& V8 K/ Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% q3 Q% \3 u! T: J Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- A* c% v* V0 y! h1 ?/ m3 f% g2 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; {" w/ R' D2 \" |1 ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
% y! S, j' R5 U/ Vliterature.4' i+ K* A2 U, S) ~0 R" b
Patient Report
4 r- o) s9 G, |0 BA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# ?% i# l1 v! P8 }endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 J. F4 }* P: L# @. N. Z1 m3 B! Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed9 d/ Q: h5 K& J+ r% f" a7 [$ w& [. L
light colored pubic hair development when he was' e, Q$ f# y( D7 Z) u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ [7 t6 K% k x7 }' P+ H
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% I7 F9 P3 j9 Y% x2 d4 \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ z$ c% G. a1 \$ }* VProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 C+ [ t6 C# G1 D* VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297; A& L& u5 M. F
e-mail: [email protected].
* v7 @3 _& }0 Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ o5 G `' B$ q; f3 g1 }darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ d" T- v/ Z; W' B3 C' H; A+ e! cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! e& }; c; T, ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% m$ q5 V6 [, }8 H5 |5 N1 }a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ I& j) E9 E" ^4 U
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 g/ u; D4 S( c: X# v1 aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 {, e" ]9 P! V2 _7 [- e# g a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ x: I$ q* D6 R6 N7 |/ i* sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 J ^: G/ P0 U7 O0 h3 k# i
was age appropriate.6 a4 h' W3 ?% b- g+ w
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# H% z0 h8 I2 y x: m7 U/ R) K5 Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* ^/ C! s6 F: n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& F+ b' C8 _) [+ {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 p+ [: E) f2 P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 Y6 V: p- u% ?8 g7 \: y) ?& y# yThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; M; p A, t8 d6 l& b8 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche @' L9 R1 v6 A( \5 f1 E
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! G( w3 ?1 n3 W
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* j, H P) e" ~0 R% N- i. |( q( F
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 F- s* T5 Q1 p3 Q4 R4 c* ~tives. There were no siblings.7 @$ y9 b; G: o7 O3 ^& S
Physical Examination
( A% I+ ^( a$ zThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 ~ m L3 X+ K. a& ^3 X$ Uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. |5 |% s1 Z- k8 U5 Q7 N
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% @) @, h3 C5 n0 n; Y& b) C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ D1 U" B/ l: D j1 ](also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' u/ \: k' O; d1 Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of8 t: i% y5 i7 N5 n6 `' z9 x
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) I `4 l/ C! S6 Y. i9 RThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for# b# B% o9 T: {/ I* b, D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; q' ~0 S8 _6 V' d* ?4 l
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 B# c$ W" u' |' ^% }3 G: Ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 J# n, ]9 l9 r8 X y9 t540
4 T: A& m- W6 p+ P0 `2 qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 b* _9 B* u& K5 [6 U* `+ R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* m1 q% e- z {- @* V
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 W- I2 c! {/ |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% _' [% ?0 S: \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; F1 Z! z7 l% K. \. S- wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; `- R! S. y- G# r7 i3 y2 U; g
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" z2 ?- c& ~% E& @, V% P" ~8 C- Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 D! U# ^2 ]2 d9 i: f
of papilledema.6 K2 R1 A8 g" B7 M+ X
Laboratory Evaluation
# O, H# W7 P, s0 f q9 @0 fThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 K' O! w' i8 L2 o
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
a& U: v% s/ b* H& w; p! n7 p& m. Clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 s2 g7 y4 a5 c( |5 X
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# }! R+ g* q0 w. \$ m; U. pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& ]0 P+ ~; V% K% d/ t' Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. V! A) a/ y- {The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 K% u. i( V# J. m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. a9 m# G7 ]+ ~7 g* O* a t% j
within normal range for his age. The concentration: X9 Z3 g" U& M& Q* A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! y& J H9 w1 o$ E9 `(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) }/ s. o2 }1 U6 X* |1 a2 r
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, P# F0 Y, p: |
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 Y9 t+ }& l. k; y9 M
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to s3 h/ J4 l S" z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; z. _" d( d" I: x7 J5 Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" t$ a$ z2 c B9 s0 [' P
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 p- z4 o* n8 R1 q* e
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ y* e7 o+ x2 b" {- `; j i# zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 C3 ^4 y& A/ A2 v! ?+ z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ G; u, r) F( }, S! F- c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ C( T% b9 P0 @: N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 Q& {/ e" I4 F3 x5 E( Q(prepubertal).
9 N& `" ~7 @( X; [8 g- Y# m& N' lThe parents were notified about the laboratory3 ^+ ?0 y/ J) i; }, d* g$ k
results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 R6 a$ m9 E, w4 o7 c! E9 e" u6 ], Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 g8 w3 V8 Z/ h7 Sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) b5 H; ] c8 ^: T! j9 wobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) N# y8 t x# B0 U& Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 R( N- {& T2 F9 K; @. B0 w6 ~. PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
2 a: a3 h% J) R7 c/ N @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 R$ F; D$ o7 n* _ H: Q6 I# O$ x2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. |; H" }$ d% q4 Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- _! _+ L$ y9 |1 s3 t2 u* ]5 G
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 q. z2 e: G7 {# Z) s( G
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 `! b7 G3 M# u X& L7 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* T4 \% O" c$ z' |$ F& y+ DThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ K8 h/ c. v3 i4 N
ing frequent erections.' o! j! Y+ C( N$ d4 m5 h+ |
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 V& f- {2 x- s5 {0 t0 S+ ^; t
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ r( e& [1 f, [6 c! G5 |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* l2 [1 Y, P$ {: r! c% q. O* ITopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! G! ]* V' {! i: Z5 c+ ]6 P; {' juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# k* Q/ o4 ?7 _
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: ^1 F+ N6 O* ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 Z7 }1 D ^5 C! h1 Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* E: x" D' I& Y1 v4 w! L
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% }$ e* B: D% Y# Gsecondary to depression.6 Y! p5 ]# ?5 n4 S" |
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# q3 s! z8 u4 Y! `# d
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 Z0 N7 i* S% ?5 M# d Ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( U" L+ x0 ~- }1 `4 r* O. Unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* E& q8 L6 e$ Z$ G- G( f0 f# O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 z) p; z; V8 U1 Q9 |8 `6 f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 |6 C8 z; @" A9 {
was high, he then read the product information
3 q4 p5 u/ E0 L+ A3 W/ l: Kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) K+ `5 A+ [7 R
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; b9 X" X+ G2 ]+ e; p3 Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! m3 M( T, A, d4 Ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 C% @* l s/ v8 e& I7 ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 D# X! u1 `* f+ u; Ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& e6 {. g$ y3 K* C* A2 w9 E& A
laboratory to obtain the test.0 u- Q) r+ ~% L# u2 h: |
Discussion
$ V, w& V- j8 K- F+ t* ~. E6 zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, k4 M9 {5 }& K+ I1 t+ z& k& `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 a5 Z1 X8 g, @0 m) c. O
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 g# t- l: A% X1 git is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 g% k' p) }: l0 p5 ?
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; _# j1 K5 y0 b, x
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* s4 ^6 g( D: R A) Jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is! [# c3 R4 z& b* @4 B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 l' d( P9 T; J. g Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* ]/ O: g' P8 s: S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 v" b/ _; i1 z9 s: i& ?1 t$ C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: t& M4 S1 f y" c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ V& F- v) F4 c [; w% rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# Y q; g( R. |$ f/ X+ s* f q+ T* kgonadotropins.1,3% S# u( u4 t/ ?) m; K
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, K5 a) t3 O p) }; |4 m7 Q) Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 Q# U1 `1 e' |! p! Gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or) t! S" ^3 n: f# Y- z# [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 {0 U0 c( v6 w7 ]
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! a$ u( S! ]& H" bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" J! r1 W2 q3 Q' w5 m
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 ]6 q" A3 O& V6 l0 @! c& [0 o; X
puberty in boys.3,4
# k4 C9 z& C5 K" O1 ]1 L2 ]The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ K% ^/ l/ z3 Nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." D- N! n9 R8 U3 B& _3 m6 }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ ]7 H! M& k5 l; b6 z" O' R
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! Q" d8 Y8 _& l6 m2 ~& d5 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 G# s" b! N: e5 G! c
excess.1,3
1 v! _" p( f9 \) P( j$ G4 G/ a9 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 l' m8 I4 c ?. ^1 P6 S# i
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 R% f( x6 K* R, r# B- ~5 oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% V4 z' Z; h U( J6 |$ |* E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
1 m$ M/ q+ w# z* Y) o2 Eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 c% H' d) N' z4 l7 P- q# Kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 U3 X \7 W% _6 O. }& `3 b! kwith this disorder are full pubertal development," S! V& ]( v( M+ z/ P- H7 b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- X O; ^ z) z F4 S- Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ L; F( u0 f$ P, g- T7 Y1 g2 Y0 M0 k' f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
w2 q/ X! t7 R$ ^( O$ vpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 x! l) f, J4 B* \ t' I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 L& Q% Z$ Y i7 F% b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& |) S: k+ h. z- L/ ^4 t, ~2 \males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 u6 F; I3 V ~* S* y: Q) u8 T0 Umay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 i3 f/ ]% u [" z- T+ L& }In our patient, physical examination was incon-
" m: O% \" N" ~/ Z- q% u$ M$ lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' E0 A- X) u7 o1 l, O- x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! { n' w3 i" x6 z: }( y" i6 A/ N7 F
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' z# T$ `+ Z, {( z& F( } X0 u. [0 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- H# B9 t% `& z1 C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 c4 Q7 [7 y0 H7 a: v/ obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* N( k0 t {3 _" Y0 j1 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our1 S) B6 t( d5 L
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) I6 N2 H' b" t9 _0 q8 ]) P) A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" v, z1 i, ?3 J( ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" N9 N' M$ F0 Y9 S- e4 X; d1 j0 Z Fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* o4 u7 X$ m' h0 G2 I8 o$ L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- q5 r+ M% ~4 u1 o: m/ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 G8 F- n1 n! G" N
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-' m" |- r2 ?* M8 g! ~
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# t& p$ S$ N+ }2 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ D* P S+ l/ Y- Y! d M' wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! M' m/ _" Z7 y' K# h. v0 @3 f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 Q5 G% C' w9 ^7 ^( eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or/ p7 L+ S, E& c4 `' s! T4 W+ I$ {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 p* W$ p9 D% r* j3 f9 Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.' F0 L. m' e3 M! ?$ _) X' P
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 o8 a' J0 F& u6 Wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% _2 h/ G" F, M3 G' O4 Ieven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( J4 ~; W: Y/ s. z6 t4 Npartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# b9 p+ E# E) p7 A: I" w' Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- _& \+ t. Z, e |6 d/ @$ y. |Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( |* E4 S* _ K& ] C4 Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
" e8 h2 n+ b& \1 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 o+ t' u5 T4 O& o
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 }- R* l1 {2 e4 H3 Y o, J7 U# w
active in young children exposed to testosterone: r( X- G+ t; x3 ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
5 k. o/ R" j; V6 @' zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 c/ S6 Z3 R. a' R: wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) P/ A! f: e- A) e
children results in an increase in growth velocity and/ V5 X$ t0 K! Y3 B9 N: Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 Y+ t, }' R5 |& R: S: xThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. o1 m2 d8 E! W, ^early childhood on pubertal development and final& J4 B. `7 b5 W l7 T* d
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ P1 t; w5 \" @9 i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; \; f" k7 ?' }4 |0 t$ Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 v4 t' p1 r$ h7 C4 [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# v( ~8 `$ c& N: M+ Z$ E6 H+ e. ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
% B4 D0 H" f0 m F+ V: Q. Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- d q |" {( W2 [- F
There are conflicting reports and controversy. o/ t! I1 Z( ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 f( i, `6 M' |& C8 p, ^* ?
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" ?: v6 T6 `9 G# _- y' S* B) ?% Zadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 [8 k4 ]( M3 P, }8 o0 J5 aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ z2 K4 B# G8 `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 F/ p1 ~: s' d3 `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& f5 k6 m4 {4 b7 S" q/ P* Npenile length in clinical studies.
0 {* v% M" O; l I4 Y+ \8 z5 ZNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 Y8 T+ L, h; S- T; o8 A- \going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, `- `. p% r1 J, qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( r1 F7 x& V8 H" e
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 w( E: s" y2 Y' h$ e6 |4 |
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 y1 `* v& V. V t7 M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. B3 s* ^1 z I9 `) b
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 ~( U4 { L% _* F- r2 Uheight will not be affected.
! M! g7 G6 {+ k: o7 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% {( a/ C+ i G7 y& k D; N' o6 [ability of androgen products in our society may
# q& D2 n% }* H4 U' ~# Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 w1 N2 f+ |$ L9 e+ f4 `* Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% }! O+ `, [+ N3 p/ |& }0 y, C/ Tgen products must be considered and specific ques-$ K, B4 r! F& b- I W! v
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, J$ T% k; z5 J6 Pgel should be asked of the family members during
' A" y) d2 T. H( F2 a, ]4 R( zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-1 M, J* _' T3 e; |6 A h, K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 t8 Z: ?" F+ snosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( n: C3 E8 }( Eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ n0 m+ i$ x: b/ _$ t
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& W, Z ~" w* uresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) c. S9 l0 r4 S" l: [* z
investigation. The primary care physician should be) Q4 B+ ]+ w1 t9 d; |( K
aware of this fact, because most of these children
9 Y2 m4 \* T6 X- b$ w; m3 s/ ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 n& R0 C4 i' m0 r. M# P
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a) r9 z% {, k1 U" N- u& u( a$ Z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ X$ q" R* ^8 ?/ a0 x8 Y4 b
female child who might come in contact with some-0 ^3 M. ]% ?: Z7 S/ O' k9 P( v
one using any of these products.
" A. k* {. ?0 o6 U% O' kReferences. j. b. J8 m, Y6 D3 |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' L0 ?0 X# q e P$ i4 xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
7 y* F' `: M# }( J0 n2 _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% Y' U. C$ B. g+ B, k* n* b) N
2002: 565-628. x, K" q/ n- z. ?
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( X. J% F5 }& G. Y. O
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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