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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 y" E! w/ I; }7 A7 ~
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# V8 ]' C3 J! |4 m" fExposure to Testosterone
7 ~- o5 Y, j% kSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( r" y- h. i6 g( t# uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 y5 }4 A4 a+ n) I+ dClinical Pediatrics
) w7 g& [8 t3 H+ p2 H; T, g& L9 GVolume 46 Number 6! p! R- l t4 p' I h, Q& Z
July 2007 540-543
$ A0 G! v2 [: Q3 c) u1 B' O© 2007 Sage Publications
. w4 O0 \7 d5 X: r; F; E$ t7 s10.1177/00099228062966518 T# h( q! G+ \- C9 l( M0 p
http://clp.sagepub.com9 K T: q! F2 k& G. T
hosted at
+ J4 e7 G; ~( r4 B. hhttp://online.sagepub.com6 O' u, |7 n+ V& _
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" k5 O# V+ \8 x6 F; Y% ^# U/ G, j# Ais a significant concern for physicians. Central% x; Q& T2 @0 n' G, `
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 p1 J1 Z I4 c Q! S! h6 Y" ithrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( X6 U1 Y( I7 G1 Q8 v1 o0 y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system( h Z& A P1 ^. R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 ?$ C) i# P7 ]% V( J; |: x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( _3 |, H, t& H$ ~* B8 a
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# f. j+ ?3 T; p* \' ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 i, W) u. v+ ~( e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# T3 x3 j) q' P7 I& l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! g. ?) t! H- D- x1 ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* [. V! k4 q$ z. g$ C5 V% Ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 l! A7 v" n2 o; W$ u j3 k1 P: zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 A+ H7 s5 d8 c8 U! j$ lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 w$ |+ r9 D5 }/ k) r$ P# D
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( G7 U0 i. u" ~& |' \6 itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ t8 x' A. ~! T
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 V" }" n/ P) ]9 L0 n' `" t6 X" e
literature.4; z8 B$ z6 ?0 X" h9 ^ k
Patient Report
~' U/ K6 Y. w& jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 ]5 i% X8 ~- y, L: K l: b0 Dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' f, |( a8 b0 c F- G7 ~; Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 Q0 j# w7 S, `3 i3 Ulight colored pubic hair development when he was
" W" M) E4 L% W$ B, c$ xFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% R* L# \5 J& D) t. QSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 p0 V5 L9 n! c# p- {! T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& Q" N' A/ N4 E# m. V3 q% `Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 K2 B/ W) i% v# YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 t3 ^7 C( {; @/ m; y
e-mail: [email protected].' ?/ O% f+ {3 z4 }4 F( H0 `
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% V# A$ ~( ?6 t9 A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 j% L3 {1 F# v% c8 f
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: M& w( a) A9 T* T+ fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 g5 P2 Y+ L( ?) N$ G3 B+ wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: ? ^3 ~0 q+ o% D20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, }- n( K2 w0 D j; ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) b2 G. ?, i* L+ v4 A, Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 z- k G$ g5 l8 c! }% S
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# A8 m$ j' Q: P- s" ~/ pwas age appropriate.# x' V6 _2 B9 z) ]$ W& _
The family history was remarkable for the father,
, D, c# W: U9 N* L5 C: B8 Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 L/ w5 f3 o6 o$ B+ ` H' n
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. I+ V" h- s$ ?( \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) j( h' X( G; e! Z9 ]- t3 q: z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ F" K2 W* x5 z% w3 {
The father denied taking any other medication. The
' o0 a; x9 J+ l0 u/ @child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& ?% K3 C# r7 c/ i, R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; Y9 F5 E7 w* Z/ `6 N. e
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 _) R" X- S4 X# Z% e& icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-3 w+ H# v5 ^; l- g- Y$ @
tives. There were no siblings.
' h! o4 s! ?7 s7 \9 y' @$ jPhysical Examination
- I0 r3 @ m8 ]# p3 O9 i/ jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
6 {3 ]: M5 i8 K4 R- v5 q( bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& V* H V' J$ J& S
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ y1 N2 H5 E. S, a/ m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- H2 V1 u" J7 G8 w2 m5 t(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' y! w% @: `) z% Y8 Svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of0 p, [; U! [! ]9 k7 M: z' _1 M
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- _1 N0 a3 y6 S; ~. z* q3 yThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for T' C# M/ j2 G6 G- v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; F! _4 Q( o& b5 o' y& n
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
2 T+ W2 q- z# F; G8 }# kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 e3 H4 R" p0 f540 D. y6 S6 A5 k# r: f9 K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 b* N0 z5 X7 t: h: t0 K0 f0 d$ [the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 I4 P; R9 i# y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' \- L) ]& r' X* m, F+ m: o
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 ^4 l$ r+ V* Uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 v, S M. u3 Y9 o( w2 v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 x# \% a/ {2 \Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 }/ h1 \! Y" }bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 E! c9 t4 x- n0 t2 v7 n1 X r1 S( l! |
of papilledema.' s, z( I( C* m7 L: f
Laboratory Evaluation
' ?. n4 {: u, a @) G5 O# xThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# O) W2 n: x/ _6 E& rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: W% y. r8 U4 W. X) L# e
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal$ c6 M5 T9 Q r3 \/ n$ X
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& ^5 A- R& d$ q. B1 ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ h* d) w+ d. O0 H K: Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" h" Q. a2 f. v! g) \# EThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( q L6 L1 q" `( B2 j7 j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were# m( k: p3 }; `
within normal range for his age. The concentration' h2 O' o& E4 m6 w5 x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ F" I; ~: W- _: c1 I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 H( w' Q0 b' U
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! C% j* q3 Z* P# mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- V x9 f @) \, I/ `% \; ~
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 |! k6 j2 t; H, |# @49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. x7 e- c9 g( K) nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 z5 v+ y- R6 h- ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 S* x) E" W; o$ k; D% S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& {( ~! w: a$ }1 O% `. Q) u8 ?7 Gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than, V+ h" ]: z( V6 _& c$ {2 z: }9 J4 J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ \: y! ~5 O) C5 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) I1 W9 h# _% vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
) z7 h! ]/ J [(prepubertal).* a0 c; I0 R; o$ m9 J8 R5 h
The parents were notified about the laboratory
. n! u2 B1 H( ]) Hresults and were informed that all of the tests were" [$ y! m, n. l
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: ~! c8 P# C( g) I+ P$ T% ]follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 A/ _4 u1 H% f) u) {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-/ H8 z k# l! Y3 o% A) X/ E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 ^, S8 u! Z* n3 E2 _) n$ F0 u+ ^( wPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 P! |/ P; G# B6 W0 t0 Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ M |! _) S! i0 {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, m" x) {: H g% R5 Y$ x( D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' N. a9 u6 w! L: w& ]. epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 l7 r/ T3 A4 v. c Sthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" P: Y: e) K) ^9 C- rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- R, O( L5 S/ @2 D( T! R( L* y4 ^* G; c
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) q! B$ l+ N! M8 b- [, G
ing frequent erections.8 i. w. N1 v$ o3 _5 x1 L& p
Both parents were again questioned about use of( D5 S" u2 C9 f. d' X. l5 }
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 T6 I4 h) H, k2 x0 b* Q" l( K; gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) s, h/ A4 A! v0 ^Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 X/ y, w7 u3 b3 suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ O% V0 t' t: y6 ?* b0 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! L8 p7 o& c0 t5 T, |a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- ?$ y/ ]% e# M$ n% E* ^# oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 P+ x% t! J& A) b B) w' F ]scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 ^% w6 H2 H! Xsecondary to depression.0 f# x1 Q4 v& M; Z* ]
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
O6 ~* k& x3 M( i" e7 n8 QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ ~: j7 f4 g1 w& ~) D" W
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ C9 v/ @( Y1 {6 [: `
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ Y! |: T8 x. {% H# l D
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ |7 k( l F, m1 F# bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* i, @* C/ m A$ Uwas high, he then read the product information0 s1 Y$ O" F( A* s( A6 i, Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# }6 L/ k5 E+ _( X/ g% @
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
: ~8 U* u4 _' w3 ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 R% d/ P4 b( ~: X, s3 S S# Afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had A0 g7 `7 [7 v& R6 s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 a! ]9 l( d4 g, b( q! utest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% q7 t+ t. s' B" z/ t; ^9 L# i; R# ~laboratory to obtain the test.
: z k1 v3 V, iDiscussion T% A Z: ^2 O) ]+ E
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. i0 }1 k, I7 bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, O# ]" h% f$ T3 [ j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, o) O \5 A; Z6 j2 T1 m. Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- [3 \' R7 A/ b+ v: o( E* q" |3 Z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! S% e, N" i' Q; f2 omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP8 M& L9 {7 q: b! ~
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* x: G& U; ~7 @( N. Cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 ]5 A5 @( [# x* H6 W4 V" Xamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( T* D9 s8 }3 S' L9 b: R D9 ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- G$ b9 X; r' r' X. eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
% o0 i* L! c T) _: Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-6 n" c; F! _# T! g! |& c: G+ B
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 W' B3 `6 o; r! D/ i, P$ E! v* j4 h
gonadotropins.1,36 r0 J8 o+ P7 f0 d( {, Y' T5 k
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; S6 n4 g: H. F2 r! i$ a+ p" Y, Lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 T$ ]4 N* R' T% n- Q$ Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ U8 Z, ~3 O) I0 R! Z. X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 q9 J3 f w$ j; X ]7 nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
4 K5 ]& E- z' C0 mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; N" u v" P7 n5 [' D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 }" v2 A* R* O) w. q! L) w2 u
puberty in boys.3,4
9 Z7 _/ y! b$ eThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 N) \3 O& l w9 O* b! Dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.) {7 x" Z+ r8 {4 B, k
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in e( D6 N/ V* B% w- n/ N; a! {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 u7 {* H U! f5 _, ?6 y; can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, C; u' q% C4 U E5 x
excess.1,36 P `4 Z1 C7 R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ r0 Y( @ o) _- ?
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 O: g3 O' j+ M
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' w# U! D% i; Z! sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known- n5 S/ W! e. v, ]5 m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. L. m% N% o1 Y6 b# S8 @, \; I3 v: ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ |0 J5 _1 [) Q( Q* i! y6 Swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, W( H' I: o; gincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys f/ A8 t* N6 Y# k% t
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ f: E6 r! L- z- c z- Iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 m q l0 v% a: ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- O9 w% d. p' J8 v- ^4 M" h; \
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, O( L# H4 j8 b- Sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only: I1 p/ \% R1 ^" C
males; therefore, other male members of the family
& D/ Z' _/ u# C% W( imay have similar precocious puberty.3
$ B e3 Q+ T9 l; QIn our patient, physical examination was incon-* f8 m# m4 e1 e; h" ?- h6 X
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 x. J; z2 [0 `4 V# Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
* X' o6 ~, z& h6 q5 q* Zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
% c1 d6 v! N: j( H6 V2 }1 d4 q! jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,) e3 e- m/ ]$ k% {1 X! o) V
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the D4 e8 M2 D ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, q) y; z( M8 j( |; G; lative initial history of androgen exposure, our% G, ?% J2 j7 S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% q# }5 Z7 g2 O( L9 v& h5 j K
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ { ]! m' \6 S Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ p& f! |6 M# ]! t$ ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: S) z' t: H" S: N/ EThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) }. F, @4 p; K# e, e& [* Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' s3 }, k4 A: O5 b! fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 \5 W7 f. l" D$ z4 {. d' ]# T( ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ q; m/ S% z7 H& s2 {/ ^! t
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 R, v- w+ D2 z2 C/ mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was p$ {% a: |7 I) P P% ^& c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: q; q3 r2 S H
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. X& M; j" x/ w0 ?& b. _2 C! \ U
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- F+ T3 a) d8 C$ {5 O: a$ T' runprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 O m# A, i" ?3 e" G' v/ \% GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the& `+ N+ b W+ z4 @+ @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, [0 E: m) {/ p! Y, C5 W9 B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 J0 b6 B( K) {' |partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 L. n1 O$ i/ o" R/ Ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
, K; l" g6 Z) K9 e$ nOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: j, L1 X7 p' z6 Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that& e* M4 {5 v, x$ P* S9 R
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* Y/ @1 O ?( `8 A' Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! K: I% n0 t$ J6 S2 h$ r
active in young children exposed to testosterone8 E9 \! ~7 J% i
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 v( s+ Y/ J; S Sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! N' c0 i+ e- q2 y5 e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 Z2 N/ ^5 o7 ?9 X! f/ tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and' \% l! ~7 Q$ s+ M) X0 f% ^$ u4 h4 H6 V6 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ J' c8 g& @& U; I! F( Q: z! {The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 o1 p- [! d, s' r, v9 E0 P" h
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! h! A5 r' U k2 r5 z& badult height are not fully known and always remain. o- ~6 D* p, G5 E" r3 e9 H6 u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-( E9 G9 R; G% X; i! }" h& N% _: D
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, e8 h1 R8 o) b
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 t f j! ^ @& H& Pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 w( z" \3 Z% [ v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; X' B8 ]7 ~) G+ V
There are conflicting reports and controversy7 g8 a% A1 A# J' E1 B! w
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult Q I: I0 p/ j, w+ ^; j' p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 S0 N! [7 Y4 [. M6 @, hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) o; k$ o7 y wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( a- m- j; o# _8 ~8 CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# m. |7 o/ ^' }2 ~childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 S4 f/ N$ m; {! [$ ^7 O! _penile length in clinical studies.* K- X. ]7 [8 A1 ]& Z7 Q
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 J2 w( E4 }8 H0 D P( O2 @3 L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- A" ?. Y( {2 E) _3 K$ f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 _5 f2 `1 S, B% h! C+ o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ Z; i# A) m) ?# F/ U1 c; Q4 E/ DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
! _* X2 j5 a$ @# ` f: ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& _# B8 p3 t3 ^' U- ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 v. K$ F7 I) S# q* u) aheight will not be affected.$ T5 ^8 D% D9 q% Z; f0 p1 s* Q+ D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) Q% }: Z% r dability of androgen products in our society may5 ~$ |0 ]* E; V( r9 c' S- ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! G6 K' ]$ E" S, z4 v; L! ]
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 [4 W1 m$ x* M3 w0 a+ r, Dgen products must be considered and specific ques-8 ]" \0 O2 a0 W' J1 E$ U/ V; J. J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 M( N$ e, V2 P/ ~- b$ Q
gel should be asked of the family members during
; d1 n! d% o- J3 cthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 r8 K. j: T0 _0 X
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 a$ `, C" M" L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 H, ~7 V0 g1 x1 Z+ v9 r7 mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
7 ]5 @9 S0 E8 Rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 q: b) o# u6 j3 w. }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! N% F* ?9 ~7 M) s( h5 U1 T ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- [2 Q- ]9 U" o5 Faware of this fact, because most of these children
( e( z8 L$ c9 X3 }8 Wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' O9 F F# ]- R% H: E1 H
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
) K' l) m1 f0 S; R; c+ s" twarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: ] U- ~0 f8 E1 c3 dfemale child who might come in contact with some-+ e* r+ ~$ l$ L
one using any of these products.. \# B3 a% y4 E& @# Z
References
" \; p# V- v5 J! D' }1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 T$ l5 i+ n; u* T) y; ~
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) e k8 t2 n O7 a9 Z+ |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: z! d6 b( V0 ]: E- ^- R! y
2002: 565-628.
% u0 |# V8 B- O. u) w R/ y5 i2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 r7 k. q ]1 U1 I! rpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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