WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" H4 }+ ?; u6 G) n7 U* W+ L- Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ t% P' ~* `  G( E0 n
Exposure to Testosterone
, N& @: z6 n" R9 [( D. H8 \0 f: GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 _1 T3 u2 v: o6 f7 T  q" K; oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, C; g5 B3 J6 t# b8 ^3 D5 J
Clinical Pediatrics) v4 s( D2 w; ^
Volume 46 Number 6
; S! O; P. E& f9 e% C( tJuly 2007 540-5431 U$ C4 t* f7 O* n8 E- Y
© 2007 Sage Publications
0 h- b3 f- {$ Y; S' }$ y10.1177/0009922806296651) F0 o+ i' `+ U
http://clp.sagepub.com
0 h$ _, A% @) h6 Dhosted at
8 L( A2 a( [" x! J: Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
4 D4 g* ^: @' p: t9 r& A4 s0 qPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ a3 h" }% s) q" ~
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 M) F4 V' _" h' a& y- h6 d/ ]7 sprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 R1 B. l2 L9 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ X: L) _+ D0 S6 ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system% j' |: U! }* B. b1 K- E
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested9 v8 `4 d( {+ p- b0 r- ]- R  o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 b: W8 }; t! D3 E. A9 E, d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 T) K$ O% F' C6 q" K
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 y6 a1 P, T6 O( V" T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the1 X" g% I) F8 ]" p# v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& n* e. J, _" \) m0 H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  b& J6 l( D9 Z: U% m# Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ z+ w( I2 b) n9 C" j$ o9 T6 N/ y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 A% J9 x% ~0 f. m, J
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( h9 m- A2 r) o" u  t" [
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 S* u$ K# n5 N& V- D* D( R2 Y2 [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ W& x! Q; t: B! `8 i8 h% H4 Zbly more common than the rare case report in the. g/ M( {( _3 i2 |- p0 M
literature.4& [8 _' {2 ]+ y( `# u
Patient Report9 f/ Y8 s9 A9 T: i& r0 F- M
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, D, B0 L( j; Z: D* y/ `% yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! ]8 k: {1 j3 `# [
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- \  u& i, ]7 E1 D/ Y
light colored pubic hair development when he was  |0 c; U8 m6 N' Z8 d8 I* f+ W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 A- Z5 W2 F: {4 u+ LSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 y4 k9 ~9 C2 h# d4 yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 U# m. K  m: l9 `% @& Z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) }7 G8 K% Y% x0 HMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) f' ?" q4 N3 V7 o8 o* Te-mail: [email protected].
' g5 C" b! G* `; f6 pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# J7 S( ?: i" l2 l: \! Q! v3 k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: e9 A1 T& w" P" |2 t- F8 R! Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" _- P: o+ n( z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
& `  |9 m& u) d7 O! Y$ aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 w% w: z# X8 i- a; z& W; A
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# G; }6 I+ p; \, r# gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% N/ c  M) W5 K* gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ A( K0 t7 q4 @2 f  e' band his psychosocial and psychomotor development# e7 Q2 r6 L0 h, n! }% L. F0 L
was age appropriate.
% b, ^! r3 o) H$ ^The family history was remarkable for the father,- P7 ]; \9 v2 }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 F, J8 Q2 ?: O# Y' m# E$ N& o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 ^) n  T% W6 ^- s: R0 C0 y: X3 pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: O2 |1 ^4 S" t7 y; W  P' Z$ H
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 D2 [% o! b  ^7 ^* |# [
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 u# e) c. _, H7 Z. v* vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! K" a0 O: e3 P
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, N) Z+ c( o0 Q% ?; u$ X
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% C3 `* a  o+ ]+ g2 I  Xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ p  h- E" i, x8 c0 e- a( J
tives. There were no siblings.- W9 \1 b% F' Z, c( k7 y
Physical Examination7 }  \8 y  l3 e2 l1 ^1 ]& \) c
The physical examination revealed a very active,2 T% F5 ^* S9 ~  j
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 K$ s: t3 s6 D* F' ~! O- o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was$ \4 X9 a$ k$ ^+ d8 `. P
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( S  g' r/ f) s2 ?
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* v4 y% }& G8 I; k* P
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- R1 _) R9 I$ L6 F2 W9 ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' E& T7 U$ [% E9 W+ ?7 vThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for' X! m3 d) F9 f1 u9 }8 Z1 p
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ x. a6 |$ [8 ^4 d
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
' [3 U- |5 c5 }' ^) Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* m- {0 s. T  q& U$ X* u5408 r) b% H5 r9 E. Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 H4 P! O( Q- }8 @( H$ Y) c+ othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) o" ~5 X  {& L: Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' D# g$ T' n/ f! b: ^7 M0 Y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat5 s1 N5 F. n# I7 G' V# I* B' s
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
. X, [: S  S! ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: d9 j9 |5 [! zNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 q: ^! C% a+ E: W3 Y  |9 r* bbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 p1 B: [3 k. Q9 |of papilledema.. O. c! ^9 `( k: j" [
Laboratory Evaluation
7 p9 I, d* B2 g! a) _1 QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by- V+ i) e/ O/ r
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% x9 l" k) L5 k% H+ v0 J
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 m1 u6 }' C) b; z& {% H% ?  R
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ X0 m" c- q1 U* W8 `  i: ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-2 Q6 W  m2 f/ V3 s8 ~7 \6 o
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% I6 \& G6 F& n2 ^The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 x3 \3 q  ]9 c9 ]: {urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  {; o# G- Y$ {% m
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 D7 A- ]2 i3 v7 P' vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 T, `# N( T3 s7 i5 N% _" @: F
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% p  ~8 L  j# Z' [ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: E# G4 w5 ~' h3 D2 U* B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ [9 t8 b$ h  k7 }! k- J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ W: U# s5 @2 E6 {
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ `1 \) I4 a* k: S% i* M# I: Awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
0 z; e; ?5 n9 E4 Utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 t# h* L6 S. w2 s3 ]
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& N8 `+ @5 a7 K  u; O8 Y7 _
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! K! n: N6 p& ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular, C1 g2 v2 ?2 w7 d/ n$ @! L
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- q' s; q, K- t) W8 N# n
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 r3 ?7 @$ R/ W  s(prepubertal).
2 Z% r. u/ V- P7 J" j* MThe parents were notified about the laboratory/ I. J5 U$ _% r$ K" @* T3 {
results and were informed that all of the tests were
0 K5 W' f, C) Q$ jnormal except the testosterone level was high. The, f. m( K9 w9 a9 T% p+ p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 ]" W0 p6 d' P1 `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" H/ q( K3 Q4 Z* H& h" G
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ U+ r# I1 Q" }7 \; U' w& x7 M7 w8 r
Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 e! I$ N; b2 q! s  R
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ X0 X5 l( y3 R% V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  P9 t1 h% M: b
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- |- d) v2 R& B4 L
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 A- \3 a4 T3 @6 p( w, B" S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2; M( ^* @7 u* `3 |( n2 C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( H" U  \6 [; _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 i4 P5 [  t7 c$ r/ m+ J' ]6 T" n% a
ing frequent erections.
3 l  a4 N0 ]: U  g& vBoth parents were again questioned about use of" \& i. h% r) \  I% s9 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 C* J9 k, c% H2 k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 h9 ]+ j! k& \2 m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 |  I$ {* i0 q6 e) _5 b) ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* e  ~- L6 y5 o! l3 `) Y7 j% {" L# Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& n7 {4 A( h, O9 o* Va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* q2 k' V5 S9 b$ e' W* U* v* t" Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
3 ?1 B  D( ^0 x4 Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( |6 O/ ]: W# U$ G; n7 C8 \% a1 psecondary to depression.
# e7 B4 k% q; I% w4 F9 xThe child slept in the same bed with parents.% A& @( X3 H9 {2 y( ?; j
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 j/ z, {2 |4 {" r, u: E9 gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- _& r/ H8 W8 @* j$ R, U1 y
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  q0 Q9 V4 X( A" |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 [: T) h3 ]1 h/ ?( v8 W8 N
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. Q- H+ E; Q( E' B  [was high, he then read the product information7 @% i. ^+ `6 ^0 U6 i$ ^
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 Z3 U% S1 ^7 k8 P1 V2 T
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 q$ O/ ^8 c! I. x% U3 ?decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  f7 @; z. X: I5 @. o8 ]. ~father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( k* U2 S/ C# B$ t1 Ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 a: h; j  w9 G4 \! Etest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; }5 p0 [4 N0 D3 c7 A
laboratory to obtain the test.  i6 U0 y8 D. u5 C% N8 {+ Z4 S
Discussion
- A0 D% A+ J) MPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) T. }' b3 |* D( K9 w' s  [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 ^9 L4 W8 y. k4 ]- _2 B2 O/ sPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" n; k1 ]5 F6 B8 A6 x$ L
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 o; c  G4 c, @, {, }3 D
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& ~9 S2 r9 w1 H3 S0 B0 B% gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 L1 j& T& z! Q2 D! C) {9 O; _may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: ?" ~0 T; D8 ~+ q9 y2 uresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  I, w" h% B( N0 S: O# N
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 u1 E) X/ b  |5 Z/ w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) [/ O0 a% R9 I' L# D0 qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 @+ I8 P4 A% f, a# v; A
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 J7 T. P- t/ X  t0 k6 b: jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ w3 i6 h' q  {4 t" E. O
gonadotropins.1,36 W+ i4 {% v' A" U& H. v8 @. G+ a# g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 h4 Q$ ?- R& ^- T% Q# J3 @3 Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& X/ W# U, }, }; P2 K9 j& C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 Z( s2 X( @/ f! w4 P! p+ @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 S1 W8 \4 \6 L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% D4 v# b" _, H3 l7 {2 m
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. I8 W- c: D1 @, q" Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 R  S* L9 h9 W5 m6 C2 a. lpuberty in boys.3,4) Q6 s1 y' F' Z( M$ o
The most common form of congenital adrenal! X1 x4 u. Q& O, p% r/ R7 V8 c
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ S1 a4 B  \$ ?( g4 z" Q; C+ x
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
; f9 v$ z9 y+ Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' D) `% b' L8 j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 A- H  M3 L4 P' ?
excess.1,3. f  ?/ \+ R; M
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 Y4 \6 V+ J5 ?3 Y% e! u! U5 ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
* f6 P1 `, b2 `; Q: J3 R  KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
5 r& P7 P, ?/ j  D' `* n  C' findependent precocious puberty, which is also known( X( |; n3 E$ j' Z3 h# x! G/ `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" C" k' R+ g( n0 M" ~7 ]very young age. The physical findings in these boys
: i; g: J. F6 h4 J! i# R9 q3 ^- Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development," R" v, e& d' V& `7 D* I6 W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# _, H" X8 `" I3 E  W5 wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 ]4 c& }0 s$ z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" R& K9 c2 |) H- zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ u2 j( Z& D% Z/ |3 `. e! r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. `0 x6 S" z, c; ^& `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only3 W7 N" h; {& h9 A/ \! e
males; therefore, other male members of the family1 O8 l  E- Z' t- U
may have similar precocious puberty.35 V: e% p: M0 a% r. @* j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 M9 s$ B. R2 j
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) d( Z2 K' M  \- w
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis( a; b9 I3 n( f- j$ U  a
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  T3 g7 u6 y& Z9 V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; F3 `2 H6 C) ]8 L; T/ Etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the  h3 X, b( E# {3 R8 R& ]! A$ S
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 ]' [4 V! _% Q4 \; Y) [' ?
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 g( o* O# L: [& U
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# C! P8 ~8 d; a, z% m% U( s
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, h% T3 I$ H% v( S- o4 C! X# a' N
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" \  x7 x( h$ u0 |, X# bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! X- ?* q8 C7 o! h+ q& QThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, U( R  N( p1 w3 q  K- e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, [- n; A" d+ |: [8 Xthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: O  Z5 {) \& V% u7 E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 ~& ?3 [& `* n: O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 Q7 J/ N$ U+ j* z( I- {& bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: y; U* v" ^& z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) U9 t7 ^  S) R+ G, l- ^; FDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 _, `# ^( x$ r3 E( s' Y
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  Z/ V! K5 t+ y3 a! S# i( G( Lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.- V# H# Z) X& ~% Q) \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( K6 M. U5 N% h" a% ybaseline value in those females who were exposed to# k$ Y1 y" H/ d: }5 n- \* m3 B! B
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; _" v3 V' j2 [  \6 ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: x+ \/ X9 p- _  w# G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 G4 y* X- ?+ v
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 y: R$ P( w# a1 vwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! k1 X4 m4 Y3 Q" N7 E, _, m
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- q5 d8 ?8 H: @5 x/ C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- @5 Y9 r+ Y; G2 hactive in young children exposed to testosterone/ G9 V+ ^' J; d9 p7 D
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: D% S6 m, T2 L3 X$ cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 g6 t; _$ m5 H, E$ n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& X# G) o8 X" vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: H$ h3 j/ F$ R; F. U
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. o3 f. s' ]7 F
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ ~: v5 a. A+ T" G/ Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 Q3 `' O6 X- N' q3 {& T1 X8 @# Qadult height are not fully known and always remain, r: {6 Y2 w: y& o! D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ t( B3 g' t/ I+ i2 Cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. _, d' Q( Z7 {  y% @
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 k' f0 q( ~5 z& `
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 ~) `! ]$ A. n5 m4 |+ ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! B: l6 ^' g0 }. O, c* {
There are conflicting reports and controversy
8 `. K4 x( R5 t& [- S* R6 Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# g3 @; Y/ |5 @8 {. g; }
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- [8 @  U8 d# ~0 y" v$ F  s# h; g( A
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; d" ]4 Q! K, ?, W# k+ h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 Q+ `# p: I( a6 \* p' L
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
& p* i) h8 i* _& `5 S" q- jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 r. ]' K$ x7 T. d8 y4 \$ H
penile length in clinical studies.; B$ X4 j5 Q. d" k9 m& S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( @1 B9 p6 y- G+ }* t* }1 m
going to experience any of the untoward effects from3 c  V% y9 m+ y# D5 K' j, U
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. ?8 c+ L. C6 j$ J- f& |! ]9 N, Bthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& ]9 n7 ?: m. ?, X; q- VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, }) s$ p8 T) I; l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, l2 A: r: h- a+ h8 Z0 M- J2 C7 y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( n" i1 U' q( U/ i% f8 {: L
height will not be affected.
. Q* H$ w9 n! @. p/ d' YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-& M; b% K7 y8 Q% {* x
ability of androgen products in our society may
5 l4 L) M" D& j$ I5 G' pindeed cause more virilization in male or female' z* n/ i! F/ T2 G0 O. H% N
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 U; g2 b0 C4 t- D4 m
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ ~. c* H6 O! @2 w0 htioning about the use of a testosterone product or- m) h3 f0 J7 k! B
gel should be asked of the family members during) L7 z9 U! I3 k- ]8 `! p+ \
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* b+ Y2 D5 `3 R! \3 C
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ x9 s7 R# k3 y' _: k& j8 A$ u, Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 J+ o$ w' \! a- J+ Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a# E; l# _5 Z7 c2 B! Z: T6 ~
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& X+ A3 g, P+ N- t
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: Z  ^! }  p1 V1 qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& W; \, Y6 D9 A$ N
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 W9 X  ~+ ~  ?9 b1 ?may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# C+ B, p6 P, s: R2 h! k- u
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: g  x5 h7 X+ o& F" d; rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' |7 V8 X' }5 o, F6 i
female child who might come in contact with some-) o0 J! V( L* ~& o: @
one using any of these products.: a- R8 \9 W* ]# l0 S. e
References
; j/ R: m% o8 r1 |1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation# T/ q" j& y- M( {
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, @! @3 S* C. aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 w& P, `% V+ Y2002: 565-628.
& z; R. ]4 }* l2 }; P) Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 Y( w' A* v" x7 t$ t2 o0 s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- ^  a; ~$ U4 F1 r# M7 a0 W# U8 }" P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- D/ j+ J+ C0 IExposure to Testosterone
' \+ Y* }6 C& N  M0 S4 S3 uSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 E9 O4 J+ L8 m! x1 V' Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ r2 U3 v" F6 p8 E% E  i. i
Clinical Pediatrics2 T: Z$ g. a" j( U5 r  N
Volume 46 Number 60 w+ O, w# n% A1 z
July 2007 540-543- C$ y; T; i! E% T: V
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 m; }7 E- Y' L. b8 L7 w9 Z10.1177/0009922806296651" Q4 o% [3 t% V. Z5 L) E) Q" D# Y
http://clp.sagepub.com
' j7 J+ m* J# ^! X9 t" Nhosted at8 Y- B' t  u0 K8 T$ a8 j. P
http://online.sagepub.com
& U. l$ j2 \* w; l/ p5 `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 n& R7 L4 D* h: Wis a significant concern for physicians. Central) |. a7 F6 e  Q4 ]6 R" [# F. ]- r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 d: O) N9 M1 ^: e3 Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ a# [7 r9 r/ Y, \* f& ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system: O8 A2 O  A. B
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 Q& ?- n4 {( p1 i( a4 _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% H4 m$ h& l) O2 g& R
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 `! X( z+ G: \: d8 _/ i; icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 }: n0 ?6 E& U3 G5 W6 k
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- N# i7 E% p0 A# J. E# G8 fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 p( ^. d6 C; H" }6 q; a  u
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 h5 A9 o$ A4 T& d2 i) l
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ Q+ {+ N' ^7 x
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 H0 w/ D, ]  _0 u& j2 H0 m; B
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 \( ?: i/ F6 P; Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) [6 Y' o( h6 G2 g% f; gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" h, y. f% B+ J! ~$ r
bly more common than the rare case report in the; m, n: f" i* c5 b+ ^2 J
literature.4" v9 B' J. E" z( u6 i  N) h6 e+ j
Patient Report
+ b; e; Y' U$ c$ M0 fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 |' [& o1 d7 w0 F9 s6 j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; }3 ]! v* Z) o# Z, E# Y3 s) |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# R- X) W9 Q5 o% t: L/ o- Elight colored pubic hair development when he was$ X! Q: Q" t! R" p* I
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& O' a; u) A8 g1 }South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% I0 g% c& H+ g; \/ o6 G2 ZAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 n+ i% l* M# z* `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( a; L5 D  {: o- @Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! l6 q. t7 y8 [- X+ r* m
e-mail: [email protected].
8 l. }, r" H1 X7 I; E8 w- n4 yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- ]8 |1 n7 P* |' o+ ?) Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* ~6 ]: H7 t6 p7 Q: ^. P
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% f% W! [! g  v5 hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  }1 ?8 l2 ?7 e) P, o" c7 Ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 @  o  Z. X3 y# t' n% W9 `2 L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 ?- j4 r' ?* }
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 c6 {0 x0 [/ n; i, K9 S0 L/ Y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& s2 w% q. ~) F, z( C! M! m; B% x
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! E: K6 S2 a" L( K3 W" m; [
was age appropriate.
  F' q! N& L6 d% KThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 k2 Q# `& w+ X- _9 ~: P9 dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* @8 U' [/ h* D. q8 _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 `7 P( E% W4 t1 z8 \# T: @7 m! s
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
# N! s. a1 g( t; |' T4 m( e2 pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% e3 {" Q# P. k0 N1 a5 ~4 iThe father denied taking any other medication. The* F5 A2 e4 B5 {! d$ e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" r* c* z( ?- R4 `6 O8 G! U8 I
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 ?8 H! g) @2 F; Y; ~/ p! F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  ?: k4 u1 T, g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' [, o6 k$ H: E" P5 Otives. There were no siblings.
9 s3 A( V: O4 U% {$ ~Physical Examination
$ c  p$ f* m: T, Q4 S2 O. ?* ?- X' SThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 @$ o$ c# t1 ?. qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: Z! m: r) P: Q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  n3 a8 Z5 r9 O0 m6 K2 h# E$ e& L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ g# k% f" z" c% O
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 i/ O5 G& y0 I# \" {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' C! m' ]) t$ O0 E$ N8 U! V
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 r2 a' t; J, w: IThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* W/ ~3 K: e8 x, O  S$ n4 C: k1 V2 Aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 P3 V, ^* m+ @0 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ I3 C  F2 e' ?- r( x5 e
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 ^* N/ N" n0 h* Z540
# \2 b( F- M* q) z& l% Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* O/ N, N* Y& V! d. e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 e; f" [7 p# }8 l3 y8 O* G* ?0 K. N: X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; f4 D' L3 U( o# cThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 W' Q9 I+ O  {( c3 eoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& Z) p" f  R- j7 ]. \$ C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' N7 M0 K# t( O
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+$ L9 i/ e+ g2 \. H1 ~& ^# k8 ^& M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 H  ]- H0 e, B$ Y5 c  y$ }- fof papilledema.6 [  K" z7 O7 `* A$ I5 o8 V
Laboratory Evaluation
7 D" |, c$ O3 z- cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 s/ c+ K/ t  K' Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  p) @* i# [) r8 E% J* `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 t# C3 w: t9 u# Q5 k5 b6 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; ^+ @! D9 K$ d8 M% g8 F; z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- x* T" z7 o9 i3 A6 |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% s. h$ X- O% HThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! [# p/ u+ P; V9 [3 y4 g. q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 }- E* D! Z6 J7 D+ V2 r3 i" d& Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 i; v0 q0 ^4 v' n( I& U* Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 K# X+ `0 T0 C, Q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# H; `: L+ K& F# b  M! X0 L: rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 J% l  A2 j& r. G
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. D5 P6 S# a3 D& Z+ a0 r1 N4 g
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' u$ v$ J. Q4 W" I+ X5 P1 l; I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# c) `# Y* x" Q! K0 nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ?& U  U  W& B) }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ i* ~. v9 @  z- c9 t5 F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* j6 N. ~3 U7 d+ ]5 C5 Qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- [8 {- a/ Y/ j- _% a" i; M5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 Q1 Q7 J. r, U. b/ G7 Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ W5 B; t* d* J- r+ M) D  econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ B' L6 f9 k  o3 d2 a& n
(prepubertal).
1 _. v% N) h: |0 U  c% tThe parents were notified about the laboratory
0 g2 n6 W5 G9 \8 oresults and were informed that all of the tests were$ W8 b( Y/ i! t, Z0 @; n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 ]7 b  o) D$ e: U# {5 G" hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
  v' K6 j- \$ Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* {4 C  R% m! ^5 o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- u! C0 J3 K- T
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% {, W* [; [4 E0 q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 Q6 Q& B2 W6 j4 P. }) }- M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ m$ V6 x3 f* {$ z0 u& J+ m& A$ _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 A2 M' g4 {$ d; R, p0 L* C. A, b
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) u9 K% A" _4 i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 O( `/ I& P& ^- c( h+ EmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% X7 J# m' ?; `* ~The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 I9 k. E" Z. N1 d! e* e! s9 wing frequent erections.* \1 X9 T* ^* M
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 ]+ }9 f: X$ v8 d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- O4 j( p; p, E" p- k4 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ I" T) ]% E7 D! L% eTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" f% n$ ]( p7 e& N, Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* h' s7 j, U. \' Y/ X" b9 Z7 r: r' \% uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 ]' f4 W8 v- C, V) W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ a3 L6 ^6 b. J+ J$ Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. }2 B) `. b7 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* D4 j' x5 i' o" \) a; P
secondary to depression.
' O9 o1 I& L. Y9 D8 {  a* lThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 {+ t/ p& I  O* YThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- O0 l$ U9 F5 P. [- Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: g6 z" v" l8 Z9 ?: k
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 T# p  g+ P- r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 e5 ~2 R+ I6 e6 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& R3 c9 v+ e- b% c. lwas high, he then read the product information
- O7 h3 r, I2 npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 @9 }; z9 a/ L& }# X" x5 yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 q0 J0 ^, M; _9 a- L% |* d6 Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. }4 j7 c, }# C* V! J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 k9 C) g- B. jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! [9 U. q* U) m( O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! s, X0 p8 z/ \
laboratory to obtain the test.$ T7 Z% o& c6 Z: [  F. C0 k
Discussion
+ D+ p% O' e" |! pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ j- _2 \4 u! {6 ^( ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( k* W/ k7 ~* P, S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. v- [6 z) s1 y: m2 m$ k3 p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 q1 F. I  z# L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 M* Y$ t: i% z4 M0 Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 b# a/ ^' D4 T9 kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 N3 Z# o: [; I* hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: Y& Z' U( ?8 R: @* Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  @" Y& C; P0 ]% {5 P2 ~% G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 H, m1 N3 c8 f% _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! l. m, F4 s: M  \$ x% g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ x% O7 p3 c& |( ]! ~( a# P2 i
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ d$ \" O6 R* Ogonadotropins.1,3$ D8 @2 n5 L2 }6 o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' Y$ E5 _  h! l3 A6 `  T) I+ _$ E, |: M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* ]/ B- U+ l* t  N# T% Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' f2 Z0 s( A" `- {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ E8 r( x. s! Y; t4 X& T8 X' N; Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: k/ F/ i. M" J" ^2 F! e4 l
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ^! V, u) Q8 c/ A  A9 D, eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious7 t6 b% `% U+ Y2 d, \) p* ^6 Q: ^  `
puberty in boys.3,4+ z4 x" ~1 z* |5 x
The most common form of congenital adrenal, X. A# \9 L; s0 k: i4 s5 V1 P
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- k3 l) x8 k2 r% OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ g. z0 f. [6 A. I7 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: T9 ~: Z- I. Fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: N# j! R* Z1 b& u. l
excess.1,3
, ?) O- q7 m& l" g3 Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ N& e( o2 y% m7 q' Y5 }, I
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& K' k; b% F% C" n- K: P1 P/ n& ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ \( V' Y) K! R& R8 f* _  b9 ]6 Z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 u' f8 z/ N: p5 Oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- n$ Q! Q* E2 `6 [  j* h
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 f* }; U9 r; H3 L9 p: \$ O% r* Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development," E' h; ?. }: Y+ h$ [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. a" \+ W, a) h! R% E0 n& J
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ Z+ F# g! l, @, j6 V
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 v& c$ \; i9 t8 O: p: ]& wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( H9 t# L" p# t! w" p$ _: Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 ?, i6 K7 z9 q9 a! S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 ~1 `8 R  ?# {, N# q) d7 Q+ b: O
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ F) \1 d, I& ]4 xmay have similar precocious puberty.3/ J" a! l& M# I/ w5 j7 x; c& D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& _" `$ I$ y3 B. Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 x: [$ ]; l* c$ [- I# a, ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 P5 e/ g; a$ Z7 o0 q( P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ M1 T$ y+ \  z* h- }
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," T- S' S! j1 s, y  l, u1 b1 i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 L# H1 T* _1 k, b3 F% A! F; Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* |3 l! T- v1 v5 Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& l) Z" [6 B& B" d" l; j- fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; A$ z' @" a7 a7 Z$ v8 B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) k  V! b" Y  ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! ^, a( G9 v' r" H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: _7 W* {; Z) x0 G, v' E
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 ?! j' S% H  C% l/ w) v7 \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- j  B9 ^' @* `2 W7 H$ @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* Y$ |" Y% Y) f4 f5 U+ C" c7 t* `6 A2 b
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: {. c, _/ k0 G- J, ?2 e  [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 l( U  z8 ^' V, p2 h3 o- Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 b, r4 Y7 n( @5 X) t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, L* Q8 A' c8 _+ U1 }
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 A, g, A% v( |/ Q1 L
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 Q1 b$ l$ [: J- m9 x& yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 l' k8 d2 a! i! ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% b1 k: {+ s7 Y: ]) u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to& s4 z2 X) [, a. a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& M8 p$ F9 B8 N9 w: m* Q  Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. q5 n# s# B) m  s9 ]/ _( f+ o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 D0 v9 M. k; V: I2 s' z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 z) }9 G% F4 z0 f3 Q* x0 v0 uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 V% p- w$ z* u- N% u0 M: p/ M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: x$ E/ a7 u1 u+ Mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 ^1 F: f! t5 H/ i4 F) Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
  a3 i/ e) K/ o6 B& L1 N9 x" gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 o$ i( a. V8 d5 _  U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' P3 ]6 E3 V% k* B$ |
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  h4 b# u1 f# o) C" U8 schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, S: Q/ m& d7 }9 _. l4 B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 H& X/ Y3 t0 }7 T1 C2 A1 `7 [: p1 mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 k. i) K3 B& {early childhood on pubertal development and final/ W9 t) P! r* `( S1 r+ G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 I' _* x5 C) U: @a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 f- K, x& I; l6 J: {/ ]* R! X4 s, O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# P  E% D* x0 z/ W; x" C
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ |) R; d8 T5 b- U) ^; p' }; l
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. X# Z0 f! }! L/ H9 r* Y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! h' \- i1 @  s4 z
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 P0 |2 s. f! M$ t' I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" N' I" ?& S" l* b2 Y* P
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ Q8 V5 [0 I$ |5 E' g: b7 c. ^5 }adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" S" A) [) M) ^: m: I5 hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 N# s# @  h; }% u* ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. `' Z' F/ E# [* d, R- u! }7 r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, U1 D- Z; ]* Z, W1 Bpenile length in clinical studies.3 ]+ q% x" ]. e( O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
  l: h8 d2 t1 f% {3 ^# e* vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 l1 v8 i6 g7 H* J' g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* S+ J; C: d! m4 |7 Q  a- ?) X3 _$ othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., Z9 D' i7 K/ g: y* U4 o6 w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of! w, S# D' ?( s, n9 h3 [
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 ?# I9 R1 F4 P2 ]8 I# Z) L0 Ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 H4 F+ O1 J0 e) \$ s5 \& oheight will not be affected.
1 r& G' Q7 u; U8 u; j4 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. V, p1 S* }2 Q& sability of androgen products in our society may( z. y7 S7 k; ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
- p5 S. x- y4 `2 f2 i  d+ Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. W! q) _0 ^* B! t+ W; Y% H3 O5 C! K$ Igen products must be considered and specific ques-- a  v" Z' H2 h7 W/ M8 V, N
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' L: k* B0 X0 l" L$ p. S0 i3 D
gel should be asked of the family members during2 w! {" ?% F7 S6 I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ f3 S9 Y/ M# f
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ p5 e! g' b% u5 d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 {! ?; f  d. E( _appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' @- s3 q) w. ?6 v8 E3 S4 e
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! Y5 l! ~+ [; L+ V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 `+ p6 k3 F2 k. `3 O) u' J  iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ `3 S) j& K; @+ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ Y% h1 s/ m$ A: Q$ Q: {, i$ y! emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* _$ c( x; ]) M# ?( r
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 B- ~+ O* y) g9 g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" O7 i' b( u& @, G  [female child who might come in contact with some-
/ W! ?6 E" F3 ?% b: k" R# S1 uone using any of these products.
& v/ P, J( b' E7 n/ iReferences7 L2 ]& k* r3 f* A  \7 _0 m3 z9 |' s
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 M+ [: r9 s4 r; n( C5 v) g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  X/ b; p, k' L+ N' G/ uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 l. h' Q  H' m* T' K
2002: 565-628.  I6 I# a' O; R. z" }& _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) a6 n4 G( J. G7 V7 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
1 K0 d( U  p6 F# s
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表