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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 I3 G1 L" `- r, O( b6 zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
: E6 x4 v7 B6 v, A0 TExposure to Testosterone! K3 @ t( Q$ c& A9 ~; o
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# S- y( i4 z' e9 j0 {7 {
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 I5 a7 r/ i$ dClinical Pediatrics3 L# w. E6 h* d8 d0 R4 W
Volume 46 Number 6
( D5 n7 q( K8 n& _July 2007 540-543
8 r1 x( w1 d* K3 j2 j: E© 2007 Sage Publications3 l" a) D: Q4 H6 S; E
10.1177/0009922806296651
7 e; ~, g. ?" P$ b; C* f( F8 phttp://clp.sagepub.com
* x5 o. n$ m$ j, ~% n7 jhosted at( i U r5 X& s: L% I/ v9 u& T
http://online.sagepub.com
1 m, U& ] b9 i0 d6 ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( z2 Y$ h, m: \; \
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" O1 Y" I' @4 s. o9 X0 fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) q4 y9 T* l I1 |9 g; R r4 `, H; Ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 p, n7 W6 t9 ~- [: [! R
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 G6 n; c8 w% ]+ @6 B% O# G+ }2 Jlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! d: C$ M5 g. j m& @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
. S' F0 O, |* N$ }hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; ]1 Y b% s! D- r, p% x# Lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- }' M3 J: c( B" t4 X. `
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ y$ ?; R% l9 i. S9 v5 h% H
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 D: P; Q$ G4 N- {$ k5 @ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: q2 T. c: V4 [% |$ ^* y; R, Ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 i+ o1 f- A8 v/ x w9 Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 t9 t. Q- Q3 _mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ F- b- r! k2 U. f8 ]
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# l+ X% @, U' C- W5 H4 J" o, k _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ x. `( [2 {6 }6 ^5 z6 `bly more common than the rare case report in the
; }" G$ G Q" I0 [: Hliterature.4( k3 g7 }; x9 Z9 }
Patient Report
2 Y; `( A# k3 t7 f% rA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& o; ^6 I! g9 G) @3 ^2 T
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& {' T( w3 y& u, U3 h/ s! `* `of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ U r* }# n9 K4 @" H5 n* Y+ wlight colored pubic hair development when he was0 w* D" ~/ P! c( e8 y4 g4 p
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
# ?: W3 v7 I# W' i; F0 n( kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' n0 y1 {; N |3 H( t, o4 `Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ `% v9 Q3 ?, {$ @' \8 Y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" {2 {. o& r: R) c. L- PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* {$ J8 D8 [1 U h# E. v- y+ g0 g
e-mail: [email protected].
/ ]3 k$ s) K5 f: J: E* fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 a4 w: p9 _% A" [' Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( l# f* s ?" G. |! P6 S" n& `+ s8 ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 W2 y) {8 P- l6 J, {+ o& Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 ~. C p) N' O# v- |7 ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, g2 U, ^- x* G# I, d1 v- r& ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ F; {; g$ q1 m1 E# A X+ t: c
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 c, ^7 G! M- g$ m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," r* |( m3 @4 i
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
+ s, i+ @, n# `0 iwas age appropriate.+ f$ K. h* y& d) g4 W- W
The family history was remarkable for the father,
% e" R0 x3 w+ k& N# Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 ~2 }9 d- _5 a+ c) Kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s v' H) w% p5 s4 b. g, F/ X
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 _ w5 y$ ]- L# s/ {# b
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* J/ p$ c7 Q" x( h" r+ VThe father denied taking any other medication. The
. B l" K! A" Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 [$ n3 j; u+ j; }) M2 uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet ]: V/ f1 y$ I6 P- V' ~, c
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, S- o4 g/ o! ?* K, |" U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 j, H1 K) W4 v# d4 C
tives. There were no siblings.2 i1 Q! i' B* C5 y4 y1 o
Physical Examination8 Q7 Y' E* p3 S4 e3 \
The physical examination revealed a very active,% U8 w" Z4 W9 u0 R2 D
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: A% T* _. I! L
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 O X4 c8 M, O! X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg, |2 r# t; S" I2 k' Y: @5 M
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 U; `- }. Q) u( g# H: n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- \! o: z) `6 J# u( C9 pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ q! L; a0 o9 }" Z4 j- R" gThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for; Z; T" y. T1 w/ \, l( o3 d
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ a2 u p( c1 D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well1 X C0 h( B( f! |& O
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) z; |" Q( q1 |2 w& J8 \
540" m2 h+ D$ m: W+ V8 }! I6 [) ^7 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 r. ^8 ~6 F8 ~0 G3 u& S: L; f. {& }0 L
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# f- }6 O. N1 V. G% o; _ a7 E
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) r+ s$ Q8 O p7 l
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ F6 I+ W' Z' t' w5 G N! m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% ~- }% {2 W5 g. N8 h
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 \' o5 s# l* y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! R# C. g( J- @6 P! G U \
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ T4 @, c u8 w8 @% |1 I) L
of papilledema.
* m. ]7 j) N9 S" p% M& eLaboratory Evaluation
9 z0 n' ?/ d# iThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ x% _& z5 G, ^# o6 O5 uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' a9 f8 Q& p4 c# B+ D$ blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- [4 v6 h8 x4 j8 k( R7 F Zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; x2 [* m# n0 {- g% S* O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- g" c" N- l! s% w/ N* [ d" F6 F- r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ a |* Y' {( c' f& K
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ D. ~! z) M! B5 j( t$ d7 O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ g/ E" t$ f8 K0 G/ U& swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
2 S0 k1 d4 Y, y c$ ^6 ^, Kof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 Y4 ]3 G$ G: H2 \: {
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 r m: h6 [" Q$ Q( M0 B
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
6 U0 O) ?3 u0 _1 k: c t6 Cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 o+ z) S# ~- c6 T8 qdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 c6 p8 M5 z3 ~: K0 y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, k! S3 b! n/ y/ w8 \8 a9 j% B* w$ swas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* D: d8 A l: }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 Z1 P1 ^ `% X& O6 o8 btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),- P) G/ `9 a; G I/ E0 N H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
6 T! h7 c, ~5 p1 [) [5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- k1 x1 B& j' w* P0 t; {7 dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 Y8 y3 m& t4 J) A5 `/ [3 q
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. {2 ^% {8 t2 k5 ?/ b! T6 Q: ] M- B
(prepubertal).
' T: c, R( b% m6 `0 p3 OThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ S6 k, `0 |3 f: o2 p0 F7 Y5 u( P! oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, Q, p$ V3 q2 k1 n& @6 P) Tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 S1 m+ A1 O; |7 k2 A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: g3 x1 k; k$ ?7 Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 T* K: _% `# s2 Uever, the family did not return for 4 months./ Z# g# n; L4 {3 {! ^" w; _1 M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the: A- G' e! D" k$ x9 R8 ^: Q( g
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
- h* X; Z( M8 ?# _+ x' D2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, ?3 Q- f! [- N; k+ x3 E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-/ @1 A. f, r0 W5 _
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ |8 D9 }$ v' L3 e! F; [the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 @6 r9 B% r0 n* n5 c
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 A: m! K# Y! \3 U h- h& E
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 a3 i4 J6 h2 A3 _. r9 v6 m& jing frequent erections.
) H" q& g$ y: MBoth parents were again questioned about use of
' ] P. N! j) t6 L; y" a7 Tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& Z7 |* I" c( a m' r* z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" U. n0 E$ h0 U6 N! W9 d7 ]Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
: d A' `9 O5 {4 M3 W# R8 wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
l" y$ e# ^: i, D8 a6 j+ ]ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 s" F! Q) n4 f; k3 N2 ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& D2 P' R7 C; o5 m( `, e' r- U; z4 @: qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 j, ?# M2 S, Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; G3 F2 a/ y1 Y) _: J) rsecondary to depression.
! E# c+ o4 @7 a' E+ i. YThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
! v0 Z$ O4 J7 v kThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 G1 g ^ q2 S6 E$ d! X/ l6 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 U6 [, F* D( w! ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
# O# R+ N7 N4 ?. U# k- n4 e7 s5 A# HThe father also admitted that after the phone call,6 @+ _$ K( n) U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 p0 o0 U# z! I0 w( _
was high, he then read the product information$ x# @. [+ \# d) e( m
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 |) a5 [( r$ l1 N2 J2 t: Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- A! B! H/ Y4 U9 U( E4 `+ h- Zdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( G! |7 f6 y+ N7 |+ Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
g* s7 Y O4 g* J" tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 `$ f( e6 K9 p' @! e) U, vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; b4 b. _" U. D! G
laboratory to obtain the test.
: t+ L% _4 m( a& }. @( eDiscussion
$ `$ p2 @3 ^ m" b1 aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 G( P2 C( Y$ @7 U, L: hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 F* k6 P% f! f0 j5 \* X" ]Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; p* C" C; m2 d8 @& ~
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# J; ?. {* @6 g
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& Y- ]. t6 x n* s7 y+ I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP9 V3 x( }& }( @" h' ?# i# @4 \
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( t$ I8 j) V. v' `; I6 L
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; L1 i" h+ _! v8 A) k0 Zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 \% r' r$ o6 ^% D# T* |/ T( f3 Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; y6 M' f: d' S$ t7 Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 }2 ?4 x! ]0 @" lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 f! B$ `- N8 L/ f0 T5 p
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by+ B8 I: z; G* Z) l2 g
gonadotropins.1,3
: W6 F+ a, d) O$ e) P k. q0 dGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: v2 |2 N9 R. {/ h7 e( h! q7 [ ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& M h3 @1 s4 M& h9 }8 S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 K/ K1 r/ D5 [: y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim- @5 a, }3 R, @# v+ H' n/ I
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' m. e( w, b, B. j/ _' u4 ~5 Z, s
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 x% P, K$ c( b, |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious7 z* d% i$ L C' T6 h, Y
puberty in boys.3,4
8 N% E( j+ X; p% i' OThe most common form of congenital adrenal- o* ^- g! m0 C3 J$ X7 e
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& S. m; ]' e1 {/ n9 K$ B& o
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 W* Q% e9 J2 `/ M' r, V* j# t! G' }excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 L' i% Z: X8 l$ t5 ]
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 Q% w9 }$ M+ Q$ O) q
excess.1,3! w) E2 |9 f$ r b9 {$ t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* T) f% e/ P/ ?542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ S- }( j/ `0 t& ?2 D$ m6 c1 u
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 G! a+ Y* }' ]' {5 n1 A8 p
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! X* n: q, E o+ t) f4 t
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- n B* v/ m" P- L( c9 D9 \very young age. The physical findings in these boys
& g4 |; A+ \/ r0 pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. a! \" t! j* r5 u ]4 l) @; c( Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% U# a; I3 u1 t: }. i1 N/ R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& c, n! T9 r% e+ j( `4 o/ Z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( X3 n. W* l Y* w
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 A4 X: P- \7 @9 v& {. Preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- [8 Q$ g; N9 A. |# T
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 Z/ X1 P: r, R6 ~4 W
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ @7 T& d- Y; X6 U8 B* o6 [& B0 I+ ^
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 }/ K9 y n t2 i4 Y+ uIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
& J$ v- @; j& lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
, |( ? K, m. B& c( `1 qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& g% i3 x2 T: k ?9 j
was in the differential diagnosis because his father( g5 _. K2 E6 N- N. E# ~+ O3 G0 h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 i; b% d% g. L, M2 ^7 M$ h7 K
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: G6 X* d0 Q x7 o- x( l& Hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% X8 [$ v# p5 ]2 [& C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 L a& ~1 o6 k I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. V8 g7 [' l3 k: G! n+ meither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 Z# i M; U9 h% Q9 D% f9 P1 U
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 }, |6 q7 l% [' e* M4 n/ l! ?
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.6 }, X9 w# ?; F _
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 s2 t* R7 P5 `suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% D5 M6 j# b$ G; P9 Z1 E! x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
J& O6 j' O, W6 K; K) cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. G, ~; p/ @0 C" O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' T; j) }4 q; w
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) L* x, W3 {3 F$ ?9 q! Q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’3 N1 T. P, I: @ x. V; I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 b/ X: G" q& n9 Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 C, z J1 y, l9 b- y, Hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.; i; y4 C" ~7 y0 B# X2 N4 d
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 E3 B$ p8 z. H% ~( c9 ]3 `- O' N$ B
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* s" u# J6 @* H+ N) weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: h) _9 ^6 t: B9 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 }5 H) s+ l* n) W7 T
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." B$ [: l+ I. p) `* R& I* c
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; R0 Y8 h! o: R( \) s; |/ w0 Gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- q' w9 T. H. A) ^/ }$ _* ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. ]: k$ f- X9 | c+ p* bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) A5 X4 R4 f1 H+ g
active in young children exposed to testosterone
6 g N+ {8 Q3 S5 \! zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* ], I* k& Y! |% h8 Ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ w2 y3 H4 J9 H3 nvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 w- _; C. e% b0 Z. P; O, jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! r% [* Z# Q/ a" h( A. z1 ^
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* i2 j5 E4 @% G: N5 o" ^& c/ O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ q9 e$ O- P1 a; k0 }5 _early childhood on pubertal development and final
; w4 r7 n2 D' t tadult height are not fully known and always remain
: q0 N: ?( f6 h# xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 U% A: a( r, ]* z( @terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& ?% e0 q( A- F5 o5 h8 F' [+ B) a
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 T9 B( g! B4 L+ m; w' Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation) P( a/ g' O, K3 `; h2 m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 ?4 d. L% {: H+ s) q( f& R
There are conflicting reports and controversy
3 m& q! g" N$ b3 v- qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ k# n/ l4 ~1 J, j% |penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! o, j' W+ g$ j/ i/ s$ ~- r4 P4 x" oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 Z0 I9 [3 |8 v. w' U5 Z% q v" J: culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
a; O6 [ `" d) X2 ~& |! b1 wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 t+ W9 S& h$ _8 I# Gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 V; E* b3 h9 ^3 R% Mpenile length in clinical studies.0 z3 C K, K9 r1 ~2 w# p/ W, `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% ~; w( r5 \* V3 @ @# `! p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ ^6 o+ b, r# c% |" E% ?testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 x4 y9 u2 ^- }3 ?' `the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 Y- l o5 w3 N, v$ C$ \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 u3 o% h, ]2 i8 b5 b
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 y7 u3 ]4 D& H2 r6 Zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 }- [! p7 K. m! f" h% Mheight will not be affected., @2 J9 }6 F* ?6 h9 b& v6 e$ }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 E4 W. I/ e8 _( \% O. Y: V
ability of androgen products in our society may0 ?2 C+ x H1 A6 d+ Q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ ? M) v' `0 v; S# r7 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 l& Q" }+ m5 [% x7 x4 B. rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
& D* ?+ u, r4 O6 ^+ Etioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 W$ v- g7 ]" U" d( dgel should be asked of the family members during
; h. N: Q$ k7 m2 e) Rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-# I: d* H" I; v f/ N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 ]; S2 U4 f. {! anosis can be established by just a few tests and by- _" D( c2 ^0 b5 N0 q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; x: _- J9 D" ^- Z% y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( n2 c2 F+ P: Q6 o" } X, @result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! y* `+ \- d1 \9 d" g% a8 F# @
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 |" s0 @) [2 C$ [/ z& J% D3 z# Uaware of this fact, because most of these children
- c. N `) m/ h* X& B: l H1 r8 Vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- L! q0 M s" o. i4 H3 kDesk Reference and package insert should also put a8 l0 x8 x2 D8 W; o4 _: @4 Y9 s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ M, X) ~; K) t
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 X2 B$ H! Q2 O$ [- S! P1 M1 l$ Xone using any of these products.4 w$ P- z: q. x
References
- S9 n# `$ Q- U4 A3 v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' I. |% A. A! X8 Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; S" v7 W! h8 F8 |
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* W2 w! ]% d+ a3 e9 R" g# J8 r2002: 565-628.
7 r2 G* l& F) m) w3 c2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' j1 c8 t4 [9 P/ F* h1 h1 P0 f9 ^4 x: j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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