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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- ^ a; ~$ U4 F1 r# M7 a0 W# U8 }" P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- D/ j+ J+ C0 IExposure to Testosterone
' \+ Y* }6 C& N M0 S4 S3 uSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 E9 O4 J+ L8 m! x1 V' Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ r2 U3 v" F6 p8 E% E i. i
Clinical Pediatrics2 T: Z$ g. a" j( U5 r N
Volume 46 Number 60 w+ O, w# n% A1 z
July 2007 540-543- C$ y; T; i! E% T: V
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 m; }7 E- Y' L. b8 L7 w9 Z10.1177/0009922806296651" Q4 o% [3 t% V. Z5 L) E) Q" D# Y
http://clp.sagepub.com
' j7 J+ m* J# ^! X9 t" Nhosted at8 Y- B' t u0 K8 T$ a8 j. P
http://online.sagepub.com
& U. l$ j2 \* w; l/ p5 `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 n& R7 L4 D* h: Wis a significant concern for physicians. Central) |. a7 F6 e Q4 ]6 R" [# F. ]- r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 d: O) N9 M1 ^: e3 Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ a# [7 r9 r/ Y, \* f& ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system: O8 A2 O A. B
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 Q& ?- n4 {( p1 i( a4 _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% H4 m$ h& l) O2 g& R
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 `! X( z+ G: \: d8 _/ i; icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 }: n0 ?6 E& U3 G5 W6 k
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- N# i7 E% p0 A# J. E# G8 fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 p( ^. d6 C; H" }6 q; a u
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 h5 A9 o$ A4 T& d2 i) l
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ Q+ {+ N' ^7 x
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 H0 w/ D, ] _0 u& j2 H0 m; B
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 \( ?: i/ F6 P; Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) [6 Y' o( h6 G2 g% f; gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" h, y. f% B+ J! ~$ r
bly more common than the rare case report in the; m, n: f" i* c5 b+ ^2 J
literature.4" v9 B' J. E" z( u6 i N) h6 e+ j
Patient Report
+ b; e; Y' U$ c$ M0 fA 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 |' [& o1 d7 w0 F9 s6 j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; }3 ]! v* Z) o# Z, E# Y3 s) |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# R- X) W9 Q5 o% t: L/ o- Elight colored pubic hair development when he was$ X! Q: Q" t! R" p* I
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& O' a; u) A8 g1 }South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% I0 g% c& H+ g; \/ o6 G2 ZAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 n+ i% l* M# z* `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( a; L5 D {: o- @Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! l6 q. t7 y8 [- X+ r* m
e-mail: [email protected].
8 l. }, r" H1 X7 I; E8 w- n4 yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- ]8 |1 n7 P* |' o+ ?) Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* ~6 ]: H7 t6 p7 Q: ^. P
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% f% W! [! g v5 hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
}1 ?8 l2 ?7 e) P, o" c7 Ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 @ o Z. X3 y# t' n% W9 `2 L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 ?- j4 r' ?* }
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 c6 {0 x0 [/ n; i, K9 S0 L/ Y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& s2 w% q. ~) F, z( C! M! m; B% x
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! E: K6 S2 a" L( K3 W" m; [
was age appropriate.
F' q! N& L6 d% KThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 k2 Q# `& w+ X- _9 ~: P9 dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* @8 U' [/ h* D. q8 _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 `7 P( E% W4 t1 z8 \# T: @7 m! s
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
# N! s. a1 g( t; |' T4 m( e2 pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% e3 {" Q# P. k0 N1 a5 ~4 iThe father denied taking any other medication. The* F5 A2 e4 B5 {! d$ e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" r* c* z( ?- R4 `6 O8 G! U8 I
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet7 ?8 H! g) @2 F; Y; ~/ p! F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre- ?: k4 u1 T, g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
' [, o6 k$ H: E" P5 Otives. There were no siblings.
9 s3 A( V: O4 U% {$ ~Physical Examination
$ c p$ f* m: T, Q4 S2 O. ?* ?- X' SThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 @$ o$ c# t1 ?. qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: Z! m: r) P: Q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was n3 a8 Z5 r9 O0 m6 K2 h# E$ e& L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ g# k% f" z" c% O
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
2 i/ O5 G& y0 I# \" {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' C! m' ]) t$ O0 E$ N8 U! V
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 r2 a' t; J, w: IThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* W/ ~3 K: e8 x, O S$ n4 C: k1 V2 Aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of0 P3 V, ^* m+ @0 B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ I3 C F2 e' ?- r( x5 e
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
6 ^* N/ N" n0 h* Z540
# \2 b( F- M* q) z& l% Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* O/ N, N* Y& V! d. e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 e; f" [7 p# }8 l3 y8 O* G* ?0 K. N: X
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; f4 D' L3 U( o# cThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 W' Q9 I+ O {( c3 eoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& Z) p" f R- j7 ]. \$ C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.' N7 M0 K# t( O
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+$ L9 i/ e+ g2 \. H1 ~& ^# k8 ^& M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 H ]- H0 e, B$ Y5 c y$ }- fof papilledema.6 [ K" z7 O7 `* A$ I5 o8 V
Laboratory Evaluation
7 D" |, c$ O3 z- cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 s/ c+ K/ t K' Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono- p) @* i# [) r8 E% J* `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 t# C3 w: t9 u# Q5 k5 b6 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; ^+ @! D9 K$ d8 M% g8 F; z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- x* T" z7 o9 i3 A6 |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% s. h$ X- O% HThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! [# p/ u+ P; V9 [3 y4 g. q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 }- E* D! Z6 J7 D+ V2 r3 i" d& Rwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 i; v0 q0 ^4 v' n( I& U* Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 K# X+ `0 T0 C, Q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# H; `: L+ K& F# b M! X0 L: rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 J% l A2 j& r. G
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. D5 P6 S# a3 D& Z+ a0 r1 N4 g
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' u$ v$ J. Q4 W" I+ X5 P1 l; I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# c) `# Y* x" Q! K0 nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ?& U U W& B) }tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ i* ~. v9 @ z- c9 t5 F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* j6 N. ~3 U7 d+ ]5 C5 Qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- [8 {- a/ Y/ j- _% a" i; M5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 Q1 Q7 J. r, U. b/ G7 Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ W5 B; t* d* J- r+ M) D econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ B' L6 f9 k o3 d2 a& n
(prepubertal).
1 _. v% N) h: |0 U c% tThe parents were notified about the laboratory
0 g2 n6 W5 G9 \8 oresults and were informed that all of the tests were$ W8 b( Y/ i! t, Z0 @; n
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 ]7 b o) D$ e: U# {5 G" hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
v' K6 j- \$ Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* {4 C R% m! ^5 o
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- u! C0 J3 K- T
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% {, W* [; [4 E0 q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 Q6 Q& B2 W6 j4 P. }) }- M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ m$ V6 x3 f* {$ z0 u& J+ m& A$ _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 A2 M' g4 {$ d; R, p0 L* C. A, b
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) u9 K% A" _4 i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 O( `/ I& P& ^- c( h+ EmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% X7 J# m' ?; `* ~The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 I9 k. E" Z. N1 d! e* e! s9 wing frequent erections.* \1 X9 T* ^* M
Both parents were again questioned about use of0 ]+ }9 f: X$ v8 d
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- O4 j( p; p, E" p- k4 O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ I" T) ]% E7 D! L% eTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
" f% n$ ]( p7 e& N, Wuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* h' s7 j, U. \' Y/ X" b9 Z7 r: r' \% uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 ]' f4 W8 v- C, V) W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ a3 L6 ^6 b. J+ J$ Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. }2 B) `. b7 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* D4 j' x5 i' o" \) a; P
secondary to depression.
' O9 o1 I& L. Y9 D8 { a* lThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 {+ t/ p& I O* YThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- O0 l$ U9 F5 P. [- Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: g6 z" v" l8 Z9 ?: k
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 T# p g+ P- r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,0 e5 ~2 R+ I6 e6 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& R3 c9 v+ e- b% c. lwas high, he then read the product information
- O7 h3 r, I2 npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 @9 }; z9 a/ L& }# X" x5 yson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 q0 J0 ^, M; _9 a- L% |* d6 Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. }4 j7 c, }# C* V! J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 k9 C) g- B. jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! [9 U. q* U) m( O
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! s, X0 p8 z/ \
laboratory to obtain the test.$ T7 Z% o& c6 Z: [ F. C0 k
Discussion
+ D+ p% O' e" |! pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ j- _2 \4 u! {6 ^( ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( k* W/ k7 ~* P, S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. v- [6 z) s1 y: m2 m$ k3 p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 q1 F. I z# L
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 M* Y$ t: i% z4 M0 Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 b# a/ ^' D4 T9 kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 N3 Z# o: [; I* hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: Y& Z' U( ?8 R: @* Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha- @" Y& C; P0 ]% {5 P2 ~% G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 H, m1 N3 c8 f% _boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! l. m, F4 s: M \$ x% g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ x% O7 p3 c& |( ]! ~( a# P2 i
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ d$ \" O6 R* Ogonadotropins.1,3$ D8 @2 n5 L2 }6 o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' Y$ E5 _ h! l3 A6 ` T) I+ _$ E, |: M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* ]/ B- U+ l* t N# T% Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' f2 Z0 s( A" `- {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ E8 r( x. s! Y; t4 X& T8 X' N; Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: k/ F/ i. M" J" ^2 F! e4 l
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ^! V, u) Q8 c/ A A9 D, eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious7 t6 b% `% U+ Y2 d, \) p* ^6 Q: ^ `
puberty in boys.3,4+ z4 x" ~1 z* |5 x
The most common form of congenital adrenal, X. A# \9 L; s0 k: i4 s5 V1 P
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- k3 l) x8 k2 r% OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ g. z0 f. [6 A. I7 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: T9 ~: Z- I. Fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: N# j! R* Z1 b& u. l
excess.1,3
, ?) O- q7 m& l" g3 Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ N& e( o2 y% m7 q' Y5 }, I
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007& K' k; b% F% C" n- K: P1 P/ n& ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ \( V' Y) K! R& R8 f* _ b9 ]6 Z
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 u' f8 z/ N: p5 Oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- n$ Q! Q* E2 `6 [ j* h
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 f* }; U9 r; H3 L9 p: \$ O% r* Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development," E' h; ?. }: Y+ h$ [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. a" \+ W, a) h! R% E0 n& J
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ Z+ F# g! l, @, j6 V
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 v& c$ \; i9 t8 O: p: ]& wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( H9 t# L" p# t! w" p$ _: Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 ?, i6 K7 z9 q9 a! S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 ~1 `8 R ?# {, N# q) d7 Q+ b: O
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ F) \1 d, I& ]4 xmay have similar precocious puberty.3/ J" a! l& M# I/ w5 j7 x; c& D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& _" `$ I$ y3 B. Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 x: [$ ]; l* c$ [- I# a, ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 P5 e/ g; a$ Z7 o0 q( P
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ M1 T$ y+ \ z* h- }
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," T- S' S! j1 s, y l, u1 b1 i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 L# H1 T* _1 k, b3 F% A! F; Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* |3 l! T- v1 v5 Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& l) Z" [6 B& B" d" l; j- fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; A$ z' @" a7 a7 Z$ v8 B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) k V! b" Y ydeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! ^, a( G9 v' r" H
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: _7 W* {; Z) x0 G, v' E
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 ?! j' S% H C% l/ w) v7 \
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- j B9 ^' @* `2 W7 H$ @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* Y$ |" Y% Y) f4 f5 U+ C" c7 t* `6 A2 b
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: {. c, _/ k0 G- J, ?2 e [
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 l( U z8 ^' V, p2 h3 o- Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 b, r4 Y7 n( @5 X) t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, L* Q8 A' c8 _+ U1 }
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 A, g, A% v( |/ Q1 L
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
9 Q1 b$ l$ [: J- m9 x& yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 l' k8 d2 a! i! ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% b1 k: {+ s7 Y: ]) u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to& s4 z2 X) [, a. a
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& M8 p$ F9 B8 N9 w: m* Q Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. q5 n# s# B) m s9 ]/ _( f+ o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 D0 v9 M. k; V: I2 s' z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 z) }9 G% F4 z0 f3 Q* x0 v0 uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 V% p- w$ z* u- N% u0 M: p/ M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: x$ E/ a7 u1 u+ Mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 ^1 F: f! t5 H/ i4 F) Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
a3 i/ e) K/ o6 B& L1 N9 x" gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 o$ i( a. V8 d5 _ U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' P3 ]6 E3 V% k* B$ |
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
h4 b# u1 f# o) C" U8 schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, S: Q/ m& d7 }9 _. l4 B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 H& X/ Y3 t0 }7 T1 C2 A1 `7 [: p1 mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 k. i) K3 B& {early childhood on pubertal development and final/ W9 t) P! r* `( S1 r+ G
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 I' _* x5 C) U: @a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 f- K, x& I; l6 J: {/ ]* R! X4 s, O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# P E% D* x0 z/ W; x" C
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ |) R; d8 T5 b- U) ^; p' }; l
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. X# Z0 f! }! L/ H9 r* Y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! h' \- i1 @ s4 z
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 P0 |2 s. f! M$ t' I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" N' I" ?& S" l* b2 Y* P
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ Q8 V5 [0 I$ |5 E' g: b7 c. ^5 }adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" S" A) [) M) ^: m: I5 hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 N# s# @ h; }% u* ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. `' Z' F/ E# [* d, R- u! }7 r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, U1 D- Z; ]* Z, W1 Bpenile length in clinical studies.3 ]+ q% x" ]. e( O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
l: h8 d2 t1 f% {3 ^# e* vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 l1 v8 i6 g7 H* J' g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* S+ J; C: d! m4 |7 Q a- ?) X3 _$ othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., Z9 D' i7 K/ g: y* U4 o6 w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of! w, S# D' ?( s, n9 h3 [
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 ?# I9 R1 F4 P2 ]8 I# Z) L0 Ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 H4 F+ O1 J0 e) \$ s5 \& oheight will not be affected.
1 r& G' Q7 u; U8 u; j4 ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. V, p1 S* }2 Q& sability of androgen products in our society may( z. y7 S7 k; ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
- p5 S. x- y4 `2 f2 i d+ Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. W! q) _0 ^* B! t+ W; Y% H3 O5 C! K$ Igen products must be considered and specific ques-- a v" Z' H2 h7 W/ M8 V, N
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' L: k* B0 X0 l" L$ p. S0 i3 D
gel should be asked of the family members during2 w! {" ?% F7 S6 I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ f3 S9 Y/ M# f
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ p5 e! g' b% u5 d
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 {! ?; f d. E( _appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' @- s3 q) w. ?6 v8 E3 S4 e
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! Y5 l! ~+ [; L+ V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 `+ p6 k3 F2 k. `3 O) u' J iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be+ `3 S) j& K; @+ L
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ Y% h1 s/ m$ A: Q$ Q: {, i$ y! emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’* _$ c( x; ]) M# ?( r
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 B- ~+ O* y) g9 g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" O7 i' b( u& @, G [female child who might come in contact with some-
/ W! ?6 E" F3 ?% b: k" R# S1 uone using any of these products.
& v/ P, J( b' E7 n/ iReferences7 L2 ]& k* r3 f* A \7 _0 m3 z9 |' s
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 M+ [: r9 s4 r; n( C5 v) g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
X/ b; p, k' L+ N' G/ uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 l. h' Q H' m* T' K
2002: 565-628. I6 I# a' O; R. z" }& _
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) a6 n4 G( J. G7 V7 e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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