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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ q5 r s7 I+ G- ^* q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- F- U) \1 H! U! S/ z, G& s+ @Exposure to Testosterone" L, H5 i# v; ^" }
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' D& M4 c0 v" }" Y! l/ G# {8 O9 H, Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% \4 t7 ^8 t/ g1 S! s# h! Q) oClinical Pediatrics" I0 B7 b$ j7 Q& e4 o
Volume 46 Number 6
# i1 ~8 `, h. _) J TJuly 2007 540-543
% f$ A* a, B' Q© 2007 Sage Publications
H7 i% _+ \6 F W10.1177/0009922806296651. I+ |& [9 W& m5 z9 j j% o& y
http://clp.sagepub.com
% d8 C8 s h( o! Q7 phosted at$ N5 L: Y8 L2 y4 u: E
http://online.sagepub.com
. s) Q p$ Y# B6 `2 ^1 ~: cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, X% \3 s# H( L Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 w' u4 N* u* L; \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" C* L* R* b: Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# e+ [& M. ~: }, | a$ M
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ A2 A. A" r5 S) r5 V6 ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 o- ~6 A2 r ~0 W* ?! Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 }2 L3 i! ^4 n0 I$ e( N; zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, k5 [, i4 [+ @: K9 v. R9 C
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' M5 @8 P3 J! i! m! F. Q! I9 o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) Q3 [) H4 S% Q: D& |# V
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* D! M% D+ R0 D) b3 m2 `. x8 p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ L9 l, V. Z L w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# b- X- a- b, [4 A8 }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, B& l/ M4 C) t9 }+ s; A0 Bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. l7 h- H: t& i$ `3 j- `4 Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 B- B3 Z" v( X- r( [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ G" ^8 ?+ m7 |" Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ \' @" i0 D- z: t. p. aliterature.4) O' I! }4 N8 { }6 M7 z
Patient Report
. I. q+ f7 S. k" f$ C( ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the% S" x P4 @1 k1 B+ l2 T- @
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 P, M' d- h% d, j7 p
of early sexual development. His mother noticed' b1 T/ o" p% H* D, A
light colored pubic hair development when he was# P" I/ ^" K2 z* {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# }! }5 l* G& U( W8 [$ e7 A6 C1 a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
\: t: ~$ p9 w3 ~Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ ^) O" u9 k$ @2 m& J
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 [3 Q& U _" O, C) d. yMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ `2 v2 H, c/ v7 ]/ O8 k2 t. }; Y7 ]6 Me-mail: [email protected].! S, Z9 P3 G6 y/ U. L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& J" L$ g! h1 Y D3 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: h; a% z, ^, b' _/ `5 x* rment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 d4 S/ |% _6 E! E, W9 q4 h# hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* [, H! |8 r) s9 W: a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# P6 y% I( `* F# y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" h8 L" M; B6 p2 A" o- C5 Iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 E; h' n1 a. }5 U3 O1 L
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 e. Y% G- \; Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ A. {. f& D0 V! m) Jwas age appropriate.
& w. D* g# j) q* h6 mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ E! t b; e4 @2 {4 R$ g/ Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% y% {% B9 K1 O9 [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 z# ?" Q% I! n+ L' Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: z4 v7 N% F9 G& B+ A3 U- eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 r, p2 F- {( C! f4 y, J
The father denied taking any other medication. The
}5 q Q% B- u* ~" Kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# ]1 `0 F9 f) G+ nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( l' _- d4 I& m2 `8 _) i* P. `2 u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 p7 O1 u: C) l( tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! a9 s! `% ]: v- d9 O5 J, V
tives. There were no siblings.# t( L2 O3 z- B+ f
Physical Examination! P3 ^" k8 L0 B
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ X( P j* p/ a j
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 r+ i! V; |. pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 ]# j% r" T, |- m! d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 g; ^2 D; ]; t1 M$ j1 R1 o* v(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% b+ W+ v: E$ C/ t% j
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' K* h: n1 P; d# {" ?" Z& S5 H% [4 N
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( [# W: B$ R; b& g
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# u' r- g4 p |/ e& T) Y& Fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 c7 U$ G5 @* l! y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: R1 P$ P v7 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around l8 O# E/ U3 ]5 A. f9 z+ ~
540( F( R8 J |6 l. Z5 j7 Z$ S7 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! T; p7 ^% Y2 m7 G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, Z# ~2 K9 j$ D" {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 c8 t( ^3 j" u3 @5 @: B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" k# O) z5 e4 G: s$ @% Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' t+ j4 ^. ^2 rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
. u! v' ]4 c' o6 ^/ V b" V' rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# w) R0 [6 ^2 c8 P" Ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( e/ U, N9 t7 X7 k3 Pof papilledema.1 M* K) @7 A P+ T4 A& \( A- a
Laboratory Evaluation1 w3 P! o9 @3 h" g% j) f( [
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 i+ ]2 }+ n g, ]; v- R6 J1 musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 i) x" c }- F1 y7 s* llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, h2 }' i; Z5 P2 ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' r2 a; s, ~: J% o; D0 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 R! d: K; J2 w$ s1 r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' ^& n. E E3 f w! X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
, J Q7 \! s" j1 W; \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" ]4 B9 D6 ?8 ~7 u8 |within normal range for his age. The concentration2 m0 T& h; u/ e7 J. V/ q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* e9 w; h9 r! A& c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% F& N6 s, h( `' r0 \' A; A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 g- J7 S" {6 h
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 Q, ^% c# R. w z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 @( g, x& |. N1 Q7 M& U+ K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( u3 F; |. T$ j+ H4 Q0 {was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# V' G+ r1 ~' _/ F# Y: otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. t% z# x2 C6 |' N# `9 U& l
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 k; e- {8 \5 Zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, P9 D1 s! [( U$ g' v) C J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& Z1 n' ?3 i) e6 a$ n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: u7 s4 Z9 C4 E, l+ }6 r
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 b+ ~5 A% u1 K! S8 u8 f
(prepubertal).: B$ G7 ~: a/ W$ A3 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 [! Q2 w4 Q8 R i L' hresults and were informed that all of the tests were0 }2 f9 M3 E7 s9 v/ Y: ]6 @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( o& i. w# K2 v6 q V: t% _1 w4 b: x/ b
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' R6 m: a! q, nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; e% `2 n2 V: i S2 i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 `7 L, x7 H5 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 A* K$ C* H* T) J# G N# Dchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( G) N* [2 |* X6 F5 w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. |; ]3 S- K& B0 H- S! c0 r2 d) x, Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 ^- p. I c0 c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* w$ q2 z# R: A4 Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 c5 h4 A, l0 d1 M' E3 @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% B3 Z0 l9 e. x. q/ T M. M0 MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% Q# r7 C b- C& N0 q0 \* ^1 Y2 ling frequent erections.
, L# |$ p6 r. [3 P9 U! h: U6 rBoth parents were again questioned about use of/ }7 p* Y" O& F! v; U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% p: l4 S3 V- I' b9 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 B" w* I" |( @7 RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* C, \& X. P- r! M, r3 x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. g8 a0 [* p1 i' t
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% ~9 k6 p8 i1 S. J' @3 W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* V! W: D }2 S2 A; C+ P/ R! U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; _( w. S1 C5 d6 W. q) Vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 }" |# D$ n, J! rsecondary to depression.) u# @' e+ i3 q* G( w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.- d# a) `+ V) A: P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his: @1 a$ x) J, M. D# m* g
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- G) Y' E0 X* t3 O0 n/ Y) u. A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! n5 y5 [% u) r& M) C2 V8 C
The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ \, v" g% p9 i6 l! Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# |: Y- l% a) awas high, he then read the product information
4 c5 z0 ^# L# H# C1 q1 I Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 A$ O/ Q g. l! F6 d
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: n6 \8 o6 O0 i, n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 P2 {! ?3 ~! v t; v2 o# X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! D: T) T) x; W- U0 h1 K6 E) ? u: `4 y
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- Y5 V# ]) R4 G/ V$ u7 M/ L; M$ u7 e. Ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 P9 J- s; K5 w* p' k, ^+ [laboratory to obtain the test./ a+ U3 t* Y- |& `& c0 u
Discussion2 `5 @+ Q- f( ^8 [! H4 l s# ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% C: k6 O5 {& ?% |- Z; K ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ w# n$ U2 {/ r. o* Q# y& tPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. d5 ?3 ?( t+ M, bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( S" a9 v) m& S1 v+ othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ d3 p; A3 o+ Q+ q1 b: d" G
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 ?9 d( X/ A% b' F8 {may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 R% G+ h, l$ a+ e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; _0 ]$ Q5 k4 G, I$ t$ Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) s* m0 l$ |2 f4 p2 E, E% m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' r$ Z# b. c" c' J1 ?* O9 J1 h( Vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 X% _4 ?! h7 E& i
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# h7 j* [" r& I3 ]5 a. Wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 c) h; [& s% i
gonadotropins.1,3
5 `" k! \6 m2 \9 b7 `- D5 m) bGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-& }' L& ]3 {" `1 M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 J1 [8 s9 H9 Y% V- e. v, q9 xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 x0 [+ P0 m$ c3 B* G
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" F8 g9 C6 i, I% e7 V. `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ m k3 N2 w. w7 ^. econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ g2 I# s7 Z' v0 C8 M1 [adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) d! R t; p) G7 L$ Ipuberty in boys.3,4/ @/ ~: O9 X' O7 j
The most common form of congenital adrenal* ]( e2 ?- v* E+ w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& O3 W7 i y9 R8 ]. e8 \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ Q/ g: a( ]5 Q/ ]' p+ _* Cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 A8 L. U1 E2 _) k& Y+ R
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 K2 h' }* c& F) F3 ]
excess.1,3
' `6 u; D1 I3 a# |# C s' ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ }" N2 p& o7 a7 i5 z$ `# H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& E7 N0 C. i: E5 l* ?/ [! R. oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- ~$ l: m. w4 E. R/ p+ p& @
independent precocious puberty, which is also known* _" [ T2 H1 ?6 W+ L0 S. N0 @" R
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% G- E, K. F0 M/ z' `9 D) C1 j2 Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
( u, ^7 C% p0 y y& N8 G; Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) f5 F. n# X$ S$ t' S3 Lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: B; S; O7 }5 h7 s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 c$ H' g7 S) U& z* ]% I! c9 H: n
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 ]8 r( ~' q/ f+ {
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 t- O# E8 G/ v' sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% o! B8 C$ ?+ J$ P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
5 F- Z# x4 f: [" p. Imales; therefore, other male members of the family8 E7 f; x# O! F/ G, o* R
may have similar precocious puberty.3; ]. ?" F3 m) C& o6 H( U3 F$ n
In our patient, physical examination was incon-: h* W, ~8 Y% c' j4 F! j
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; v7 U" [* M/ G: n& s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 ~1 O. O; `7 E3 K( r# r" Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
- M5 O$ V: t5 \" O1 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% y5 f* {' o1 D+ c9 O4 j, Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 x, `2 S5 t( p# ?: `1 W7 s/ s( C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) N0 g$ q" n1 D8 f3 qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' x4 R' g% ], F% D4 I6 }" y/ pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ U8 i; t. h* | e' j' Y2 M- [+ G
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 { o9 H5 }+ \/ R% K, n* x0 q* |4 W% Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. @/ \8 m" T- _0 P0 z+ l i+ m6 `0 sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& |1 C, v7 t/ s7 j
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 W/ v8 w1 P. Q/ m& V; K' H( q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 A9 ?# w8 \3 M6 _/ u5 ~; F0 n% jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 C0 V. L1 \& o& j; `! d1 M
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: y, q$ T$ R1 o1 k5 f7 ]) y1 ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-8 N Q1 N" z: m1 i6 l# @4 Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was/ l9 e$ f8 M: }* \5 \; z! w
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: B o, P" ?3 Z' Z, V: Z0 r
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& P3 w5 |( l9 U( `+ w0 Q& L' b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' [/ F( b4 G( x& P+ Z- d
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- u, w/ u' ], r2 a$ R3 @8 LSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' ~% W3 V. z9 |. O8 n j8 ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: T/ H1 a9 O6 H* V$ Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( Z2 e! g: v5 o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
L) E- X7 b1 q1 Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 U/ u2 Q( T9 l; Q! h# I9 Y0 c+ M
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 F! R4 c* J* c M& P, S/ g
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: P4 E% y" t% }9 u& f4 Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" R2 h9 E" T \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 Q. F/ L8 t# g8 D4 ]0 Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone& T E# U2 F1 u( |5 ~4 v9 X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% i" B" [0 D/ A+ k r' k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( W D% @! E* Q0 V9 d: N& a% V5 v
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 s6 H2 |4 r: n8 v4 P; Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and; }' Z+ \0 D) }' Z/ I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; _+ ]) g3 V, Y- {! ^& mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) e; w) O, a" N0 D8 Learly childhood on pubertal development and final% \- p/ x6 F8 K5 X/ V, p5 j7 j/ T
adult height are not fully known and always remain4 L; I& k# z( }9 o- }7 m9 B
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 e) h+ c( d0 t1 {1 S# Q5 d. K1 Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some; U/ h3 B# W Z& C) O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; e$ a% j& I+ g( K. Q5 y! hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 ^8 }' x2 _7 {. \% sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. {8 `0 a0 }$ ~0 h+ RThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ N4 O: O) d$ |! X0 q( G& Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& w- M# i5 _1 b- H' C6 wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" E" {/ C2 v0 k$ x" Y2 l9 hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ v3 \( Z2 X5 w- M8 Kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, t7 ^7 [" i# ^+ |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 C( ]4 h4 C4 _ K' ^" [& h$ [0 }childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 d4 l3 M, V/ _6 Npenile length in clinical studies.& {% }0 P; ?, k# G
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: m z" m) @: Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ T4 U9 D% f7 G6 z0 f8 y8 |# `0 @testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; K- j2 f8 b ~! Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; L8 `! i4 G* z o# B" |2 w; [2 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 @/ d/ X$ W0 m+ bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 s; ^+ r& V8 ? `0 Ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. B4 w/ q4 Z& Y5 [' D% Y" j! }
height will not be affected.1 h- F/ ]) f% `' d$ h( u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# V( j1 `8 S/ d p% s* x: qability of androgen products in our society may
2 i7 ?2 ^0 \; ]) q- I& E! @( Qindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) V0 [+ j B: g5 [9 y4 e4 wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( I" v5 e# W+ w1 O+ B- ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-
; ~4 e/ s4 t V. w- o5 i! \$ Q& {0 gtioning about the use of a testosterone product or: u* S8 I8 b* t9 W
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 u' f( A* a; @+ n/ Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* t' |+ ~& R A6 pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ x6 y8 s# Z8 W1 j2 S9 }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. s! e2 M7 M y, J( X1 O0 M6 x
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 x# t! W$ r- B" S2 fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- I# \( l7 b4 @! `' |# Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 z4 ?$ A/ R7 Y5 s) Q$ hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be% v7 w4 I; G( ], {5 q5 d4 U$ |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 W! @/ c; `, n1 z" M) tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 p7 G2 Y+ e; s9 H" m
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 [' n9 W: ~7 Z4 ?) Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 P3 A3 X. \$ p: T# s
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 d; l- d3 }( V* K; C3 Gone using any of these products.1 D- x0 o9 y9 N. p& v
References! N2 v! C5 I' Z, j }9 L
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' w8 q+ Z& P- O4 q( L
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' ? L( C# t2 pEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 i+ k3 i( k; ^1 A9 t# `4 l
2002: 565-628.
6 b! l7 Z& _4 }. j, z8 U d2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# `' m- R3 ]- ?6 Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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