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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ `, o1 d) `2 ?1 h& cBoy Induced by Indirect Topical! {" |/ L+ y2 Q8 x7 R& g8 T9 B0 {
Exposure to Testosterone
. d6 T5 Y: H* V' D) c$ k% x6 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" o$ {4 P: A; f3 ?
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, j% m8 B: D1 z q4 g% Z
Clinical Pediatrics
% ?# A9 e+ n" L' g6 `/ u1 uVolume 46 Number 62 b5 D: p- b. D+ E$ U) M
July 2007 540-543* D6 W+ s( y/ u
© 2007 Sage Publications& z/ g2 M. N7 Z+ V
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 U+ x) a( }/ E- \http://clp.sagepub.com
6 u; D) W- \7 {3 bhosted at
6 o$ i9 Z" A' Bhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 @" V* z2 G1 r# Z/ {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- L* C6 ^3 r. y1 K* ^is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 n( D8 E, C! S& w
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' s8 ]3 X A1 b- T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 R; x3 {9 B0 ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: s3 i3 R+ ]: o3 Q) y: A7 u' h" `/ f; r
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ W' X& B) R$ kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 @% g5 x" Q. K. O* ]! @7 dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ B" o: f0 v* @* F. z4 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
; I. u2 _! r' U* mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* [3 O, x- W1 m7 f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 ?, a2 k4 I, a( V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; V( n6 C8 Z: N- d
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 c: @/ }! `( \. U7 r+ O0 {2 T2 Z; wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) O$ i; X0 u$ U `! @0 Kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 {3 A V+ D/ J9 H2 C% E8 I4 l9 y- l
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
2 d/ J+ j, ~9 B# S6 w0 qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& R- w% M6 H; M% g8 L5 t/ Lbly more common than the rare case report in the
' C( @6 p- x, |- W z6 o0 p ?literature.40 M0 n& O6 f8 H. p
Patient Report5 ^) }4 m/ ^" n% }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the# M! M( U, J5 H+ ^' q" J, Y4 y. K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* Q D" c3 | a P! W7 Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& b2 q9 X! r8 T6 F$ hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
5 o) P4 o1 o7 C6 v6 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& B. K! G( A U6 Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 Y; b& v# P1 J: [( E X# \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ C0 v* W) L5 i# LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 x+ R3 H8 y; t$ W0 L* P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 V O* X: O' n& H
e-mail: [email protected].$ W" T6 m5 m* h, `" I" A- z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 h, Z9 Y: R3 f, d+ A" z! \6 ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 ^& M: C& ?& m9 c3 m3 R
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ~0 B. A- S) Y; j* mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' I9 F1 w+ W! [' Ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* x4 O `& N* E7 E, W' g+ ?4 z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 H$ V4 c6 [; P$ y1 F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 T+ G0 p6 q( E4 g" l6 |9 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! S4 Y# Q: o* v0 `0 \/ ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' Z% }! Z) @$ Zwas age appropriate.
1 M9 D* m! }8 q% AThe family history was remarkable for the father,
% ~# l8 [# m6 u4 uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' w5 t% X3 O8 \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& @* N# l( `+ s3 ?3 m
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 M8 [: O& b& I: c! gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." C v' G( E6 F5 `! Y# c2 f7 F8 `
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! Q- N8 T! O8 D5 P' b# Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, L# n+ U' w4 C0 @$ f( q+ [2 V9 q( Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 @7 D* @0 v' x6 J: S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ W. Z4 j7 H& x$ n
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ O: }# }+ k" O& r' y5 U5 g" g
tives. There were no siblings.3 K$ R0 T# q' k' d" K$ ^$ ?
Physical Examination
( {$ X2 |) {+ t6 \& T: jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, d& k6 f; O9 u5 S, W8 @5 m% Nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 i9 R" |1 C/ ^% M* l, Ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 ?& z- g$ Q+ ]
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 C, ]" m% T& N- {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 u. O% v' L; u
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* j( | D: x0 N( Gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# Z, m& j0 _, _- t1 ]" {1 L: [5 ]* @9 ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( F8 K5 z+ z, Y- ?# E& N" k$ I/ x
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 M8 ~. L R" u- C. ~! M V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* M9 d6 Q/ S C4 @4 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- ^% z" t# x. U' _* S( J" [
540
% ~0 f) q; t- q- J5 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, V7 a! s9 h/ Wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, ]) b: Q4 H1 W' {( U. G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 }. V5 |; O+ K" \6 _The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: z: d$ ?$ C: g( V: S* W5 B0 |0 F& o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& m/ A& A; X( c* l, @6 G& L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 q/ p) C6 @9 ~; |: J4 o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' I7 b; J9 S6 q1 `3 S' B- a
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" z1 o& n$ i; s! {0 Uof papilledema." P$ l$ _# n3 ~5 R- c( { M
Laboratory Evaluation1 W. j; e7 ]; C* M1 W
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; w, G$ K! j* h; Jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
) b: r1 }0 ]3 ^. }8 S+ {4 zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ w) j; V* s0 }. d0 x q% u( t# u
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& m* A! n3 T( Z5 H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 X! J$ W8 @; i$ E' c8 g. {
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" e" r# D2 n" L9 S' O' _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 k# b6 l0 U- b. e: `" _( i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& Z2 @ m; k B8 s1 G: a8 Dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration! U9 {- e! B* _0 B7 |0 k u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- n" f# |5 ?4 @ {& a# f6 i(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" g& H% c8 S* K( Kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' a3 ?# G4 M; y8 B N5 K: j/ b! eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 U5 r8 M* E, f5 H2 y# ?3 I6 \! U9 Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# S0 T5 r p9 O$ p& _5 E' l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' n' f+ ?/ g: B' ?: F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. y' W6 I: N! V K. \: F" C r2 Ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 Y5 F) C7 A7 D, r' p* G8 Btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 K$ U B. E& e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 l: n/ M# m7 \( J2 k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' q& w7 U( Z/ e; }$ y7 f
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* c0 t6 D6 d- s, g2 Zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% j, F' P1 ]0 W( _3 n: I% n$ Z
(prepubertal).& c# k' l6 g1 f# a) d4 a
The parents were notified about the laboratory+ E* h, X3 M. x- n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
- |2 k/ l @) y U& v5 Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 p( t' ^2 w( r/ C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 r7 a, n0 v6 h! }+ @0 Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* B& V' G) t: Z% e8 v4 Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.! j/ X' }# d: ~$ t8 h0 M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! [2 ~3 [+ k& a" C1 s3 tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; J7 Q8 T, O: h3 B( Y" U' c- m( p& Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ B+ \) N+ r, Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 f E) X6 P$ y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* M" d1 J2 Q) ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 X) K H: S2 s" tmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 a( |! j4 Q# h4 t2 |4 t
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* m3 V1 ~5 V$ K- j" Z3 aing frequent erections.
6 |1 L9 e& W8 Y7 m0 y, U8 tBoth parents were again questioned about use of
4 d7 N/ r. J; `3 W, s7 T& @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) x$ M. @+ S: u5 U% k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 ]# x, x4 T6 L! o' S; vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 g/ {& n. V6 r3 Buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 E: }4 |& Z/ s4 b. w! E% V2 p% x
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: E0 p: m f+ l6 z6 h6 s# ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# s5 P2 J$ i) T" M7 U/ v! _
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 Z8 \- j' E0 P9 o0 A- I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ S: A1 O' q0 \
secondary to depression.$ H$ J/ |+ V+ A8 L! K) J
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ e3 i1 B$ \6 O. D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# Q7 S# ~: R4 N7 f. G _5 Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% V( E. E8 a* L) w! R9 X
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ i$ ~' e4 `, J% Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% A1 o# ~ C9 X+ Q1 k# |/ ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; n9 P" [- ~! s2 E7 b1 c' j2 } uwas high, he then read the product information
1 o1 }# x+ V1 v! ?; b# {packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, Q% f" Y5 u0 f2 i. bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 O& e6 r- W& f- J& f% g4 F5 ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- O! S& U' `3 A S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ i, a4 F- D& p U; ^/ |; `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- X8 B! y( x* c4 g9 A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, @, l5 I, |# Z6 x
laboratory to obtain the test.
( ?/ f8 `7 P7 ]/ T$ o3 rDiscussion# Y y5 M+ p( a/ r2 e
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- ]( J8 {) Q0 \& u& ?8 g4 }) J
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, J; d& l# ^ T3 M$ n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' A, X# ~. x1 _" C8 |. x/ d, Kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 d# V& Z3 P1 V$ G; fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ V) H O5 m* e$ Z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ p) ~0 B% G" b; Smay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; |3 ~3 p( n/ o$ B& p# h* l# }" o$ Y. hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ ~) f! P: X7 Z: k" g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ U8 B c! A; v: o" l( e. T
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 O9 t2 @$ H5 F9 ~: i" }. z9 J! T3 bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ h5 W% k, N; t$ h" O) p' z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- z' j9 ^1 d9 d' A" U" V, {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 X5 U) Z+ a( _: O5 c5 _
gonadotropins.1,30 z0 ]5 w( R. \ {) C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" e4 G+ _7 u& d0 \' \0 e o" P
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& u. b; ~; b8 N; Y6 g) q2 w. L3 D qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& U' l3 Y3 S; j; w/ G" Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- k0 o1 Q8 |2 Q x& R& i
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" z, |. d" k$ n5 y$ |6 j7 L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 n& W4 |# V* w+ P4 j8 `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 d) A4 I4 {# v3 ?puberty in boys.3,4
2 `3 R4 R3 a; a3 C5 M+ ?9 XThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 [7 B' w. l: s7 thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 z4 ], c* e8 x7 V- J/ v
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; d7 i( F3 |, W; ?4 L0 w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. v) c: L9 y; k6 L# Q. S* Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 E! v2 O* H, D& \) w* U3 E$ J
excess.1,3
! i2 Y2 F( v7 `- t* tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 s/ `$ x- Y3 Q- o+ s3 w/ g2 j
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# I/ t; R4 d5 O$ I4 x6 |3 IA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& k: t( }! M3 g0 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ y4 { a6 |0 e
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# ^0 Y: S1 d$ ^& W$ W' A/ g5 Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys3 J e/ ~+ b3 {$ A2 C$ O, ]
with this disorder are full pubertal development,( ~$ a+ l: D( d' Y$ S
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 P) r6 R: v7 j2 _9 n Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, m$ L. v8 u" T! Y+ J# y* L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" U& C! D5 G" P4 W% h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; S) ~+ g J; s' x
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 ~4 u0 b! s7 l2 a5 @5 j9 m3 d6 Oautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' q* f% M$ W" e# }males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 f6 N: l) ~' s" P- t0 |0 emay have similar precocious puberty.3
! k; f) ?3 t/ _1 @7 EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, @9 V: F- y( t, R0 L7 i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' }# L' e" u; A. L) Mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# @8 @- e3 a2 u( J9 \& N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
$ m. t3 D0 V8 N, g2 x( Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, d9 ?) H2 D. a; }, Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- N& m4 s1 b0 V! {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg- T5 Z: B! }' e1 B% n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ B4 j( h6 H) P8 p! ^" p" bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 c6 ]) @# k. c5 o; R- s/ M8 ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 A( B- M( B8 X- ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 Q' f" T& Y* d# _% ~7 i6 u
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 J$ \7 R. s( x- [; a- c$ WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" S4 S. N% K' s- ^- a3 ^5 R* rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; x/ g9 R: G$ A5 q, @8 R* Y
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& e7 {+ Z F; c" y* G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 @2 D% }8 q+ b! W2 g. Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& G4 ~6 w! {+ z3 U/ i7 cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* a4 _1 ]) @8 _" M. f& H# G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# t8 v7 B' ?' B
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 C6 P* ]$ z7 x2 ?. r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 `2 h! |3 h7 r5 O4 ~! i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.9 K9 l9 H* x+ h4 i8 W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! C+ C# f1 h' Wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
; y0 g q- | k9 }9 f- |even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* V, z$ t" u [) g
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, r- h9 D$ x- R2 u
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( E1 ?: a h' o9 }! \4 o+ F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 c9 L( B: w/ X4 V. e: J/ Lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 Y: n6 I1 N$ G. P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ R: A$ K- o; v# O2 ]9 xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: }* k' ] A9 D3 ~3 u
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 L; ]% j2 o; W% T7 E2 ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
2 M+ ]% p# N: X1 Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) O4 I5 I" {" @: rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 I1 S/ ~& f& `& kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
% U* }2 U; b& {1 ]) l* H+ Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; b8 u% M6 E1 |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! G) e) q! N, R5 l5 B8 G! Iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
9 z: K' T: _' T- d- o% o. S. X6 Zadult height are not fully known and always remain
* D. M) N4 |8 S' T7 ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 c' R' J; k8 S8 c! M) R% ~terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: e+ ^ A/ |. x, L& ]acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! A. T5 @+ C5 ^8 k! mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 y! F4 K, J+ R" @# P6 I2 M& s' X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. x! d+ j0 y d9 qThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 p1 T6 h: Y2 [ z" t6 Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' ~- G* ^ Y& y' g' A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! w4 s m: E6 C5 P e6 r0 ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 @% Q# @6 ~' W# ^7 l8 P6 nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ T) ]" j/ Y, rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 }' a" R' m( G5 E! A1 |% `; k9 C: S
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult b$ j$ Q$ ` z# @ \, m
penile length in clinical studies.# V5 g9 f- k2 N: o3 [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. j! q' i: m% f: [3 ?
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, t3 E/ t) H5 X) v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- Y3 o# P* s+ |6 x. Pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) ^8 U; B& E* p5 e3 Q8 YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ S( B# {& Y9 |* w* {% Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 @. |& g( ^/ @% ~. V4 {6 K; `* zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) ?' Q. ^$ w5 @4 i' V/ O' ]1 M
height will not be affected.
. s" T0 b5 }: T) m, GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-& A% a4 e0 w0 B- ]* m
ability of androgen products in our society may4 B2 T) I" F; w2 V$ s- r9 F0 b
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# t ^# b7 U% H: U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, [: b; }3 Y6 l2 h3 ygen products must be considered and specific ques-3 s4 g% x+ |0 M9 k r4 F- y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, V! J9 c8 o1 b' r; i
gel should be asked of the family members during
. b4 Y( _# U$ ?. B+ J9 F5 Othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-* f3 D: X4 t/ g5 Y2 K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 B3 A) v5 J5 j( R7 P. G" |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; I j6 E) [+ ?! s+ t! [8 H1 n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 }4 c& w, z/ ?/ c( v# L5 N+ jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) N6 F1 x [9 f! p [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" @8 s9 {0 _; V2 Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ J0 O7 d; u# N
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ G" q L" J/ p) _$ y/ n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 C' m! o/ ~7 {& P" B3 m0 x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# r* ^# O+ }, r0 M3 _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; i Y/ u, M& X/ p1 Cfemale child who might come in contact with some-- u1 `* ~5 {9 Y! m3 g% V+ W" {
one using any of these products.
! E/ ?* e. j9 r: a: H4 [References
9 s+ ?( W9 s7 w. {5 ?4 y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: R/ W+ ~; }4 F* S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* P5 R J6 U2 A! Z) ^; Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& V, a% e) H1 S H% W) P2002: 565-628.1 U) i. k( G& H* s* t4 ~
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious1 R5 K2 o9 d o/ @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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