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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! Y5 [' I$ f1 C3 L, Q8 v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" {. e7 R2 \: Z# B3 M$ C: ^
Exposure to Testosterone8 [' I/ k, q9 Z- f% F4 w0 V! Q
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% E! j+ C* M* |+ U. h- J+ U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
" [/ } Z! Z! @Clinical Pediatrics( O5 }& z$ q9 ~$ D( y1 `
Volume 46 Number 6
8 D% [/ [8 j5 I* r- Y7 x/ p, [5 s# QJuly 2007 540-543
% p+ z, _" _4 _1 V9 O© 2007 Sage Publications8 ^0 H$ U" `! T
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ p$ _. f5 ^4 B: ]$ mhttp://clp.sagepub.com S7 Q5 Q3 V1 _4 C5 \$ ~, m+ @
hosted at
5 N: ]% \# U, xhttp://online.sagepub.com" W5 B3 ~- ~2 A9 z; C2 b3 ?* m+ e0 A1 ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* A. W9 r( E- e; |: I/ Mis a significant concern for physicians. Central- N, y( X* O8 m0 F9 [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated t; b& ^0 z1 a- G$ S% V
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ K; s7 u0 Y. v; F. Y' }) ?a higher incidence of organic central nervous system0 p& ]; d- D/ R/ L5 z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 u4 Q* l. q) K$ w O6 J( S( _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic$ N2 E9 ~+ l1 M0 J U
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& K( Q' ~% Q( E- v; a
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ E* }: k" F$ ]/ \% x# _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
G3 y$ J7 i3 @& L# \) fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& C5 H6 [; U: c9 ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
- U: h9 y- I9 n" K; Q+ Zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
; R/ O( i O* Q8 h! Wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-" ~; w4 [8 G" c/ C5 f
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ T% q9 c8 j2 O. achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 Z8 f! D M" c3 a2 _. Utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! L4 R+ _. [1 K* Pbly more common than the rare case report in the
( v- R, e) s, A: uliterature.4 L: [$ L2 i! r, H! w3 Q& y
Patient Report
- y; H5 \; K. i" {' C( QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the; t! Z4 d& b% K, A/ n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* n |( a0 z- u+ g/ e _of early sexual development. His mother noticed
: G: E4 X( E- ^2 X% |light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 }) H: u: U T/ SFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ T, O3 d: s; `7 D/ SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 s# n, C( d) E: SAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 ^5 T6 I6 }/ e1 E. bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! b" C" d& p3 qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% e G: I" A; I6 d! Ae-mail: [email protected].% H$ p* O7 L: E+ x m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& R( u/ W( v% V! h9 A* s% F) ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( C4 D8 A0 q/ a) G# y% a/ t
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 k E" [# I( K1 G0 ]was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" s! s k. O( p+ D1 o- W5 pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ M) x( P0 q1 C7 q0 x1 T20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 B4 ?$ C$ w, P' B, \of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% R$ w$ j$ @: |+ u4 nsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
I- H! K- K8 m+ q! Gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; x I, P0 e1 X3 @) f6 L' a, `, @was age appropriate.% r3 X- V. C7 O. B x w
The family history was remarkable for the father,- L1 ]: J0 w5 L1 ]8 W. f
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: A: m# y% f( _$ ]4 Ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 F, Y# u& T9 K" Eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 {5 c8 ]" v% R V5 ~. a/ q V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 P9 [& z. e, I$ t
The father denied taking any other medication. The, I0 M+ |0 ~$ l" ^6 i% T/ |* H3 R
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ Z9 P c' g2 r! A6 U& S# F) q! l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet" b1 a, j+ M0 [7 _
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" d; u% ^ O4 _" Y U$ v b
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela- _$ Q- C5 E. p$ l. e( \; f5 M
tives. There were no siblings.+ t l8 c/ Z: r) q
Physical Examination
8 i8 L# k3 B( I9 ^, q, t% k- K4 HThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 p- R/ |" b. ?- g w2 s6 c7 b
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ u# s Z ^4 o3 m4 I1 u" ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' y, Y+ ?& n0 e9 x$ x4 n4 g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 D2 h1 c' _3 b' A* W6 ](also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth Y; t% Q- W" q+ ?
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' t b0 [% l. }+ \5 ~# athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., B5 M! \* l/ F6 [ `
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 q: ?' Z3 b. n% G) v& ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& `- y" M- E, c- R. _6 ]8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% _( o1 H2 e7 x: f: \developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* d9 R& D7 S4 ~4 J+ w% n540
8 [" ^$ o3 l. _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, V9 b# z5 u5 C$ C; ythe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& F) U& v6 L. x! [5 _% y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 A1 n' L y: V2 e/ x4 H0 a4 r& vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' h0 L- T# _6 @6 u6 j! voily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ G& k* p; y* y, R: o& ]: Nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 B8 Z9 Q' O5 |# u W- c# P& KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- `- a: a& L# C2 D0 _) ]9 c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ `( \0 F" u' g- \
of papilledema.
/ a) L: f; Y2 `& o. @- p: TLaboratory Evaluation
% u- w2 A, u9 m/ B9 ]The bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ K: |% w" S4 h3 z3 @8 l0 r
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! O" ]; B2 x2 V2 U9 u. mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. d5 F2 @" O8 Q7 s, `/ z* rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; H& |6 N" j5 v8 Q2 u! q" Z$ y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ F1 o' d) \9 P7 h# q; s; z0 x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; D; x$ t/ M: ^" g& k' @The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 X0 o, y7 B' Q8 o. t$ {% nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were' B/ U! p/ M0 P( O
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 _; A1 T2 ? d% l, H7 |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; E- V! J% ?/ ^6 s/ a y( F2 Z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 `6 o* i6 o' Q& Q1 s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 }6 V3 |) w) w0 q: P
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! v. O" t7 n$ a( `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# G# ~' O) N$ `, c/ g& l1 P49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ H3 V) H5 _0 S/ s4 d
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" N, K0 q6 {+ q- D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) |$ E ?) ?' l9 ]0 l$ `testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 y s+ b, Z+ x. band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 e0 G6 W3 S+ J' T7 ]* b& H m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& g6 w5 C( K9 ?9 |7 s6 m
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. J# N$ Y' U- h( Y1 P3 _4 r. V
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 p# x& j# ~* i1 O(prepubertal).
+ O" r; j, Z6 i0 n7 CThe parents were notified about the laboratory- n% R; S6 z, t+ k I. k# s
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 p* I* R- l# \+ ~
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 O, k1 e8 q( x7 Y# F* |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- P/ i1 M. Q/ y7 uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& ^* B% j, q2 }. @7 Lever, the family did not return for 4 months.% U. B/ T! R% W2 Q$ G" t( E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ V! `$ S6 g- T& N3 A. _child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 {, j, C7 h3 N: L/ |2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. N$ j2 b2 c- {2 ]
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
" P0 P9 |- c: M; ?; s6 bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& Q% h, H8 y- H- Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
' p: @7 g5 z) S: g: D' P& D& t2 omL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 E1 l' }4 z7 Y* `9 n
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* a7 m6 Z, X6 }% o i, G5 t ring frequent erections., v+ i; K% C7 D1 H
Both parents were again questioned about use of$ x+ Y' R" |- {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 c) h7 [& _. U+ F7 ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ n4 j$ g# O; K0 F. D7 {% dTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ j1 \; J3 L9 F4 G2 `' i% O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( U! `) [ a7 I
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( z8 l! X- c8 ~, Y7 M0 w" W( j
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- s1 Q$ j o4 U- }1 R% X9 Z! Zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ v v$ X" |6 D" g% b# R
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 C% d6 V5 v7 A( e/ M+ n( msecondary to depression.! h2 y) N' ~$ N5 X/ A
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ i0 F& o. b* h3 C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 {. V4 I% B/ L/ Kchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% K, g8 a% B) S$ F4 S& s; J2 U0 `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) o' e# X0 o& v' p3 s
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; y4 J7 d: m' K( D4 O7 _5 y7 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 t0 k1 h1 G( i' [0 Q: w
was high, he then read the product information+ `; M% O. Y! N @# D0 u
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ Z0 e$ A; U! U5 X6 A1 E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 H( {% {: }) a7 C; Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, R0 k0 x0 s }5 _- s' T; n
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 {; w; p7 J" b% K1 \: u1 obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ M2 U& v. R) M0 j+ I5 N
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 R4 d* }; [. W' g! E
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ R0 P6 J1 F- P6 `Discussion: ]9 C! L( Q3 V" Q9 S
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" p( |; {2 |: y0 j. q; b
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 i: H% {+ }9 |8 U4 Q8 }$ b2 {
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 ~8 `1 p/ |# Zit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 C* H3 r) A% A9 C% K! Y( mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 @5 T4 w* ^& D0 J* s1 A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* r8 W6 o, J3 Xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 o% }# y. V+ ~2 }$ oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' V6 @+ v: K' i. W5 l7 u* ?
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-; r$ l2 [: }. B7 }
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# l- b F8 b2 t4 p/ m5 k: eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( v( ]$ R8 x8 p& c/ U/ ]7 Bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 [1 ~9 l) Z% J' J$ ~rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# R* i3 v% Z {4 V8 Y6 i; n9 Pgonadotropins.1,3
1 K0 }& I% k L" Y1 {Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" s3 W2 F# I/ ?- Z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& t" w! p% k/ i
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 b% S4 W# n3 V. Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% V9 M/ U! y4 S" g" d1 I* }' o$ julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ s; \+ c% ~% a5 {congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 i! @/ {- N+ N- \4 x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 _7 i# ?: E" qpuberty in boys.3,4
, e- d! b& f6 E5 x7 zThe most common form of congenital adrenal r ?, Q6 t7 \
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- V5 U9 A) T7 m3 G* H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. r5 M A4 M' f5 d* |9 g
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 {$ ]' C# w8 o( h+ ]: {% zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 ^, O5 ^% ^+ G, c% e& G9 y
excess.1,3& R5 b# p. h' E9 ]# v3 e2 F8 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ f+ _ H: B2 s: b8 |' |542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 A8 p; N& T2 Q4 m) m8 ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
8 r- d4 ?9 j& H% u2 s2 \- Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ [" D7 s$ R, W7 Qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 ?0 c+ A9 U7 i! L8 v7 V" avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
) v2 p% Y; e- ~* twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# f6 K% F7 s- k6 E6 X1 d0 Kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 Y9 U4 V& D2 `1 _. G/ S" ^' {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; N( a: n! Z. N4 r6 G; X& x! xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, W. O6 V. X" r4 o+ t7 Q- g( \2 t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- e- e! Z# _; K9 Lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 \0 c1 A- P' M- D8 M; p; [autosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ t' K: i! w2 _/ R3 f- E' v
males; therefore, other male members of the family- P/ \3 Q& `: X' G
may have similar precocious puberty.3
2 G+ f' |5 Y& ?- z7 CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-7 C5 b" A' B, n% l
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 r+ F A8 s2 ?; P' P6 s5 rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis5 g) [4 T1 h& g+ w( K2 c
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
# f5 |( G& u- Z& y" D- J- ^( Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 W+ f$ W$ \, ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 _2 U4 [! b2 ~/ b8 F2 ]beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ M& F& u" C8 F: q1 S+ l! @3 Dative initial history of androgen exposure, our: |3 K: |9 H z! k( s( `
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,* K1 r! E; _. [1 q+ V! V
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! O" Y! {: O: Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& W0 z3 m; E$ d: B/ uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: y6 I: B: E' L5 D9 [
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 R: f5 T& j9 G; }) ^
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 n$ `, m. p' d# n7 Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 q) u6 E# [5 X1 L7 e/ S
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) p9 [+ }* I4 |+ z# A9 b9 i4 q( r
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 _8 c! g3 h7 h( k i4 [9 kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( y2 R7 U: ~- s
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- I3 U u, D8 U" v* R' jDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ d2 z: W8 p/ P6 n1 Xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ W3 E# Z: o# [9 qunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# o. ]( m y; e- Z) @: VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the( {9 l. j) c$ J/ `2 ~ \6 F; X; X3 I
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 f7 P0 j; i9 S, ?4 T- O' h
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 I) c8 O7 k G4 @# |
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: f* u, H+ Y8 X) y# A" K ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) O0 x. J4 B. _) F5 g' Y; e0 [Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,, d2 `5 G5 d' ?3 w J7 H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* W! B6 ]) l5 S9 G& O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ n2 [. {' R& c8 W( aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 B- a V& ~' f! i' E( \) ?0 mactive in young children exposed to testosterone* a) z& f8 r' z2 i: K
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* [! f- i3 v- {6 f0 g6 r3 Ldrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% ?; @) U0 G( e0 ?7 z) {# Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ j1 Y4 C% H9 ?2 A/ ]4 W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 Y: g2 m& v- z% h( S+ D/ _/ A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; o( @0 z. C4 ?& N; P- u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 a v3 Q4 s% z9 A
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# P$ B& P: l# `, ~& P/ Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
1 D0 G4 X3 o' z, N0 t& ?; z* ~- ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; u5 [& y! s' G3 K) |; }- }: p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( h* `" Q5 E7 P- g( n# k0 x9 R# u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% \: x; P6 K% l. g0 j4 X1 mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 d( k; Y @) q+ |decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
y0 D9 B, |9 W# A/ GThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 @% s' V+ F3 v+ e5 R' a
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
K. R6 f- w$ R; ?7 Ipenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 w8 {+ C1 Q7 [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* v$ A" g9 K3 h; R- O: ]5 i% q0 P+ yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
F, u9 ?# z! T2 N: CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 ~# t% e2 ]1 n" F( L
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& p! C y9 C5 kpenile length in clinical studies.& ^5 o7 ]9 D. P5 ^! n3 T8 y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ p7 j& s' Q& {7 B/ |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; S) q- q% q! X4 l, I: z- M$ Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ D0 b+ I2 d! wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ p4 d7 i! p( c
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) a& t& J2 ^8 K/ d6 ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 ^- E: ~1 N1 z/ ~# t+ e/ q5 H7 ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 y* }! J" N8 I) F# h: U3 j3 r. }
height will not be affected.! p$ t/ |1 y! h; g2 W. h8 S
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 c9 w4 z6 B( v! _
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 f' E5 J" U8 ]& [* T% Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female, O- w! q5 y, x6 b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 r! O- O0 V1 ~: l- ~. r1 Z2 a4 fgen products must be considered and specific ques-+ S" ]4 b; U5 N* L
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! I$ @: Q& ^; o: L
gel should be asked of the family members during( C$ k1 q% d, Q% V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-! `: h0 E: Y4 T- s9 ?1 F
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 ] x4 L7 e7 x4 {2 u4 y
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ ~& h& ^2 R9 ~+ q2 t7 [- V& Z
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 n# l5 G# W, u' r- w! p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" t. F% N8 ~3 D/ p% q) P
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive# t% d7 B0 a8 o) L" T
investigation. The primary care physician should be8 K+ q" ]8 L8 `0 z7 U
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ {7 C' b2 Y6 @& ]( Fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: l2 y l4 U! M' ?: ?
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ [8 O6 k8 u- T6 ~warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 b/ U; E, N. Z1 Y; x& l7 b7 ], Dfemale child who might come in contact with some-: E4 L. y0 `" {. g( E6 M% D
one using any of these products.
$ `$ f1 f* P6 E6 U( KReferences
- e/ R' A7 d- O R1 C# z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation C5 l- }* t* V0 _# w! l, Z% x
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 U) I& U& v4 ]' vEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! N0 i: G8 C* o9 ^# ?$ D' x0 b
2002: 565-628.7 W; D, v( \4 x. X2 O3 P
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 |) V* k7 `; y# f! x" ~puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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