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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ q5 r  s7 I+ G- ^* q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- F- U) \1 H! U! S/ z, G& s+ @Exposure to Testosterone" L, H5 i# v; ^" }
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' D& M4 c0 v" }" Y! l/ G# {8 O9 H, Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% \4 t7 ^8 t/ g1 S! s# h! Q) oClinical Pediatrics" I0 B7 b$ j7 Q& e4 o
Volume 46 Number 6
# i1 ~8 `, h. _) J  TJuly 2007 540-543
% f$ A* a, B' Q© 2007 Sage Publications
  H7 i% _+ \6 F  W10.1177/0009922806296651. I+ |& [9 W& m5 z9 j  j% o& y
http://clp.sagepub.com
% d8 C8 s  h( o! Q7 phosted at$ N5 L: Y8 L2 y4 u: E
http://online.sagepub.com
. s) Q  p$ Y# B6 `2 ^1 ~: cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, X% \3 s# H( L  Q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 w' u4 N* u* L; \
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" C* L* R* b: Pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# e+ [& M. ~: }, |  a$ M
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ A2 A. A" r5 S) r5 V6 ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 o- ~6 A2 r  ~0 W* ?! Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 }2 L3 i! ^4 n0 I$ e( N; zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, k5 [, i4 [+ @: K9 v. R9 C
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' M5 @8 P3 J! i! m! F. Q! I9 o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) Q3 [) H4 S% Q: D& |# V
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* D! M% D+ R0 D) b3 m2 `. x8 p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ L9 l, V. Z  L  w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# b- X- a- b, [4 A8 }
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, B& l/ M4 C) t9 }+ s; A0 Bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. l7 h- H: t& i$ `3 j- `4 Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 B- B3 Z" v( X- r( [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ G" ^8 ?+ m7 |" Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
/ \' @" i0 D- z: t. p. aliterature.4) O' I! }4 N8 {  }6 M7 z
Patient Report
. I. q+ f7 S. k" f$ C( ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the% S" x  P4 @1 k1 B+ l2 T- @
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern2 P, M' d- h% d, j7 p
of early sexual development. His mother noticed' b1 T/ o" p% H* D, A
light colored pubic hair development when he was# P" I/ ^" K2 z* {
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# }! }5 l* G& U( W8 [$ e7 A6 C1 a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  \: t: ~$ p9 w3 ~Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ ^) O" u9 k$ @2 m& J
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 [3 Q& U  _" O, C) d. yMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ `2 v2 H, c/ v7 ]/ O8 k2 t. }; Y7 ]6 Me-mail: [email protected].! S, Z9 P3 G6 y/ U. L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& J" L$ g! h1 Y  D3 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: h; a% z, ^, b' _/ `5 x* rment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 d4 S/ |% _6 E! E, W9 q4 h# hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with* [, H! |8 r) s9 W: a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# P6 y% I( `* F# y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" h8 L" M; B6 p2 A" o- C5 Iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 E; h' n1 a. }5 U3 O1 L
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 e. Y% G- \; Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ A. {. f& D0 V! m) Jwas age appropriate.
& w. D* g# j) q* h6 mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ E! t  b; e4 @2 {4 R$ g/ Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% y% {% B9 K1 O9 [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 z# ?" Q% I! n+ L' Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: z4 v7 N% F9 G& B+ A3 U- eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 r, p2 F- {( C! f4 y, J
The father denied taking any other medication. The
  }5 q  Q% B- u* ~" Kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# ]1 `0 F9 f) G+ nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( l' _- d4 I& m2 `8 _) i* P. `2 u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 p7 O1 u: C) l( tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! a9 s! `% ]: v- d9 O5 J, V
tives. There were no siblings.# t( L2 O3 z- B+ f
Physical Examination! P3 ^" k8 L0 B
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ X( P  j* p/ a  j
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 r+ i! V; |. pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 ]# j% r" T, |- m! d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
9 g; ^2 D; ]; t1 M$ j1 R1 o* v(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% b+ W+ v: E$ C/ t% j
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' K* h: n1 P; d# {" ?" Z& S5 H% [4 N
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( [# W: B$ R; b& g
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# u' r- g4 p  |/ e& T) Y& Fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 c7 U$ G5 @* l! y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: R1 P$ P  v7 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  l8 O# E/ U3 ]5 A. f9 z+ ~
540( F( R8 J  |6 l. Z5 j7 Z$ S7 h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! T; p7 ^% Y2 m7 G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, Z# ~2 K9 j$ D" {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 c8 t( ^3 j" u3 @5 @: B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" k# O) z5 e4 G: s$ @% Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
' t+ j4 ^. ^2 rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
. u! v' ]4 c' o6 ^/ V  b" V' rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# w) R0 [6 ^2 c8 P" Ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( e/ U, N9 t7 X7 k3 Pof papilledema.1 M* K) @7 A  P+ T4 A& \( A- a
Laboratory Evaluation1 w3 P! o9 @3 h" g% j) f( [
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 i+ ]2 }+ n  g, ]; v- R6 J1 musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 i) x" c  }- F1 y7 s* llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, h2 }' i; Z5 P2 ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' r2 a; s, ~: J% o; D0 dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 R! d: K; J2 w$ s1 r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' ^& n. E  E3 f  w! X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
, J  Q7 \! s" j1 W; \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" ]4 B9 D6 ?8 ~7 u8 |within normal range for his age. The concentration2 m0 T& h; u/ e7 J. V/ q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* e9 w; h9 r! A& c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% F& N6 s, h( `' r0 \' A; A
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-8 g- J7 S" {6 h
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 Q, ^% c# R. w  z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 @( g, x& |. N1 Q7 M& U+ K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( u3 F; |. T$ j+ H4 Q0 {was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# V' G+ r1 ~' _/ F# Y: otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. t% z# x2 C6 |' N# `9 U& l
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 k; e- {8 \5 Zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, P9 D1 s! [( U$ g' v) C  J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& Z1 n' ?3 i) e6 a$ n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: u7 s4 Z9 C4 E, l+ }6 r
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 b+ ~5 A% u1 K! S8 u8 f
(prepubertal).: B$ G7 ~: a/ W$ A3 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory
4 [! Q2 w4 Q8 R  i  L' hresults and were informed that all of the tests were0 }2 f9 M3 E7 s9 v/ Y: ]6 @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( o& i. w# K2 v6 q  V: t% _1 w4 b: x/ b
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' R6 m: a! q, nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; e% `2 n2 V: i  S2 i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 `7 L, x7 H5 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 A* K$ C* H* T) J# G  N# Dchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( G) N* [2 |* X6 F5 w2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. |; ]3 S- K& B0 H- S! c0 r2 d) x, Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 ^- p. I  c0 c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* w$ q2 z# R: A4 Y
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 c5 h4 A, l0 d1 M' E3 @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
% B3 Z0 l9 e. x. q/ T  M. M0 MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% Q# r7 C  b- C& N0 q0 \* ^1 Y2 ling frequent erections.
, L# |$ p6 r. [3 P9 U! h: U6 rBoth parents were again questioned about use of/ }7 p* Y" O& F! v; U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% p: l4 S3 V- I' b9 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 B" w* I" |( @7 RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* C, \& X. P- r! M, r3 x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. g8 a0 [* p1 i' t
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% ~9 k6 p8 i1 S. J' @3 W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* V! W: D  }2 S2 A; C+ P/ R! U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; _( w. S1 C5 d6 W. q) Vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 }" |# D$ n, J! rsecondary to depression.) u# @' e+ i3 q* G( w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.- d# a) `+ V) A: P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his: @1 a$ x) J, M. D# m* g
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- G) Y' E0 X* t3 O0 n/ Y) u. A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! n5 y5 [% u) r& M) C2 V8 C
The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ \, v" g% p9 i6 l! Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# |: Y- l% a) awas high, he then read the product information
4 c5 z0 ^# L# H# C1 q1 I  Jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-1 A$ O/ Q  g. l! F6 d
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: n6 \8 o6 O0 i, n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 P2 {! ?3 ~! v  t; v2 o# X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! D: T) T) x; W- U0 h1 K6 E) ?  u: `4 y
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- Y5 V# ]) R4 G/ V$ u7 M/ L; M$ u7 e. Ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 P9 J- s; K5 w* p' k, ^+ [laboratory to obtain the test./ a+ U3 t* Y- |& `& c0 u
Discussion2 `5 @+ Q- f( ^8 [! H4 l  s# ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% C: k6 O5 {& ?% |- Z; K  ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ w# n$ U2 {/ r. o* Q# y& tPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. d5 ?3 ?( t+ M, bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( S" a9 v) m& S1 v+ othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ d3 p; A3 o+ Q+ q1 b: d" G
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 ?9 d( X/ A% b' F8 {may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 R% G+ h, l$ a+ e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; _0 ]$ Q5 k4 G, I$ t$ Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) s* m0 l$ |2 f4 p2 E, E% m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' r$ Z# b. c" c' J1 ?* O9 J1 h( Vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-2 X% _4 ?! h7 E& i
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# h7 j* [" r& I3 ]5 a. Wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 c) h; [& s% i
gonadotropins.1,3
5 `" k! \6 m2 \9 b7 `- D5 m) bGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-& }' L& ]3 {" `1 M
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
4 J1 [8 s9 H9 Y% V- e. v, q9 xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 x0 [+ P0 m$ c3 B* G
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" F8 g9 C6 i, I% e7 V. `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ m  k3 N2 w. w7 ^. econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ g2 I# s7 Z' v0 C8 M1 [adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) d! R  t; p) G7 L$ Ipuberty in boys.3,4/ @/ ~: O9 X' O7 j
The most common form of congenital adrenal* ]( e2 ?- v* E+ w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& O3 W7 i  y9 R8 ]. e8 \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ Q/ g: a( ]5 Q/ ]' p+ _* Cexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 A8 L. U1 E2 _) k& Y+ R
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 K2 h' }* c& F) F3 ]
excess.1,3
' `6 u; D1 I3 a# |# C  s' ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ }" N2 p& o7 a7 i5 z$ `# H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& E7 N0 C. i: E5 l* ?/ [! R. oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- ~$ l: m. w4 E. R/ p+ p& @
independent precocious puberty, which is also known* _" [  T2 H1 ?6 W+ L0 S. N0 @" R
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% G- E, K. F0 M/ z' `9 D) C1 j2 Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
( u, ^7 C% p0 y  y& N8 G; Wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) f5 F. n# X$ S$ t' S3 Lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: B; S; O7 }5 h7 s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 c$ H' g7 S) U& z* ]% I! c9 H: n
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 ]8 r( ~' q/ f+ {
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 t- O# E8 G/ v' sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% o! B8 C$ ?+ J$ P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
5 F- Z# x4 f: [" p. Imales; therefore, other male members of the family8 E7 f; x# O! F/ G, o* R
may have similar precocious puberty.3; ]. ?" F3 m) C& o6 H( U3 F$ n
In our patient, physical examination was incon-: h* W, ~8 Y% c' j4 F! j
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; v7 U" [* M/ G: n& s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 ~1 O. O; `7 E3 K( r# r" Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
- M5 O$ V: t5 \" O1 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% y5 f* {' o1 D+ c9 O4 j, Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 x, `2 S5 t( p# ?: `1 W7 s/ s( C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) N0 g$ q" n1 D8 f3 qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' x4 R' g% ], F% D4 I6 }" y/ pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ U8 i; t. h* |  e' j' Y2 M- [+ G
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 {  o9 H5 }+ \/ R% K, n* x0 q* |4 W% Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. @/ \8 m" T- _0 P0 z+ l  i+ m6 `0 sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& |1 C, v7 t/ s7 j
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 W/ v8 w1 P. Q/ m& V; K' H( q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 A9 ?# w8 \3 M6 _/ u5 ~; F0 n% jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 C0 V. L1 \& o& j; `! d1 M
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: y, q$ T$ R1 o1 k5 f7 ]) y1 ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-8 N  Q1 N" z: m1 i6 l# @4 Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was/ l9 e$ f8 M: }* \5 \; z! w
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: B  o, P" ?3 Z' Z, V: Z0 r
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& P3 w5 |( l9 U( `+ w0 Q& L' b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' [/ F( b4 G( x& P+ Z- d
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- u, w/ u' ], r2 a$ R3 @8 LSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' ~% W3 V. z9 |. O8 n  j8 ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: T/ H1 a9 O6 H* V$ Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( Z2 e! g: v5 o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  L) E- X7 b1 q1 Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 U/ u2 Q( T9 l; Q! h# I9 Y0 c+ M
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,5 F! R4 c* J* c  M& P, S/ g
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: P4 E% y" t% }9 u& f4 Z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" R2 h9 E" T  \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 Q. F/ L8 t# g8 D4 ]0 Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone& T  E# U2 F1 u( |5 ~4 v9 X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% i" B" [0 D/ A+ k  r' k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( W  D% @! E* Q0 V9 d: N& a% V5 v
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 s6 H2 |4 r: n8 v4 P; Kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and; }' Z+ \0 D) }' Z/ I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; _+ ]) g3 V, Y- {! ^& mThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) e; w) O, a" N0 D8 Learly childhood on pubertal development and final% \- p/ x6 F8 K5 X/ V, p5 j7 j/ T
adult height are not fully known and always remain4 L; I& k# z( }9 o- }7 m9 B
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 e) h+ c( d0 t1 {1 S# Q5 d. K1 Sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some; U/ h3 B# W  Z& C) O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; e$ a% j& I+ g( K. Q5 y! hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
6 ^8 }' x2 _7 {. \% sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. {8 `0 a0 }$ ~0 h+ RThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ N4 O: O) d$ |! X0 q( G& Wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& w- M# i5 _1 b- H' C6 wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" E" {/ C2 v0 k$ x" Y2 l9 hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ v3 \( Z2 X5 w- M8 Kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, t7 ^7 [" i# ^+ |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 C( ]4 h4 C4 _  K' ^" [& h$ [0 }childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 d4 l3 M, V/ _6 Npenile length in clinical studies.& {% }0 P; ?, k# G
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: m  z" m) @: Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ T4 U9 D% f7 G6 z0 f8 y8 |# `0 @testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; K- j2 f8 b  ~! Jthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; L8 `! i4 G* z  o# B" |2 w; [2 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 @/ d/ X$ W0 m+ bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 s; ^+ r& V8 ?  `0 Ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. B4 w/ q4 Z& Y5 [' D% Y" j! }
height will not be affected.1 h- F/ ]) f% `' d$ h( u
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# V( j1 `8 S/ d  p% s* x: qability of androgen products in our society may
2 i7 ?2 ^0 \; ]) q- I& E! @( Qindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) V0 [+ j  B: g5 [9 y4 e4 wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( I" v5 e# W+ w1 O+ B- ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-
; ~4 e/ s4 t  V. w- o5 i! \$ Q& {0 gtioning about the use of a testosterone product or: u* S8 I8 b* t9 W
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 u' f( A* a; @+ n/ Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* t' |+ ~& R  A6 pilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ x6 y8 s# Z8 W1 j2 S9 }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. s! e2 M7 M  y, J( X1 O0 M6 x
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 x# t! W$ r- B" S2 fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- I# \( l7 b4 @! `' |# Yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 z4 ?$ A/ R7 Y5 s) Q$ hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be% v7 w4 I; G( ], {5 q5 d4 U$ |
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 W! @/ c; `, n1 z" M) tmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 p7 G2 Y+ e; s9 H" m
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 [' n9 W: ~7 Z4 ?) Ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 P3 A3 X. \$ p: T# s
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 d; l- d3 }( V* K; C3 Gone using any of these products.1 D- x0 o9 y9 N. p& v
References! N2 v! C5 I' Z, j  }9 L
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' w8 q+ Z& P- O4 q( L
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' ?  L( C# t2 pEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 i+ k3 i( k; ^1 A9 t# `4 l
2002: 565-628.
6 b! l7 Z& _4 }. j, z8 U  d2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# `' m- R3 ]- ?6 Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& L' D! C# k! z" W" |5 i; a
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
  E0 K! C/ Q1 k4 k! @Exposure to Testosterone
; Y) B; b/ a% m! v! d% @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 t3 K6 r+ F& ]/ c8 tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 q: s& J/ C; P/ q. N$ \( Y2 ^* s
Clinical Pediatrics
) I' ?3 \: X6 ~; @6 tVolume 46 Number 67 |8 e7 W+ K- l# f0 \
July 2007 540-5431 F' ]6 j: E3 I7 `4 I6 u- }1 N6 |
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 k' _( t3 C0 i0 Y4 ^10.1177/0009922806296651( U: W4 o  w0 I
http://clp.sagepub.com# f6 }0 b5 _+ V" D
hosted at
1 t1 L5 a" J5 V- F1 D  T8 `http://online.sagepub.com
7 T4 c8 i- f9 z9 dPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& E, I7 p* L! z# r# Q' y
is a significant concern for physicians. Central+ b( \. d- k/ h  [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" O1 @- v8 c* X; D# u% N/ _
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* z4 Y# Q5 J; c# [; ]3 w
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system. Y4 x; O. ]1 O- D$ Y! O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. }+ @$ G. @/ k
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 l! [2 n5 r$ K/ s! Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
: Q2 H6 b3 y1 D+ I1 H, U+ rcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ \* L, T3 S+ W+ ^3 \) Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. d, ^9 k# Y- G5 X
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# V6 Z9 D; M6 u
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( N; C8 {% j: F. X" P
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ q0 t! u% Q7 S
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( [4 r' S3 J* ?- Y5 K7 {
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* X5 o# Z6 M; o. |" R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 x3 q1 I8 l3 m- s4 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 T* I& y) ~4 |+ u4 I9 ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
, ^; U4 r. i" N9 ^( jliterature.45 D4 k) a  x  n) t/ D$ z$ ]/ f
Patient Report- ?/ ]1 S! s. [' Q" k, H- S. j
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! h* @; M( `/ B$ \8 [7 k. Gendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 t3 _/ Q' k- P$ S# g( F
of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ ]% z% _: |; V0 ?, H: J  B6 z3 h0 H
light colored pubic hair development when he was# R: E! E- R! o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ [/ U- G+ U) Y! k$ OSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# e$ W8 M7 D$ ?9 R6 Q" WAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' U# @0 V5 V, w! W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) H1 s$ k8 v+ c# ?5 k3 T# D+ h0 jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 _) k# E( X5 ?e-mail: [email protected].1 I2 {& o( ?+ q  R$ l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. o7 `8 B6 t' Z6 z
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ {. {0 h, Z5 N! C) L& ]( @ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 ]1 ?+ l" Z! H. W& ~8 owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ J/ G! h# o0 ca birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& ^3 i- A0 J# W9 Y6 Q! ~20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( ^. g2 G% ?* F. iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% @) P) O# T$ W! N, u1 Usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 x! z/ e& k# F5 w' wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 n  O& d. B/ H0 p' k- b$ g) h! w' F
was age appropriate.
$ s6 f8 }7 |3 \' [6 H* D, EThe family history was remarkable for the father,# M5 [3 g+ z6 W0 E3 l7 z
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
' ]1 X3 T7 a3 C% G5 G- wwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s) T- h9 u4 _; s1 l7 s& R1 ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% @0 @3 O+ k$ Y: Z  Learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 Z2 p) K" _7 U6 tThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) J( w/ D1 J0 w# W$ M! Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 K! O( t: U1 E6 i, }
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! ]8 g, h; b* H: u$ X" P
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! q/ K% k2 E* C5 O: h0 E
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 z& d5 I9 w8 _8 E: o$ y9 v& j$ x: qtives. There were no siblings.
% |7 H# G( t: s+ UPhysical Examination
; C$ A0 F2 P! U8 m8 RThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% o, h1 [! B$ T7 E, ~# M5 Qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
$ A- w" B  R, i" O1 Na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, E1 u* A! o( i; m* M- x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 o! S8 e! f6 X' o: }) W, H! b& {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- Z2 c; `* e" e; e3 @1 {* k& Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 u- A6 x, _6 O4 @) l
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 b* n/ n0 o- }( K3 C# P2 AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ F- v+ B/ Q( Z; m2 x5 _& v6 o
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 i- ]! L# i' Z! X$ P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( f0 W9 v$ V5 ]/ D2 T2 t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around5 o' M! d( F8 Q# B6 K3 T
5406 E; c) p! v' `. Q0 Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 }* w/ m8 S' k) _  j+ }
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. k6 v4 ?9 J8 F
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.; |' Y* z# K# `  F. \1 c+ ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: [; `1 g. _- y* i/ C6 \$ r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 T. P$ L: C" K2 c" \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
. n4 n" K  }0 G. t" L! bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& H: v+ @5 n( Z. [+ Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 L: ~+ K( u# o8 I0 e/ {$ r. L, Qof papilledema.) [8 j9 U3 ~- g
Laboratory Evaluation
6 c; f7 v( G% T1 e5 b; ~6 `$ LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ B( O! z" ?( n, O: m0 \7 Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* W7 ^: O5 [( `* A3 h6 }  g2 Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 d/ r4 M5 I% u" A. Ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" W3 J  w0 _) q5 @2 k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- I7 ?3 |) v6 w& r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' }9 {9 |8 a9 u1 u# s+ \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 M  X* n% ~2 \1 r1 ~3 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% L7 H6 {  {+ h4 R/ `1 Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 c1 T7 X/ @+ C+ |$ Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL/ k, y8 j2 U, n7 m( D; s
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; o/ E8 N, j! Z. X0 {% O" \  V3 E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( b$ c2 @3 v, G! cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 i1 A9 R! i  x( p  U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; C) u( w, g% ~4 m2 D8 G
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
, D. B  v; z; m4 Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ K- E2 A  k* o( W( b4 W$ p2 U2 ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 \0 K( r# z0 ~0 k3 f) t( `testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; J2 S+ A# m" r5 a) Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 n7 ?3 c+ G1 T/ J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; s/ |$ j+ T+ n/ t9 j2 E
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 a' V8 }' {; I* u# R$ W
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
0 P  S# M2 l& [# R' K2 I(prepubertal).
3 Z1 P4 A2 i  B7 i! c7 UThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# Z9 `6 \. k7 Bresults and were informed that all of the tests were% N; Y& {. M3 }6 s' n4 @+ x% W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
  x+ y( w" [: o3 L! `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& o' V7 c/ }  D, t! o* N4 Nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, }/ h) @8 Q$ ]9 M8 p. s/ bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, N& [; E1 P/ R# q5 \6 Q$ uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) O& e7 O5 E* A9 ]( N; V( k7 cchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 A- Q+ H, i& i7 ^% E
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained5 L+ A- d/ ^2 ^" B  H3 I& C. ~0 K
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: ~9 v$ P% O8 Q6 u2 F! |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 q# T% q7 T5 J1 u* K8 m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 y; u& f  K: F/ T* @/ p9 `0 f" `mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.4 O5 x+ @/ |7 I* T% `; ^, y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 |& z. a/ c$ }1 A: L6 a
ing frequent erections.
. I0 H6 k6 m- W9 k/ KBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 X7 f* J/ G3 o" d( z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- p0 q+ M1 q) p- Y0 {: p" w7 O; U: i! dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 V) C4 R% U/ Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 s. K9 A, E& }& s. f5 Cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* D; K! F; \" Z0 Z# @7 R9 b. H
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! A  {& q/ `4 ]7 f8 o" A& ^& Y/ m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 Z+ l& ^2 x+ x5 D$ t& S. T3 Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, ?  p% N3 `  }# `/ @) U1 M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 |8 R5 n( S7 R. {5 Fsecondary to depression.- J- Q$ X4 a. M$ n
The child slept in the same bed with parents." }4 o) P4 j" [, u! b% i5 g
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( x' o7 m: u" n. i8 f- ]# vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ b1 i7 H6 D) b9 W8 J2 J
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- G4 M5 N' h9 l5 L3 V0 NThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 s$ W' [# P$ w9 ]: }when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, L. _( n* o, _6 S: n) \! ^/ jwas high, he then read the product information" d+ L& {; @7 f  h5 \; G3 s8 Z% x
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, T3 E$ g( B; b# \7 Xson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 v: V  O/ l# A1 e: R0 u' N' q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 n' `& s$ o+ s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& h: B5 M& M; d( s1 pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% n7 o# N5 P- H- C; j7 T$ [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" P; `, @+ j6 `% K* r! _
laboratory to obtain the test.
7 g4 p1 o4 v- q, \Discussion& Z) ?9 r/ U3 S! ]- h5 B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary& d2 H. g6 `# b* T0 T  D3 ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! Y/ E* q8 m) p/ Z8 G3 RPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. z$ s: {/ Z* K( O1 \* W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 J- T1 N9 @1 _# m* u- E5 M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 `4 E6 a% I! h! u* bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
' F8 i7 U* _: I; T. a+ z5 d. xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; Y/ D8 D9 N- u- a: t- e* Z+ l: Aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 A, n9 Q# y$ H+ o! z& @
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. m- `; Z, }. Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* P) T* B6 c& s2 @. E& x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' z5 T% R; A! n# b7 d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) \1 i4 F) C: {1 L& B$ urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. `# Z% W. D0 d; `- ]gonadotropins.1,3
3 [6 l. D! T/ u. vGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* ]' o" }/ a+ D; Ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( c5 Q) }) X+ w$ u  m4 O: O
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 M# o$ B+ v$ G9 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; P5 }1 g" v$ |4 O. V/ Julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; I+ t9 Y. \' a6 @6 Y; i4 y. \6 @& @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' E6 n( k2 D) a/ I6 fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 S, b! Q) o1 y5 `, L: mpuberty in boys.3,4# G! n0 }' a' U' }. U+ {
The most common form of congenital adrenal* h- b8 t* S5 `+ I" ^
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 p4 C( _. T& b) g' ?
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! H# K+ h" ?$ c1 ?" {excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 \4 u& z2 R# w2 M8 S, jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
$ Z" B/ {7 H! c2 ], @, y' U$ ~excess.1,3' U9 s6 \0 b- Y# W3 B8 K1 ]3 G5 p4 m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 D1 k, L8 a8 f& E- e: d! Z
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 V0 ~6 }6 B5 ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 c2 r0 w: c, U2 {: ^$ r1 R- w6 Aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
% g. n* A  W7 ?- A2 Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, H& d% B0 a9 S: @1 cvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& O( b1 [7 \' r" Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 U! X: C& c8 g, `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' T( `$ w, l8 I4 rwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 M; r3 N/ \% {' x7 E
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show1 [, z- K- [$ ^  {# C  s3 T- y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; t+ l8 O  ~2 g' v) O* N0 I
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 s0 n, a7 }/ i" x, \, F. \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 A; P# T) }6 t3 Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family6 p7 N( j  W9 N/ i) A% A6 t
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- q6 J( M# M3 l9 M  ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 t% Z, U- Q% c( a1 C0 Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' K' K& s( K; z7 S  Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# Z, s2 m& o4 Y6 q  swas in the differential diagnosis because his father2 H1 A/ s' Q: m% o7 Z  x; [
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' {5 k" v4 f2 T& f, otesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 X) P2 \) \9 F: D5 {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ B+ U  T$ d' C. n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 d2 B: C' T# z% Y! ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( A" t7 S9 i; J9 ~either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; {8 g* w$ f( L8 v; Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 U3 L  J. f2 G# B# b3 o% V: I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 V  k+ I$ F& \: Q( j
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 N7 g% `2 r' n1 D5 s
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" k1 ~  j3 m$ W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 B. m: r& r6 Ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: K# o" Q2 `* g% [! R4 L7 F' Fdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" g/ m. n4 p4 e/ R* ?6 s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 K* {: @' j/ h' s7 M- xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’2 g: v1 e& z( ]
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  G, K4 @# U& {2 s5 F
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  ^' s& r" S# y( ?5 q2 D7 l4 z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 w4 g3 ^5 @8 W6 r& h; ^% RSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' u6 w! @5 H) g4 N5 xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ F+ ?8 ]3 J3 n/ Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 [/ H0 I# x: X. h8 F- upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 c5 q' e1 g- [/ p: }: ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( h; {; v: V9 J5 K+ {4 t
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 U7 }# {5 h4 _  X6 M# iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 S# O+ E( D+ {' Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 G* u* c5 V/ k" N8 F
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& A/ @/ z! a2 I6 B$ Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone
- v, F% r% m8 i/ E# {9 p/ O' Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- y/ ?' K& ^: {* [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* G5 G) c& Z$ K4 Z3 i) ^
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 x, C3 o% D' h1 `& S) a. P; C, w5 _
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ Y* @+ K5 [" l7 o3 Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 p& l  \. t. [0 i% c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! b3 G: Q: v: _  A: i. E5 n
early childhood on pubertal development and final% G5 d5 M+ v- e6 P9 [( ]' P' f, P
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 i. N1 q8 |2 b3 ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 j- d' b5 z# s$ K; _terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: C3 Q; X1 F6 f% \/ }* y# Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 l: ?* O# n7 }% }- p
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" a9 q; T# H8 f- ~( B- h1 n  t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 z- e+ J( L5 k* ]' j- F4 U+ YThere are conflicting reports and controversy* I5 Z7 q- ?. H9 {& U* e0 T$ K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ T% C# Y5 p; o& C2 x
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 M2 u4 D% m5 H! j
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  _8 a, j. P' Q5 S. V! f
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 X  c( q8 [7 P0 q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- P5 R: O& [. f( P, u, A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& }" O/ N/ K! w) E$ d  upenile length in clinical studies.
3 Z7 L* K; d, F! _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is! x; Y2 O# R* e* p2 m5 Y* ]* X
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 ?, V" J* P# ^1 R* L! V8 W$ ?
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! u% V4 Y! X7 ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# o* X& o! U/ w! z$ U- JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of# Y$ m. [9 ~0 \0 I1 z4 j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- S6 d  R1 x* X5 `2 y. {
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, W6 }; R: t5 o( l' Uheight will not be affected.4 f% a1 N8 q) J8 U+ ?, C
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* d  s& n; }+ p
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 N; S& u0 o9 _! ^1 oindeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ U$ g( v. y9 Kchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. l& B9 ?: C5 {
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 A% e  U5 j& ^& N/ V7 h6 k7 Ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 u) a6 N5 K$ D5 M" ^gel should be asked of the family members during3 D$ X2 z/ Q$ I) y6 W# |
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: k, \# K! s/ @- b
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 [! A0 v5 C4 Wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& E# t/ P, g7 N5 ^* qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 [1 M( S2 `$ @history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may* q7 o8 q3 Y+ r: X0 D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
& p$ y  [! ~' K' y8 Finvestigation. The primary care physician should be" `0 K' }) p7 `* z$ G
aware of this fact, because most of these children" U  L6 |7 M  V
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) ~, x8 L1 m( \  l! v3 O
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, C$ r; {4 A! N! X' A7 M! N! c3 Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ [; F; |' k- Q- L! w" R
female child who might come in contact with some-4 j4 I2 x$ W& x9 _
one using any of these products.
" `& |2 Z4 o+ zReferences
- Y5 Y: ~& Q8 ?% l. U" [5 v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% O+ h0 t2 I, |5 V: h
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) ?& Z  `  T6 `& a7 a- @' DEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- \6 z; O( }; q6 q9 j2002: 565-628.
5 q+ C+ O8 }2 ]  E. R/ m2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 o' R. B. u- k; S" upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

8 A. u  i: d5 Z/ [精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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