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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 y. v' H; z/ K6 m9 [8 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 I' t$ N- f% [7 ~Exposure to Testosterone
. q1 e& V% M5 V) [2 _% ?Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% ?# f( J4 p" k& f2 e& N# Z' B1 I
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- @4 a* Z7 m) y6 Q: V8 U0 yClinical Pediatrics% ~" J: ~- m4 x3 }' r- o
Volume 46 Number 62 f6 s1 n& v) U& r
July 2007 540-543
" Y% M) L, F) i2 ~# i© 2007 Sage Publications
$ |! q4 l; V3 m: ~' P( u I( d10.1177/00099228062966516 l% `4 u7 W9 P* F7 E& ?# n/ b9 j6 z7 Y
http://clp.sagepub.com
# v, |6 e7 p- ^4 {2 p2 T5 n& }hosted at
" K9 v) u7 [+ U/ R" Phttp://online.sagepub.com6 m- b& {! a1 P) I
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
7 `& [" x6 y, @$ d; I1 O; Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central8 r1 s7 U. U; |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 k2 X' t/ n, }6 p uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 |" x: ^* N J# Ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 c) ]4 F7 Q4 ^% I4 hlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" r; N7 J% d7 V) @* O3 G8 L) lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ q8 L I/ R. Q% [hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* S% {$ z; z' }1 z! Z& h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: ?/ T7 e. d" }report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ K, E( K' g' q9 wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( |+ y x4 U+ k! c
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due \$ e s: z; ^) s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. u! q& h. h V7 H& Gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-) S$ H0 ]+ A" S0 \+ u
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
{9 e6 B) j: _- z) R9 `& Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# _6 ~" Y I0 g* ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
R" ~. ]. P' Vbly more common than the rare case report in the
4 M8 s: Q! a7 J5 f9 d/ s! Cliterature.4" y9 Q6 T' P$ A7 S# k4 w" x
Patient Report
# \ g4 W/ j6 {9 {# Q9 AA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- [, S1 r: r! l% U. I, Uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% |0 e4 z9 c2 t8 e4 b7 n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ x/ E! ]# S5 X* l/ h& _% w9 wlight colored pubic hair development when he was$ T4 N) k4 m P" w
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& C0 s) `& K) g: y. K4 m5 nSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 n3 B. U( h5 X8 e/ rAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! T, Y) { Q0 ~* K
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 Q1 ?6 `0 v4 \1 c. v6 Q6 ]6 f- nMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; j+ H( b9 A* Q7 |5 ?- {9 J' ?& K3 We-mail: [email protected].
% g; w; [/ I! X+ `8 d& i2 `about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 i! n1 g+ s8 }4 v* M9 I2 k9 |$ idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- Q0 o J7 x8 f/ {& C* j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( Y, q% O$ c( P" Y: Q w! Z0 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 a7 v8 `1 }2 d9 {
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* U0 A3 q( g. T20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* S f6 \3 }- M, j# Q; y* ?of life and was still receiving breast milk along with% t _5 @0 P* g" U6 }5 o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& _2 s- d7 s. ^4 @! P# dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development. a! q( @7 O9 L# F* A5 f* f
was age appropriate.. G3 _/ e0 B1 ?. |8 W
The family history was remarkable for the father,, Z/ i" R$ Z; N0 T" W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ S0 O2 _3 t: k5 |, o. I; X# Ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ O7 x: S! |9 L/ z* H. Kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, G9 }6 T* t' q: K" D) V; hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 \9 N8 m _! i$ b3 n. S, }; |4 j- ^! v
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 g9 W4 b* V) H0 U1 q! f+ mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 [2 h+ }# [2 w6 S# I+ e) Q) A
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* a$ O* K6 {9 b6 f. h
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, Y, R8 K9 r- I5 ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: N, H/ o7 d# X, @: X1 p' Ktives. There were no siblings.
; t4 U& ~$ R7 e4 t/ T7 OPhysical Examination1 W4 U6 a% }- [; X) p9 B2 V$ R
The physical examination revealed a very active,
8 z. J) J2 O! F( u) ?playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; m7 J" o. y! v- ~3 f3 o* }- j
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# G; s- h2 w: D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" q0 l' i# E0 ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. m2 [" z( Q, _" j, k* W! Qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: K, V/ a0 ?9 W3 L8 Mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 {3 b* G+ @, ^! [+ |
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) ^5 p2 C- u7 v6 }9 ?4 S& ?* c
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 N6 m6 P8 U5 B* B3 m3 O
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 C3 j0 r8 @* L' r7 j
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; c5 Y6 E& v& b* P6 w+ A540* T/ {7 h) [6 F1 Y9 P- f) Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 r; H% D. Q: _. }; }* Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 b+ K# h, U0 F3 A1 U
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# _5 R& M0 i& S. k: E/ p& G8 tThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" E, Z2 x$ O: poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 X l2 k/ G0 P- Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 K$ [# u/ c) R X0 [# s$ XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: M% }/ O K- M5 Z N% w
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 t2 J5 j5 Z- l: G" @) Qof papilledema.% E& M0 i# @& j) a( B
Laboratory Evaluation( B$ j- W! o( ]6 n( Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; o5 n3 h5 @, d, xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 a5 g% M9 y; glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 q" R% b2 H& \1 Ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* T! k- [ E9 H) E, F2 I
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ P9 c+ y9 I9 {- q/ N/ R7 t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 `" X! ? }4 Z. ^* K4 l
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% \, [6 ~: z% g l) _) h% x, C# x1 _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 n) o/ O1 W, c" Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration' d. a3 M+ E7 r0 o
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( E- _! T; P. x$ Z2 N. k(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) `+ ^0 |" k2 e& x. K) cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-* J, ]* m" y; X$ c" @0 U
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 M5 E. X- i" @0 w
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 }/ {+ V# m w% b" C S* f1 `49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ u) v6 P. G ]9 a) w6 s4 h* |was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: n( p' u; K4 @6 H$ g( @' a( Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 J% L* M: |" w) P6 A: ~; _, d6 _testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( h. H9 A3 B. u8 |1 e @and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 J$ z2 S: J& \- {. w% d. A
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 n) w8 X, o, F% g& X! Bstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. Y K; u. _/ l; q1 H! Y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 P6 e( Q! }* ], s1 n(prepubertal).6 ?& f1 _8 h& l6 U C: T# L# V$ h
The parents were notified about the laboratory
- k+ F5 D: H0 i2 o- ?" Iresults and were informed that all of the tests were
# l. ^3 a0 X7 s% w7 |0 Pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
) @& X) n, o" f) J0 u1 G$ W$ Lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, a# c N1 A1 _3 l9 I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* M0 P$ `8 g# u' {
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 E% n8 O2 W1 v1 Y/ I$ }1 C/ h
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. ~' C+ h' [- H7 T% fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: ]3 z) x$ a; @5 |: v k. |
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 u5 N% c) }* f! Y+ q2 Q7 U
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, c- R2 q( D* q' ^- O, ^pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 S3 p0 R5 i+ K* o) I8 k, \- a! Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2+ D2 H" K. N; A' v6 C
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ M2 O( Z# Q+ v* ]4 _; pThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! u; J1 ^: d5 J+ o# P0 G
ing frequent erections.
) G5 N; K% }# Y& b0 l* _Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 `, v" J1 Z- P& z8 fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, R, L6 i; ?# ?, hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- I2 ?, d' j' H2 I" A$ q( v
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' n+ l9 O4 v2 {9 y" W+ F0 Kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% G* O$ `) }( d# |) S7 f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# n2 q1 n6 b9 { x; H6 p8 t1 J% H2 Wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ I! l! F4 e; W) t* t6 Mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 a" O$ H, f. H5 |/ }, h4 ?scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 d, x+ u* W6 ~secondary to depression.; x9 W4 a% N4 c: c( B% R
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
: J, E( Y: o/ F$ f. c7 p/ C5 RThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his; g2 L4 ]- x/ m' Y. ~- h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. ~6 P6 b+ Q/ b- X5 x2 a' cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father." R, Y" d% I, y) [/ e. D0 t5 J) h
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 C( y+ S5 E7 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
a) S1 E4 l8 _5 J6 h2 gwas high, he then read the product information, a- a; @' X6 T+ t% y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; { q7 Q: |; K. b8 z) V vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* u$ V2 ]& W v% @decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# R n4 T& L% g8 vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had0 O/ p( ]! B2 P s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
$ ^, k* ~) F; h7 P/ qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) Q+ d& n2 t" e0 `5 B6 x6 claboratory to obtain the test.
: r1 {. Y# g2 O4 M: w; K- ]5 RDiscussion3 g* y( g1 I$ y! v2 z" g6 Y; h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 X. z3 Q6 D S- L
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* |, q+ J7 [# v& s0 `% ePrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 ^3 `" U& F4 s* g! U. `it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 `4 F" z- K# {" E; _: v
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) }; ]7 | W, t8 |2 m
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 a& u2 q+ S* i: e, N; d. [" G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is/ }/ F5 m T+ N+ w
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% n: Q7 r& X" j# z- m& E
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 A% d7 K& B1 M" m* K5 }. j7 S
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 P/ ]! {% p, E# S( B4 fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-* w, E) F2 c4 Q' P, p1 ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, Z4 H" Y5 Y; e* wrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 R# K# K9 S w9 k
gonadotropins.1,3; Y3 ]0 D% o/ Q6 O1 `8 ]
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 _ c# y8 u! j1 Q4 T, a
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ @3 ~; ]* |% |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 a( X# [; ?" y$ |5 X+ p9 q7 o
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 T4 _4 a. I" q4 sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, }' f# ^9 c y. V, j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& d* g. W8 H, z- m! n0 E% u* M2 u
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, j; ^ k3 Q" c1 t. P
puberty in boys.3,4
% Y) c- I! d/ T( C( T. b3 V0 qThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 H" m8 Z) c; s& Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
! X, M5 d% K8 E& OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- p8 u8 |8 ^( O2 D( ^7 U: B: O4 S
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ b# Q5 f. v" n. z s4 s. Man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 b) ^0 i6 L4 k Uexcess.1,3
# {, o# _$ f" Z: d3 X/ Y" g# V6 T8 wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 p7 a3 d$ [# B/ _5 ~" n542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 x1 F+ I- n% D' g) O
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 K# Q% T' s. i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# V& @2 l6 V! G6 g) s) [3 e( c. |, ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; {& B( c* w% v0 c% u
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
* b7 p% L* {) a, Xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,2 o( M h8 E8 R* a& t
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
t n8 I% ?/ Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* d. u0 [8 ^5 S( h8 v; Y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' J ~: {- @7 T8 Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' U& I0 r" P9 o5 W! preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; P0 N" V6 U1 R0 i! e' Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" i% V( {) m% V/ k1 y5 i3 {- ]4 Rmales; therefore, other male members of the family
7 O2 B7 k4 {! F3 S* j! {9 V6 Mmay have similar precocious puberty.36 M& `1 S2 B& F) ?( W. Z$ D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-8 ]0 u0 D! x4 c3 d, a& V: l
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! p7 A d/ r& F U) G/ t
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis3 D: u4 r, q9 w4 s: S
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; _( m8 b3 } K+ b3 T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% I( L- f+ k5 D' I1 }' c3 l2 _
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
" [- n% G2 D9 Y9 Vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; G7 W2 h9 G4 }! i4 s3 Cative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- r0 R# e. M/ @% W) W. kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 k! o* ?( d- k% P# keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 C. r6 A8 i+ }0 x& _deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 d( |# K5 ]5 N }9 Q! q9 ?) k( S& s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 C- t w2 x) g6 `: }7 H
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. r3 P& G- n% M! N2 O6 _) }
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! I4 i' W+ b- H5 q$ Zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( h+ m u/ e. cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 m( i# a+ P' c: u
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( [. k' R2 m& v- h7 x* Cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was9 {& R1 x9 x& n( u: F
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’+ b+ w' Y" W& {8 ^& s1 s3 b0 k
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 q4 C1 F2 E j% n2 }8 R3 ?8 f
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ I' k6 |6 V1 J! sunprotected females through direct skin exposure." D8 t. Z, w6 n: h$ r
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% q: m0 e2 s5 e3 g) I
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 N5 c0 r& i( ?& o1 [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 e& i: w( E1 V
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! I* N3 d1 b2 I- s; I9 K Dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 n6 l9 T, \/ C- @& _) F7 D; dOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ `, |1 o8 J8 j
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# z( _. `8 Y. v G: `: \& z, hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: E. Z+ N2 A2 ? {4 i( fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 z0 U: y0 r% kactive in young children exposed to testosterone- V G- J' \9 R$ H% L e
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 O; w/ U$ X0 V8 v- `1 o8 wdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- O/ b. F$ [9 ]4 U. S& L- tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 n# W% @( k/ ]children results in an increase in growth velocity and- A5 W# Z8 a3 F% `% q1 I
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 b( ~& [8 i" \4 s# S. aThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during" [! f! o* X f6 t! Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; H6 |: \) k6 Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
^) H* M+ ^# ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 o: ^- b# {' ]% F/ b( N `
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* l$ Y6 u$ W( s
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 R" l, N. @7 lcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 L; d& c9 e7 _5 Tdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 d9 I# J" D! S3 j1 ]+ c! ]1 F4 [There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 X, h/ Q& S" l! x8 b, { j2 ~. uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& m( {1 ?6 f3 s. `& B# gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal* q- ]! p! D- O9 ]* y- M, T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 J$ N7 h+ c4 i! |0 F
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 E# I$ z. P3 k, s- t/ ?Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; L) Q# s9 z7 n6 h& k- U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ q6 R$ L! h. s" @penile length in clinical studies.4 q# q4 s$ M' L; K/ o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& W8 u: B8 q) X3 Y' x" C+ Egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 V' Z+ R) N2 S& X1 i! B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ [# c9 Y% N, B; j. n; ?3 Athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 U9 r, b9 o( B. e1 U( \% s
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of5 ~3 ^- y, L0 d2 I: J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ R# u; q* V) x( `2 C% [$ mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: i7 b7 `, r; f6 i. ^4 a p
height will not be affected.
# R* i9 K4 J6 N( S- tAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ s% V8 A) i7 t- b9 } gability of androgen products in our society may
0 [: ^7 |- s- A+ |1 u: a0 z4 kindeed cause more virilization in male or female
* c1 u6 P7 W' r# X7 P! @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: V7 v# t; `4 M6 ~$ I1 d! ]& rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 b4 i H5 T2 Utioning about the use of a testosterone product or# K" L4 c! N# m/ b5 L' z3 ~
gel should be asked of the family members during
; z0 x [ Z* _8 p) |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* E* ~# b( K( Y% O8 v, I* x0 H
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( H l& C+ U hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by) _8 c: u9 B, H( X2 `0 R
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; M: L, L' g* _" B' X# _7 c$ A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ ?% ^+ C' g6 n/ [6 U+ ~/ t
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 Z7 X+ _, e# c3 S6 a7 Oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be) y9 T- l+ h- N* Z6 J3 t
aware of this fact, because most of these children
' y$ ?% C0 ~1 }+ e' umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' @8 p! j( v4 t* ^5 r, W6 k! oDesk Reference and package insert should also put a; Q- K. N# q9 r8 U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- e2 \0 h! r3 ?/ @' O& s% [+ P
female child who might come in contact with some-6 G1 w2 F L8 n5 _7 H
one using any of these products.
/ _" _" q0 B* C6 r$ e+ @References" J" Z0 Q7 r% ~( c
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& p/ K5 Q, t/ Z! @
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* M2 G1 c+ S! h |$ wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
7 @" l2 @# i4 @( E) x# Z* x9 M2 e2002: 565-628.
4 R7 F6 {5 N' J9 ]! L9 @0 Z2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ _% y% h. f( V" M' P2 h. W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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