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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( P3 U, V: D( U$ {
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; @ s! ^, ~: KExposure to Testosterone
3 n% A* J2 D v) o% y6 O& ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2' R: n# t* y- l+ ~: A7 X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. d6 ]' ~0 A0 _5 ?1 {; I& Q& f
Clinical Pediatrics
2 R' B" Z- u1 _2 @+ y8 eVolume 46 Number 6
5 V* j) `5 g+ O3 c* s" ^# ]3 |July 2007 540-543
4 b# b, ~9 O: [4 r© 2007 Sage Publications6 z& w) e- ^3 X! Z, D! w# \
10.1177/0009922806296651
$ z0 D Y, L# Q) i% A# Chttp://clp.sagepub.com
3 m$ h7 c# |8 b, W% C, B; ~hosted at
/ U T. W% l7 O+ khttp://online.sagepub.com
; B# H: O; P: {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; j i" j' s7 ?8 m: v+ s4 S5 g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 R4 m( ~/ J5 a
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 [' s( n+ H" `! U* tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' G# l/ Y; |6 ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 j( q" ~7 d" x) M* K5 x/ [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, o! O$ Z. ^' Z8 @7 F+ G, O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 _8 x: ~ _# k/ N, u1 Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-3 l: n+ C `- V# U) n" J" H" U8 r
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 {) c8 K- O% p! D" greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; G- ]+ U; j. Y7 u0 `" {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) F/ `# w0 C5 ~, Mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 k! z1 s; b6 L: g0 S: F" dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: R6 C7 M! n, i3 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-' s) d3 t/ R; g5 T9 D6 @% z3 e8 ]: ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 q) B* W. u7 u" Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" k2 m1 ?! x/ q1 y& G# c$ b. Ftestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ j8 I& z! x* h: U/ _. |; e
bly more common than the rare case report in the+ l1 t% c% z+ E2 K5 ]# j
literature.4
! C9 ]4 g" B1 x3 kPatient Report
7 V4 e1 m& Q; X7 n* }; p) t& V9 d7 sA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; K& S0 o' I7 n" J2 zendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' {* R) L0 h) q8 F" n+ T
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& e3 |% Z2 ?; r7 P; o f1 ]; Llight colored pubic hair development when he was0 m: F5 C0 g; H0 v# c6 a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 T/ }+ |9 S8 b9 s3 ^South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 z" e* V1 ^# `% O. R" YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 m; A9 j" x% {1 Q; i: p; h5 W$ UProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# V2 i( I: D0 M Z7 U& VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; |7 [0 ?3 j+ t+ A2 ]
e-mail: [email protected].# U( f; V- P/ @% X, g9 J
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ A/ B& J9 c9 K- g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) E4 Y3 E# A9 G+ O
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" U: @/ j Z6 u1 d3 r9 n+ p
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( {1 p" P9 i) j# [" f) A
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& B: [! e1 P& f: V8 c {4 w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ o4 Z- @1 u/ s' Dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- H- |+ M4 \% t( Z+ _( w' C2 Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( X( P2 U5 h' i* g6 k1 Dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 v4 r; {' G- wwas age appropriate.2 B' r0 d# T9 A) ~/ G+ [* n
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- A+ p V1 r+ Y- p9 K( U+ ], u6 ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ h4 W" J6 w4 q1 p2 N
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s$ V0 h* Z- g' I7 \) j
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, {/ g b* J+ s) S# Z0 I$ Eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* u j7 Z5 G+ p. cThe father denied taking any other medication. The+ W, D) O, w; O' e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* p- r/ ~' `- d# z* ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ N: Y$ Z, s6 z+ G
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% X! E' ~2 C2 T2 g8 k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela- j( s' C, k2 E. q1 H; s7 C4 @
tives. There were no siblings.
# S5 T8 F4 X$ i, H- cPhysical Examination8 O& U( u3 {" M" A/ z$ o1 e L4 b& f/ i
The physical examination revealed a very active,
2 y5 n' u) `+ N7 F7 Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ F2 C+ ]" S2 `5 z+ qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 @, ?/ m3 _8 v+ g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& n/ H0 w* |1 k0 J! F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' ~- t: U3 B+ b7 x/ bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of& _9 m$ F& Q; A0 q' f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& l4 T; \% N, }' g9 q- FThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 z1 x) t4 x& L1 b6 lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ [: |. F" r# g
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 m& l( B* c7 fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' f5 O8 n+ X6 C$ m7 T: x1 _
540
7 x- F$ N; f" _2 \& L. \: cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from _2 I1 g4 V5 ]
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' K0 R- d& J8 J( J! P. j9 etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* ?5 U. q0 P* U2 o- B% aThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: X B/ I. e0 A( e) \) a
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; F9 Z1 K3 ~7 \( B" l1 x! J, v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ O6 E! [( g2 ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" P0 O, _. y9 i; s
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 J3 [; w# j3 yof papilledema.
8 D4 k1 B/ \1 F( U( E' RLaboratory Evaluation
3 }0 z h$ p" Z& Y$ Y9 I6 Y( SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 o6 ^% h4 R4 I/ e) \/ \using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# f4 ^' e1 I' O/ V+ n) Alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 V" V- v4 D, @" \% W# h% S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
+ f, {6 x1 P/ r7 q, k2 fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-& L" ^" w1 I8 ~8 b$ L' A8 w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 x r9 C! V5 R5 @0 \7 xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% Q |8 z& q7 U5 p5 f' V1 m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* d4 i! g( l% \/ [
within normal range for his age. The concentration3 F! u- O2 y3 ~* _" d
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# u. F1 |4 T4 M' Z( H+ b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
) f! F9 A M6 C, D. k1 ?9 }5 B- Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-; l8 B) @9 q. X2 \8 n( [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 s; ]. h9 i. }5 M odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) r& }! b1 A9 O$ D0 O0 ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)/ q* u: h8 E U( Y0 ` {5 R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# I( _6 [. U7 |9 `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* N: s; X3 w% u) n D
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 w8 M- L" {' {+ i5 I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 g/ I: t' |. C+ g/ x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
J6 P0 o) O" V8 ?& T1 g$ ]% K8 Dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone0 p8 z2 P! U5 \" b: Q: m8 G! C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, b# ~ o6 q' p r8 L9 B8 z(prepubertal).
7 L# ?, `2 p, H9 D* o% U6 g, f( mThe parents were notified about the laboratory
( {4 \$ e. h1 j3 H5 b. oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 k" ]6 y' o' X# Tnormal except the testosterone level was high. The( }. `4 ~- ]+ _! P% B: O( _2 J( ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 l8 U7 y+ c$ {
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 K4 r2 ]* Q" gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ f m6 }) k6 A- a' BPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! y7 X0 j# [: ?# m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 s$ X5 A. Z1 ?' w% Y& N: l2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 S& b7 u9 ~. j* L! ~0 h0 z" ]% Tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- M* ~, S% R$ \6 [* c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, L, y8 ]" ]2 U+ [2 Z6 w3 fthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 F( R- @! O3 o( ]' p8 t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 {6 c1 h8 G2 l WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. w1 L6 e+ g. H% h% g2 w5 ying frequent erections.
; f+ N3 E+ t0 T7 s4 H$ n yBoth parents were again questioned about use of) x+ w% d+ r0 r# H: S' G4 f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
/ U$ a7 y8 @3 W2 h2 Uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 j( y1 i) q, M3 I# q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( b9 I; M- Z+ U7 h
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-8 b h; `) w6 J9 k( u) R8 f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 g# ?/ s! t2 v8 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* K' @+ N& @3 g
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 I& a" R9 L6 b* y0 L, Q- k
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 ?+ Z. Z5 M+ w6 R" }secondary to depression.
. Z6 t- o* y1 }9 z6 p1 EThe child slept in the same bed with parents.$ `8 {* i5 n2 `3 U
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 l, y/ L2 c! _ _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# O$ B8 A5 I2 V h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 R0 P# y6 A0 b, F- mThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ t' R# L/ D- v0 N* f/ ^7 |. xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 j% z3 A1 V2 ?; [was high, he then read the product information9 o1 f' P$ [1 l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 w1 |! V7 O0 i, E
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they- n$ M5 Y; \- o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' O# P9 q1 h- X! H+ h9 V/ O& R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
{2 I1 P& u! {+ z$ zbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 z- W9 O3 A0 itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ \( {6 d! N- J- h# x) Q& z; f
laboratory to obtain the test.
# ^( H2 M9 q; D: P& s/ ~Discussion8 I7 c4 e1 e$ G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- ^& ^) B3 D1 O% M
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 q' d0 E+ @' [' N* ?! fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 t$ r5 D4 }! K0 E+ o ]& g
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! i m! ~& P, X+ P* Q7 Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-" }: j3 r2 L4 H: o. L
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& V1 I3 i. D) z4 }% I! b, |% n/ O. Rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
( _2 P, ?, B Y- S4 V/ xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 k1 f; I( k4 t) b2 f _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 z( \0 ]; L' H. I
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 Y5 Y5 W; i7 `
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ y: P+ b5 b: ]- S! N: zization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: L* D6 w8 |" {; d" J% k+ g
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by ]4 E& t, l9 i6 W
gonadotropins.1,3( g7 m8 E% J* G% v7 X2 A
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# {. P3 g6 d$ X2 A+ J1 R) zcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 [. G: x0 Z8 J6 q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ U1 d# C( C6 p1 r, F4 ~6 M
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( b1 H. K& w3 _! I% u+ o5 [! o
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 \7 m7 R3 E7 L" S D9 W
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( J W* [; q/ l# c! K0 c+ E3 T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 U5 G% p. T7 x) s b( }; S
puberty in boys.3,4. q3 i9 S0 c. f# g, [4 s0 j; W
The most common form of congenital adrenal" w& \) s* u( y: b+ @# w. j
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# U# j4 O& M6 m7 L. f
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in4 E j1 F D* E0 a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 O3 a# M, k1 \8 P
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. A A: f/ U5 @excess.1,3
& ~. E' D/ z" u& }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 W" Q9 }7 y: _* s2 _3 k+ b
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 U9 r y$ J/ t( ^+ J
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 P8 W7 Q% [- s) k5 y0 m4 M
independent precocious puberty, which is also known# S; ?% z m" g) Z1 |; h8 `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a4 F# g; k; F6 e% e# ^
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
* T) ]( X8 p) g. Y! \with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- H! @# c9 a1 L9 B+ f, {including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& z) v+ ]0 @8 R
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( i0 n l5 H9 I) y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 `! b7 _% Q7 u9 I2 n( g6 Upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' t% }& A2 B% h N9 H$ P' u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- r* A% k/ }$ Z3 D0 K3 ~2 u/ V. U
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; f2 l9 }8 \/ I7 _0 m
males; therefore, other male members of the family2 Z+ L" ]4 K8 z5 b
may have similar precocious puberty.3" u: I0 {7 K7 b! Q$ n' V" `( w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-7 G2 N, r! n( l6 o$ a
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 N, J' Q* n4 M& F0 j0 a6 @/ [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& e' N7 v' s$ }& W* ~! ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' ^7 t6 J& C4 n* E2 B" mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. e0 N% I" s4 {! I8 |" n/ N$ V
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 o( S; }, D# G6 N
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# r, C7 _; k" _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! s/ A3 K4 H, t- @6 Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ @& c& A) Q: ~3 f" Q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ B- ?4 h% @3 N; p, w edeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 Y- T; S' M4 f, d" ding the normal level of adrenal steroids.; a; R1 \/ j- N. b
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly( U: V' e1 M" v9 V# Y& ^+ t
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 K$ H4 O+ ~9 k! x, K8 H' O: b
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 b9 I# H8 \5 u1 `1 V- hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and R& w9 x. P. y; s3 u6 }6 W- s8 ]7 E
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-# ~# q* Z t, i7 F2 k. t
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( h6 Y* y+ m) E1 `( ]2 \using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& S) z& d: `5 w# f8 h4 F. |/ N, m' \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 T7 F1 q' M! ]7 ~/ `/ M6 ]( d
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 b- r# d" m7 |9 z* {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 Z4 E! t7 V& t0 W) u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the- h m4 H o; J7 f1 c; e2 o
baseline value in those females who were exposed to; |! }2 A: m. \* ^" D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: H: l! ~4 j, X: fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ d1 l. c' a* V$ `9 Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% k' k [6 n( S1 t' @& q4 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 Z) M2 ^1 [- O- {0 Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) p( z* D: p: I8 f" j* `dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, d2 _& a9 t Aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! Q4 A, i! Y1 U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( [! K% t6 [- X8 T. ]5 W sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) [2 D: Z9 F# v! M' T% u
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 G) {1 ~ L# |! e, @! m
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in' s x) q0 D1 h8 W5 {
children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 |+ E* ^/ E* U5 E
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 l( R) W; n! Z. e5 a' |+ H
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ `. C+ R0 H% s% w( O) Cearly childhood on pubertal development and final
5 g. @2 P# q; N: R. _adult height are not fully known and always remain5 u8 K k" l* y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' s* `7 F) [1 w) A. Y/ f7 Iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 E) t2 _7 ]) ]9 P
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after E; a" |) z+ V M6 s2 z
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 q: s0 u/ Y* Z0 b( u" qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* i' T/ o, ^3 e/ j; vThere are conflicting reports and controversy: a( q2 M7 L) ~7 J5 z& j S( h
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 H3 w$ N/ }0 n6 {1 dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. j& r/ _( r# H0 Q$ ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, g0 S2 j9 Z, J0 O$ S7 Y3 j* o, hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 z9 y3 m# l3 J$ pSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ e' v: v8 A, t, f* N% qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, n( f |, I" w {; Gpenile length in clinical studies.
) [9 @3 y5 g" F) H7 `, ]! @6 g l! YNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ u3 h: d& r0 y" l7 _5 {- }5 Fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ h6 v% z' x# }; z' M8 P( l1 n! Vtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" B! x! r1 l7 K2 \( K z: b2 k8 ~
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; W" m( u3 { t6 `; W2 } L2 LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 ]* y5 X0 q+ q( A. ^4 v( Ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( e5 p/ i$ u7 [. hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: h' U+ e- L% T+ X$ r9 r0 _* g
height will not be affected.4 n1 }7 g6 i. W+ c: ^) ^
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: H: e! u) L5 W' T8 X2 }1 Aability of androgen products in our society may* O# Y2 c% D! T' t/ c* f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female: G1 f* R8 L( K+ ?* ~ ?4 b$ |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( g! T$ ?+ m; o$ D
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' v: W3 H6 y! C, ^- S6 n
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ b. }* u- P C: L
gel should be asked of the family members during) D; c5 l5 y: A; Q, D, j8 v8 O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 M: ^! o, j7 eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ C2 k8 t1 j5 O4 h: q; j. W3 \nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
N* z @$ d# L4 w* V7 Happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, ~. k* s* N# Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 @' z0 f# [& Lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: g1 n. @' \6 W* R
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ u2 ]; l7 `8 u7 M% i
aware of this fact, because most of these children' m7 b5 w6 b! O5 V; N) V+ b
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ d6 R& w- c9 Q% o2 ]4 m% kDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) P& M! I8 c2 c, w; l% h' w8 i: U9 Cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 B9 _. C$ q# a8 w7 U2 l
female child who might come in contact with some-/ r* ?* m7 L& e' R4 i1 r
one using any of these products.1 V- i, p+ }$ b% C4 V
References9 o- O L' m. _. m) e& U& b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
7 Z! M4 s' `8 D" l( ^; P7 tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. t$ \* ^1 u. w1 A3 Y. w
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 |' _2 j- Q1 l0 l6 M5 J V K; i
2002: 565-628.( J# s6 d( e+ \% `3 ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% g3 C U0 S) K3 B7 u9 g: |
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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