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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 x% q: C6 v+ v, i/ M2 v7 YBoy Induced by Indirect Topical# K" m' q) P+ R# x  _2 p
Exposure to Testosterone
7 `2 X5 B# ^: H% GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: Y) H$ B) }' a: K3 ]& ^. fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 q& A- L( V( ?: }1 m3 o* U( _2 G
Clinical Pediatrics
0 C" G4 |/ m) OVolume 46 Number 6
" u) B3 V$ S9 V4 DJuly 2007 540-543+ X6 h4 l9 ?+ P! T
© 2007 Sage Publications7 I1 T8 b; r5 @  }& o8 R( n, b
10.1177/00099228062966510 Z- [' x( f+ H! i7 H' O
http://clp.sagepub.com
; c) ~/ K  G: }" R3 m1 Z6 bhosted at
! S- x: w: P& a$ Q" ^9 J& w; o& yhttp://online.sagepub.com
8 x' k6 d6 {; Y* l7 zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; d+ n' V/ h4 r& T' i4 l% |is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 m& U" l  E3 ?8 B6 ]8 _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, f9 w  u2 V# ?& y5 `$ G$ k4 q% Wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 [0 Q4 f) Y  z7 x0 l- |% h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 E6 m6 u; ?( ?* W, L6 S
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ p  n3 x1 a* Q! D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& v5 l/ N2 V; o4 l; ?! V0 _- Uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! z. V$ C9 T1 d
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
2 u8 {. D; `5 a5 creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ e2 C! n" G5 L2 ~
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 A. p& q0 B6 }
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: J- q; A  Z. \/ l# H8 sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 }) U. m; K* G' z' x/ j% @
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! j4 i& K- s& \mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 O7 s6 q. Z1 R$ N7 N. Q* gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of" C; a, z: e$ T  r. {5 |! d
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: I/ s# _+ B5 i) T; N4 d) ?
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* r7 I" N0 A) g' Q, U) yliterature.4) [4 n1 }2 ?) c6 {% E
Patient Report
4 S7 B8 G$ ?+ PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 N/ I) q7 j, J; N+ Z# j6 q- F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 P5 S" u. a% T. z  i& v4 B7 }of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 B0 a8 J* [9 ~- [light colored pubic hair development when he was
! |. ~9 Z, y: M4 I5 E. Q* @- yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' O7 d8 a% i( v' ]1 Y1 m- ?2 f; P% D
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) s/ ^  U' z7 l  q
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# i8 s+ C9 A+ Q# l" H+ \6 OProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 u  a! f0 u% Z: w, ]2 C1 YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 Z% P! d1 X6 {e-mail: [email protected].& X: |4 U( \  P! K$ _! a* f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& |" H2 e! _- Qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) S, @2 w/ N  t' T0 Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- H  W9 Y7 j9 t5 B; r) q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) w0 m8 w# F) a0 U1 r$ g
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ i# d5 I7 |5 b+ G0 ^. H" N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 i4 L8 E0 e2 j( yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: s+ N$ e9 k9 }2 ?
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 A+ s" g" H/ L5 a$ C) ~# U; E
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; Z' C7 s) q. @* Uwas age appropriate.' r8 }& ^' @7 k) f5 O, `0 W
The family history was remarkable for the father,% L5 d+ e8 A1 i
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( {0 u% V1 K& x2 P7 xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 |: j# R9 }* t7 W! w5 e; D
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 |1 ?  n! K* G) v7 H7 ^! L
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 k) G6 [: a! t" A3 [# EThe father denied taking any other medication. The
2 G0 u. @; ?7 `. I7 q; Schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' ]. B* |, ]3 Y) q# {1 @was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ B% m" G# L( T+ h7 Z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# l/ Q! ~) f+ H1 E) Z5 hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. l2 u$ M% G# q0 u7 p  r
tives. There were no siblings.! |2 E; ]& y& M* L# d% n' c
Physical Examination
6 i  [2 U3 H& {- }The physical examination revealed a very active,0 e: Y  P0 J2 ]2 @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" v/ W: x$ X. W4 ^, A  q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( y6 @  |* d, j# u9 e  R( Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 X- u+ W- e* D, A6 u6 d5 n$ H& j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
# |' S5 Z8 N% c) Mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ J7 w: J$ R/ J# x( S; k% R! L
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 m& I$ q8 L4 L/ ]
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 d+ j8 s) _+ H- J- `
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 H( n4 R- P# N. P: n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* P. S* j2 C2 e. A$ }8 p4 f
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
; `+ e( N& z% Y' _540
& L4 E1 r" h9 f- }1 bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 N) l0 c! t4 U3 [# W/ rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 K6 I6 H0 x% Ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  C8 g4 m! N% aThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 o, B/ k* T) Y8 Y3 V! h4 K/ Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 Y+ d7 J- w, W
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ R9 \2 E; D6 S( w. \, x  UNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  L$ C* y2 F* p/ \- [, O
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# V4 F: s/ q9 b& `, K- zof papilledema.4 r4 _$ _" ]; v8 e" u5 ^
Laboratory Evaluation- P: @( g4 I2 Q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. P8 d  s& T/ @6 u$ f, T$ Musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  X* U2 v: A) `; u2 X
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal4 M6 r, ?, S9 M  ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' Q9 l3 t. G4 v+ q8 l0 Bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- a* A  {  H/ \$ [; K* F4 G* Nlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 M# x8 H1 A) [5 xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! F4 _- W. X% E$ a0 M" s" r! w
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- t: C! C7 k9 n: |2 P% h9 ^: pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration; Q- ^7 W4 a- G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! z) G' c/ e0 c. i  W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" p4 C3 c2 u: l+ O2 B4 x+ ]7 E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 ?9 d( f0 B6 Y- M
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 `& K6 E, r  w- K1 X* @2 J& W+ Wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" k2 P) L/ c2 |% |: ~1 c9 j& e- B5 L
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: P( d" ]8 X. O% zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( J) Z( \% V7 ^3 |2 B* h; h- Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( Y% s& v7 ]  b1 B9 I+ o+ v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- N* i- V' R+ r% tand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ M  F5 P$ U2 c7 r% z+ J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 g$ ^. w' W2 g% ]  z& C" \stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# ]9 I/ g' b3 Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL& D( v/ O! p( f8 M. ^
(prepubertal).
4 j* t* p" f6 s8 Y* {8 XThe parents were notified about the laboratory( m8 |( O% P7 e9 L/ W+ h
results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 n& ^( D5 h3 q$ `8 ]# Dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. Z3 J) l7 ]  _9 n8 X+ u+ r1 ~follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 q3 Q( V) H* d8 X! N8 O, E
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ f' w) E5 I' wever, the family did not return for 4 months.+ j4 A2 W) c$ [1 P8 @! R  I
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; x: S8 f; k1 |/ L
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 v/ c0 u5 S+ q- v$ c2 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 ^: T: R- ]  B' c! g
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( f7 H1 T5 r$ v; bpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at+ t& m6 W3 I! t6 U1 ?  i& f, l- J
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
8 O$ U  X3 i) \! _8 vmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( n  [) _7 e. Y$ R- _/ k. r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-7 ]; m; _# b& k& t
ing frequent erections.
$ y3 n( w$ A; s! p8 a" SBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* W2 k6 G8 r" T4 v- rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to% \5 b8 @. d* C' d& ]% ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 d6 L8 d' S9 A5 i2 KTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ r& N2 u1 ]% Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" Y* R! M( A3 \$ l  Z) {% n' c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 O. ~; ?6 V1 {8 P4 l
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 y8 o4 K2 N# i8 Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! U8 H, p6 a: _  @9 t1 N) W& qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
  a- \3 G( c! w* M3 E! Esecondary to depression.: u$ e  s, v' E2 B5 Y" G3 s! P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.  L% A) s9 R2 n5 {+ K- ?6 {  g" T
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& ]7 y( x: F+ v! c2 f7 c0 ~
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ |: Z, @4 ]8 e. J3 W' p6 S5 jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 N; r8 a4 y6 ]. F' }
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. {0 V* a( Z: b# P$ |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby# X3 ~0 K( l' e" R% A
was high, he then read the product information9 N# R% |4 I9 @7 f& n$ g* ~
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* m  ]& Q# [. W9 b4 ?* x
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' e$ c  P. s1 ?6 T# C# qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the  d- a  ^/ E% l7 ]& t. \4 d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 G9 j; j. Z0 V
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; s' S, P; y) r0 Dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% J; B2 K; o7 R+ `, ~' I# `0 @
laboratory to obtain the test.
% T! x3 ^, d9 i* w- @+ ]  _Discussion% b$ a5 t6 w4 Y% f. t, I
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 h8 a! J$ F8 d. I8 Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# W# p1 W- t  B& w7 L9 M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ l, W& F. ]* A7 n% O/ \/ ?) j
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) ]6 p! K7 g( g" |- D3 U9 A' vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-( Q8 l  b4 W! c' h0 c6 ]% S, _& R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 i& C7 N% r. T$ Qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 A3 n7 I$ x0 s, F0 {/ r8 I! d
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 j" l4 |6 U9 G; z, ^amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ E& }6 `* v2 V. m6 u
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
2 E, W2 D, D6 L. c! P+ y/ nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, n- B  [: z' i! r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' v. ]# v8 n1 y) g( |& qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" b. w* y/ \& q8 b8 s
gonadotropins.1,3
. Q6 `1 y# A0 O" jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# I7 u1 o+ w5 i; B' q( Ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" |; J) b7 b# z# Xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 D) W3 Q, Z% C' O, P6 Uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ x6 G2 `; n) F: e
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" N# f5 a: ]6 j( I7 r% `1 d; _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 F2 C8 G$ a# Y6 Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 N/ o' s( _6 w& E- P) M
puberty in boys.3,4
& ~9 l+ S+ \6 g9 g; b2 cThe most common form of congenital adrenal- e1 N, J: p+ y) ^3 u% t1 h: n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; V7 W- q+ `+ S2 p0 FThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 z) n( U7 |. n& o0 }3 J! Q9 D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 `  |2 O$ \' L, Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  I- I( x& \% [) V* o- I
excess.1,36 l: Y: R; x( B+ b% @( w
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' f) X% c: o" q3 e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 i: @, j& X5 i$ jA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 ?( [9 u' D- g8 V0 L
independent precocious puberty, which is also known% U! `- C! W) |, G, {% ~# Q9 S
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 f. M& r& R( s4 V0 Z3 D6 hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 E5 D& Y6 r& g- q) @) Y: U0 Jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,) M- d. B1 B  a- _2 U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- p$ I6 e; Z& l. |' X6 Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ U6 v: I' ~1 Z  F0 e* s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ M, d+ J+ ~/ f7 ~4 ~$ U: r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& h* v2 j8 T* Rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 r6 n" e; D4 C+ p/ o9 xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 H; s7 H5 l* b, M4 r# l) B& b  B- cmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 @9 `5 {& _7 `' x$ U
may have similar precocious puberty.3  V( F% J0 l# S. A2 \
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 T( ~6 Q, t* B$ }) psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-9 W+ y4 j( W3 ~  }* G) ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis7 M/ h3 l: @3 o1 X
was in the differential diagnosis because his father' B  S: D3 |+ j1 W
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 q3 s0 ~. M2 y( G2 K+ s. w0 L3 ^testicular enlargement is not that evident in the. D! }  i6 `  k! Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; C8 Z! W! T+ x4 k2 O6 o
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 M+ ?: M5 w9 U$ Z' u5 z4 P8 g- e/ |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' D( R' k$ I3 R3 N' ?1 u; q& yeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase! g" T; P! d( J3 |8 n! Q1 y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 k- m9 t" e, W& X) W4 K1 O" _& |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( l& N% w% d+ w+ D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. ~7 y6 P: _9 }) y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* h$ [; \# a  C- d6 p$ D" Hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 J! c$ ?" {# [8 g- [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# B! z7 M5 i' Z7 s) j% |& L& K9 ?' j) ~
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* }1 u2 M% b. j3 d  d; D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! I1 X& i% T0 w& J7 y" K1 w* |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" c) w: R$ \! M2 z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 u0 ?4 o* h4 |. qcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. F1 O, K* g. R$ z: w! v: _
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' p4 e4 @6 K( d1 _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# T7 F. q$ D& t% {0 Y
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 O6 {, @) {) d" X8 X6 _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 Y4 \. Z6 g' Z+ q( p) H
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) ]& ]0 D3 }1 O3 H6 m, \
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 @2 S% ?! _2 ]
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  n( _, ~5 w; T$ O1 h% Z  g( Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# ^3 e. K% Z. S+ G1 i4 ?" gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ q2 ^3 I( T( F' @; a% e) W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 B: Q; k; ?1 [$ H- {active in young children exposed to testosterone
( Y; O1 P# T% X. K1 lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, L+ U$ U+ r: g& J8 m3 t9 pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ C9 _6 h  E' o0 A: T
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- \" G1 S& K1 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- L) ~# }, J4 n% z8 ?/ Madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; a6 `) Y+ o6 f( A7 N( B* i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) @; U* M6 G, B2 E$ J* t1 R4 jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
$ ~8 r! m1 [, ^adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 Y+ T: G7 k. c5 K9 Q6 k0 A( L2 `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- h9 J9 ~/ O1 M" u$ j7 s/ U% p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- c- d& q) S7 i3 J* E! ^8 a+ g0 U
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  W8 H0 q3 B( G$ R' a% |. o$ V
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
5 g- s; N2 P& k- X! E2 Rdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, [2 s* l5 x4 R% K
There are conflicting reports and controversy
; P1 B5 V  }' P1 p0 tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ p3 g' H+ ?& p+ d0 \; Epenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, U! @' U1 \6 r  [0 ?# N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. X( a7 O. ^: }- W) Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 H3 \/ t/ I" f! P. SSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: h8 {+ H: j4 s" p/ Q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 e; Y; V: F) P; `7 o
penile length in clinical studies.
5 F. ~% g: w% c7 \/ ?' T" [* L- c& |, SNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 P$ }' p; H9 d( V( n
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- S4 |; F; M6 r$ Ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 _# ]1 e- S2 A9 a0 H) e, v0 @the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 g, N0 ?3 i; H  ~" `( }% k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
, y" M) M' o( ?! O* W, xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! M. `' {: h  n! U5 ^& C  Y/ f
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" Y4 ~8 R9 ^/ q8 [
height will not be affected.: ?) y  _; ?2 R) m+ [
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 ?) m6 U$ X/ K2 v, u3 ]% iability of androgen products in our society may
4 K1 H6 M; M# A7 U8 [! xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 d, q6 F9 b& I$ _+ ]children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, R, }6 k; C/ }$ Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
" P& {& I# [" M. s& k" z$ ationing about the use of a testosterone product or& ?. G0 V% o4 q3 q' B" ]/ w$ T8 m' L
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 I& x' f' _9 Y4 rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" m" G; v9 h0 u& \3 l1 e  M
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, `8 L6 p8 G. _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* {1 K- T" X+ Fappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# h& {  V0 t& H0 [2 Lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 q/ p3 Z- s& ^' [0 F- D$ ?* `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' H' K5 K6 F1 {. I% r( v
investigation. The primary care physician should be0 g- [) d5 w& q
aware of this fact, because most of these children. K: V; a4 G$ k+ @+ I1 O8 O% L& L6 k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; W3 j5 P* E# s+ Q# v
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( z5 y5 t; p% Z1 f3 {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or' E: f1 `; {6 t0 l- u4 z
female child who might come in contact with some-
! i, B" M% ]3 E4 o5 Xone using any of these products.
+ Z( I9 W' q3 C# R& bReferences: `4 G6 c( g6 L
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) v7 e  g9 u' G/ B
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) w6 M  c9 x( l9 @& J/ F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
. z3 |  [' `8 Y2002: 565-628.
3 B3 p9 t# c2 L/ F! h+ B2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. [& x3 F  |' I+ ~; Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ `, o1 d) `2 ?1 h& cBoy Induced by Indirect Topical! {" |/ L+ y2 Q8 x7 R& g8 T9 B0 {
Exposure to Testosterone
. d6 T5 Y: H* V' D) c$ k% x6 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2" o$ {4 P: A; f3 ?
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, j% m8 B: D1 z  q4 g% Z
Clinical Pediatrics
% ?# A9 e+ n" L' g6 `/ u1 uVolume 46 Number 62 b5 D: p- b. D+ E$ U) M
July 2007 540-543* D6 W+ s( y/ u
© 2007 Sage Publications& z/ g2 M. N7 Z+ V
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 U+ x) a( }/ E- \http://clp.sagepub.com
6 u; D) W- \7 {3 bhosted at
6 o$ i9 Z" A' Bhttp://online.sagepub.com
7 @" V* z2 G1 r# Z/ {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- L* C6 ^3 r. y1 K* ^is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 n( D8 E, C! S& w
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' s8 ]3 X  A1 b- T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 R; x3 {9 B0 ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: s3 i3 R+ ]: o3 Q) y: A7 u' h" `/ f; r
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ W' X& B) R$ kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 @% g5 x" Q. K. O* ]! @7 dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ B" o: f0 v* @* F. z4 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
; I. u2 _! r' U* mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the* [3 O, x- W1 m7 f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 ?, a2 k4 I, a( V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due; V( n6 C8 Z: N- d
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 c: @/ }! `( \. U7 r+ O0 {2 T2 Z; wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) O$ i; X0 u$ U  `! @0 Kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 {3 A  V+ D/ J9 H2 C% E8 I4 l9 y- l
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
2 d/ J+ j, ~9 B# S6 w0 qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& R- w% M6 H; M% g8 L5 t/ Lbly more common than the rare case report in the
' C( @6 p- x, |- W  z6 o0 p  ?literature.40 M0 n& O6 f8 H. p
Patient Report5 ^) }4 m/ ^" n% }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the# M! M( U, J5 H+ ^' q" J, Y4 y. K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* Q  D" c3 |  a  P! W7 Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& b2 q9 X! r8 T6 F$ hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
5 o) P4 o1 o7 C6 v6 MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& B. K! G( A  U6 Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 Y; b& v# P1 J: [( E  X# \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ C0 v* W) L5 i# LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of6 x+ R3 H8 y; t$ W0 L* P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;0 V  O* X: O' n& H
e-mail: [email protected].$ W" T6 m5 m* h, `" I" A- z
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 h, Z9 Y: R3 f, d+ A" z! \6 ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 ^& M: C& ?& m9 c3 m3 R
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% ~0 B. A- S) Y; j* mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' I9 F1 w+ W! [' Ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* x4 O  `& N* E7 E, W' g+ ?4 z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 H$ V4 c6 [; P$ y1 F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 T+ G0 p6 q( E4 g" l6 |9 lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! S4 Y# Q: o* v0 `0 \/ ^
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' Z% }! Z) @$ Zwas age appropriate.
1 M9 D* m! }8 q% AThe family history was remarkable for the father,
% ~# l8 [# m6 u4 uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' w5 t% X3 O8 \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& @* N# l( `+ s3 ?3 m
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 M8 [: O& b& I: c! gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." C  v' G( E6 F5 `! Y# c2 f7 F8 `
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! Q- N8 T! O8 D5 P' b# Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, L# n+ U' w4 C0 @$ f( q+ [2 V9 q( Bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 @7 D* @0 v' x6 J: S
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ W. Z4 j7 H& x$ n
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ O: }# }+ k" O& r' y5 U5 g" g
tives. There were no siblings.3 K$ R0 T# q' k' d" K$ ^$ ?
Physical Examination
( {$ X2 |) {+ t6 \& T: jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, d& k6 f; O9 u5 S, W8 @5 m% Nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 i9 R" |1 C/ ^% M* l, Ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 ?& z- g$ Q+ ]
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 C, ]" m% T& N- {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 u. O% v' L; u
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* j( |  D: x0 N( Gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# Z, m& j0 _, _- t1 ]" {1 L: [5 ]* @9 ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( F8 K5 z+ z, Y- ?# E& N" k$ I/ x
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 M8 ~. L  R" u- C. ~! M  V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* M9 d6 Q/ S  C4 @4 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- ^% z" t# x. U' _* S( J" [
540
% ~0 f) q; t- q- J5 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, V7 a! s9 h/ Wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, ]) b: Q4 H1 W' {( U. G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 }. V5 |; O+ K" \6 _The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: z: d$ ?$ C: g( V: S* W5 B0 |0 F& o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& m/ A& A; X( c* l, @6 G& L
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 q/ p) C6 @9 ~; |: J4 o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' I7 b; J9 S6 q1 `3 S' B- a
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" z1 o& n$ i; s! {0 Uof papilledema." P$ l$ _# n3 ~5 R- c( {  M
Laboratory Evaluation1 W. j; e7 ]; C* M1 W
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; w, G$ K! j* h; Jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
) b: r1 }0 ]3 ^. }8 S+ {4 zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ w) j; V* s0 }. d0 x  q% u( t# u
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& m* A! n3 T( Z5 H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 X! J$ W8 @; i$ E' c8 g. {
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" e" r# D2 n" L9 S' O' _The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 k# b6 l0 U- b. e: `" _( i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& Z2 @  m; k  B8 s1 G: a8 Dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration! U9 {- e! B* _0 B7 |0 k  u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- n" f# |5 ?4 @  {& a# f6 i(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" g& H% c8 S* K( Kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
' a3 ?# G4 M; y8 B  N5 K: j/ b! eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 U5 r8 M* E, f5 H2 y# ?3 I6 \! U9 Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# S0 T5 r  p9 O$ p& _5 E' l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' n' f+ ?/ g: B' ?: F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. y' W6 I: N! V  K. \: F" C  r2 Ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 Y5 F) C7 A7 D, r' p* G8 Btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 K$ U  B. E& e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 l: n/ M# m7 \( J2 k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' q& w7 U( Z/ e; }$ y7 f
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* c0 t6 D6 d- s, g2 Zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% j, F' P1 ]0 W( _3 n: I% n$ Z
(prepubertal).& c# k' l6 g1 f# a) d4 a
The parents were notified about the laboratory+ E* h, X3 M. x- n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
- |2 k/ l  @) y  U& v5 Qnormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 p( t' ^2 w( r/ C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 r7 a, n0 v6 h! }+ @0 Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* B& V' G) t: Z% e8 v4 Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.! j/ X' }# d: ~$ t8 h0 M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! [2 ~3 [+ k& a" C1 s3 tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; J7 Q8 T, O: h3 B( Y" U' c- m( p& Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ B+ \) N+ r, Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 f  E) X6 P$ y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* M" d1 J2 Q) ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 X) K  H: S2 s" tmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 a( |! j4 Q# h4 t2 |4 t
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* m3 V1 ~5 V$ K- j" Z3 aing frequent erections.
6 |1 L9 e& W8 Y7 m0 y, U8 tBoth parents were again questioned about use of
4 d7 N/ r. J; `3 W, s7 T& @any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) x$ M. @+ S: u5 U% k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 ]# x, x4 T6 L! o' S; vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 g/ {& n. V6 r3 Buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 E: }4 |& Z/ s4 b. w! E% V2 p% x
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: E0 p: m  f+ l6 z6 h6 s# ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# s5 P2 J$ i) T" M7 U/ v! _
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 Z8 \- j' E0 P9 o0 A- I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ S: A1 O' q0 \
secondary to depression.$ H$ J/ |+ V+ A8 L! K) J
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ e3 i1 B$ \6 O. D
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# Q7 S# ~: R4 N7 f. G  _5 Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% V( E. E8 a* L) w! R9 X
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ i$ ~' e4 `, J% Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% A1 o# ~  C9 X+ Q1 k# |/ ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
; n9 P" [- ~! s2 E7 b1 c' j2 }  uwas high, he then read the product information
1 o1 }# x+ V1 v! ?; b# {packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, Q% f" Y5 u0 f2 i. bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 O& e6 r- W& f- J& f% g4 F5 ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- O! S& U' `3 A  S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ i, a4 F- D& p  U; ^/ |; `
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- X8 B! y( x* c4 g9 A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, @, l5 I, |# Z6 x
laboratory to obtain the test.
( ?/ f8 `7 P7 ]/ T$ o3 rDiscussion# Y  y5 M+ p( a/ r2 e
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- ]( J8 {) Q0 \& u& ?8 g4 }) J
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, J; d& l# ^  T3 M$ n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' A, X# ~. x1 _" C8 |. x/ d, Kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 d# V& Z3 P1 V$ G; fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ V) H  O5 m* e$ Z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ p) ~0 B% G" b; Smay have a central nervous system lesion that is
; |3 ~3 p( n/ o$ B& p# h* l# }" o$ Y. hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ ~) f! P: X7 Z: k" g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ U8 B  c! A; v: o" l( e. T
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 O9 t2 @$ H5 F9 ~: i" }. z9 J! T3 bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ h5 W% k, N; t$ h" O) p' z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
- z' j9 ^1 d9 d' A" U" V, {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 X5 U) Z+ a( _: O5 c5 _
gonadotropins.1,30 z0 ]5 w( R. \  {) C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" e4 G+ _7 u& d0 \' \0 e  o" P
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& u. b; ~; b8 N; Y6 g) q2 w. L3 D  qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& U' l3 Y3 S; j; w/ G" Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- k0 o1 Q8 |2 Q  x& R& i
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" z, |. d" k$ n5 y$ |6 j7 L
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 n& W4 |# V* w+ P4 j8 `
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 d) A4 I4 {# v3 ?puberty in boys.3,4
2 `3 R4 R3 a; a3 C5 M+ ?9 XThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 [7 B' w. l: s7 thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 z4 ], c* e8 x7 V- J/ v
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; d7 i( F3 |, W; ?4 L0 w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. v) c: L9 y; k6 L# Q. S* Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 E! v2 O* H, D& \) w* U3 E$ J
excess.1,3
! i2 Y2 F( v7 `- t* tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 s/ `$ x- Y3 Q- o+ s3 w/ g2 j
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# I/ t; R4 d5 O$ I4 x6 |3 IA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& k: t( }! M3 g0 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ y4 {  a6 |0 e
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# ^0 Y: S1 d$ ^& W$ W' A/ g5 Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys3 J  e/ ~+ b3 {$ A2 C$ O, ]
with this disorder are full pubertal development,( ~$ a+ l: D( d' Y$ S
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 P) r6 R: v7 j2 _9 n  Swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, m$ L. v8 u" T! Y+ J# y* L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" U& C! D5 G" P4 W% h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; S) ~+ g  J; s' x
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 ~4 u0 b! s7 l2 a5 @5 j9 m3 d6 Oautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' q* f% M$ W" e# }males; therefore, other male members of the family
1 f6 N: l) ~' s" P- t0 |0 emay have similar precocious puberty.3
! k; f) ?3 t/ _1 @7 EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, @9 V: F- y( t, R0 L7 i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' }# L' e" u; A. L) Mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# @8 @- e3 a2 u( J9 \& N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
$ m. t3 D0 V8 N, g2 x( Qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, d9 ?) H2 D. a; }, Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- N& m4 s1 b0 V! {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  T5 Z: B! }' e1 B% n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ B4 j( h6 H) P8 p! ^" p" bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 c6 ]) @# k. c5 o; R- s/ M8 ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 A( B- M( B8 X- ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 Q' f" T& Y* d# _% ~7 i6 u
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 J$ \7 R. s( x- [; a- c$ WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" S4 S. N% K' s- ^- a3 ^5 R* rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; x/ g9 R: G$ A5 q, @8 R* Y
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& e7 {+ Z  F; c" y* G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 @2 D% }8 q+ b! W2 g. Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& G4 ~6 w! {+ z3 U/ i7 cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* a4 _1 ]) @8 _" M. f& H# G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# t8 v7 B' ?' B
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 C6 P* ]$ z7 x2 ?. r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 `2 h! |3 h7 r5 O4 ~! i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.9 K9 l9 H* x+ h4 i8 W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! C+ C# f1 h' Wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
; y0 g  q- |  k9 }9 f- |even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* V, z$ t" u  [) g
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, r- h9 D$ x- R2 u
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( E1 ?: a  h' o9 }! \4 o+ F
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 c9 L( B: w/ X4 V. e: J/ Lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 Y: n6 I1 N$ G. P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ R: A$ K- o; v# O2 ]9 xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: }* k' ]  A9 D3 ~3 u
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 L; ]% j2 o; W% T7 E2 ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
2 M+ ]% p# N: X1 Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) O4 I5 I" {" @: rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 I1 S/ ~& f& `& kchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
% U* }2 U; b& {1 ]) l* H+ Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; b8 u% M6 E1 |The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! G) e) q! N, R5 l5 B8 G! Iearly childhood on pubertal development and final
9 z: K' T: _' T- d- o% o. S. X6 Zadult height are not fully known and always remain
* D. M) N4 |8 S' T7 ^a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 c' R' J; k8 S8 c! M) R% ~terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: e+ ^  A/ |. x, L& ]acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! A. T5 @+ C5 ^8 k! mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 y! F4 K, J+ R" @# P6 I2 M& s' X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. x! d+ j0 y  d9 qThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 p1 T6 h: Y2 [  z" t6 Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' ~- G* ^  Y& y' g' A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! w4 s  m: E6 C5 P  e6 r0 ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 @% Q# @6 ~' W# ^7 l8 P6 nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ T) ]" j/ Y, rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 }' a" R' m( G5 E! A1 |% `; k9 C: S
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  b$ j$ Q$ `  z# @  \, m
penile length in clinical studies.# V5 g9 f- k2 N: o3 [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. j! q' i: m% f: [3 ?
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, t3 E/ t) H5 X) v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- Y3 o# P* s+ |6 x. Pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) ^8 U; B& E* p5 e3 Q8 YAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ S( B# {& Y9 |* w* {% Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
2 @. |& g( ^/ @% ~. V4 {6 K; `* zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) ?' Q. ^$ w5 @4 i' V/ O' ]1 M
height will not be affected.
. s" T0 b5 }: T) m, GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-& A% a4 e0 w0 B- ]* m
ability of androgen products in our society may4 B2 T) I" F; w2 V$ s- r9 F0 b
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# t  ^# b7 U% H: U
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
, [: b; }3 Y6 l2 h3 ygen products must be considered and specific ques-3 s4 g% x+ |0 M9 k  r4 F- y
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, V! J9 c8 o1 b' r; i
gel should be asked of the family members during
. b4 Y( _# U$ ?. B+ J9 F5 Othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-* f3 D: X4 t/ g5 Y2 K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 B3 A) v5 J5 j( R7 P. G" |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; I  j6 E) [+ ?! s+ t! [8 H1 n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 }4 c& w, z/ ?/ c( v# L5 N+ jhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) N6 F1 x  [9 f! p  [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" @8 s9 {0 _; V2 Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ J0 O7 d; u# N
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ G" q  L" J/ p) _$ y/ n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 C' m! o/ ~7 {& P" B3 m0 x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# r* ^# O+ }, r0 M3 _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; i  Y/ u, M& X/ p1 Cfemale child who might come in contact with some-- u1 `* ~5 {9 Y! m3 g% V+ W" {
one using any of these products.
! E/ ?* e. j9 r: a: H4 [References
9 s+ ?( W9 s7 w. {5 ?4 y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: R/ W+ ~; }4 F* S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* P5 R  J6 U2 A! Z) ^; Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& V, a% e) H1 S  H% W) P2002: 565-628.1 U) i. k( G& H* s* t4 ~
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious1 R5 K2 o9 d  o/ @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

, a% }5 Y+ w5 h& h' ]. n8 c精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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