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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 ^2 D) P, q2 g6 U7 p( a$ kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ z p6 Y0 k6 K% l1 ~! D e3 OExposure to Testosterone0 H- j+ b* a, Q8 }& e- ^" i* R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
2 M; k8 k, A0 h3 X3 zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. _( C. y5 C; g& `& [6 a. DClinical Pediatrics
* ?4 s1 p, F: L, u5 s: t% ?Volume 46 Number 6
, A4 Y6 u$ I5 ~: P- ~' }" vJuly 2007 540-543+ d( b/ s( }4 G) f% j: o& k1 D! A
© 2007 Sage Publications4 z) o; U* b: T6 P
10.1177/0009922806296651
' L: W' E5 w2 s5 K" J& lhttp://clp.sagepub.com
# u) Z' F; m$ u$ ~. lhosted at! }" n7 K+ A" t) z5 e) y, \& w7 ?
http://online.sagepub.com" g: F, e$ p! F7 m( M3 r& a8 Y, A2 R) z Z. W
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" A; s* C8 ~) g6 v, Z. Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central9 Z/ ^4 y0 U- M" k! O4 D8 G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 i1 ~9 U# o3 w, _) U5 q! F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' ~7 Y( y a4 ?2 v! P- F3 h9 Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" V( x& k# {# `; \1 b/ Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# @7 k1 b) a, ]/ E5 _8 Y' w0 D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" v6 i: v1 i% L" ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, x1 i% o0 w+ \0 o( }5 L$ X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ S$ u+ B6 S+ [* c @" C+ [5 sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( N9 t; n; w' T( |enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! E5 I7 p, k+ a, |( g2 X9 h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ ]6 c- u* e0 S+ S! d" S% ], w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ ?1 ?0 J& G W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( o# F7 X. J$ D f2 ^% X
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ [9 v1 Q b9 _# U5 i: e+ L; v$ X1 y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; ~% U$ j' b! k" L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 H/ _4 Y j) ^$ G
bly more common than the rare case report in the' A( H! _) L" o/ O
literature.4, f1 x) P; b. W" o A9 t: x- `
Patient Report
P+ I- b$ M: e, z L6 y' ^- e4 KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# }- K4 S) d) _6 w' lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ f @: }5 d) s$ w D) r$ y0 g
of early sexual development. His mother noticed* w" `, O4 o. } i( A
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ ^: k& C; h1 ?/ FFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" ?4 {" w3 U# G9 l8 E$ o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 U; h$ S W5 M& }# Q8 l. O. |$ {Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* K7 Z1 N# q) O. c4 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# Z8 F% U h( M+ PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( c' G% q2 F4 E0 u) |e-mail: [email protected].: Q! Q. L4 l+ }1 V& M+ g3 ~! x$ G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
0 s2 u' w1 R) ?4 j2 [* k( ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, G$ f; T' u; Y) q8 }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- s2 {4 u& V6 ]$ o; ^% h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
& q$ g6 g. T9 }$ Y \$ Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( ~0 X2 F# ^# O7 |4 z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 I6 j& [& f& ~' _; V. ?9 {* jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with' ]) t( A( n! M/ W$ N2 l& ^
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
k% T7 J& ?& U5 r* E7 i+ sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* w, y( y6 p9 @) |6 \was age appropriate.5 O4 z i( k6 S
The family history was remarkable for the father,- A5 g" O. ^2 s, \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% t- l* A7 `# b# Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" I7 V+ ^+ C6 S5 {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
[3 W( u% ^. r! u) E' Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14. r1 T, d- C% U% ?4 v
The father denied taking any other medication. The, T6 l6 D, d5 e- d( Y* y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: X1 F; n: _0 Z5 @: s6 q. ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ O4 a* h! n& Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' A! q8 q* m+ R7 l5 z# N9 D# Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela- v j& p7 W6 M4 J- k* P+ m
tives. There were no siblings.$ p' [7 ]7 M) j" r% a
Physical Examination/ f# G% v/ G A) {
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* }1 C+ n" A g' L/ P" iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( M# t: ?: T$ c3 K0 e) m. `
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 o7 y) w$ m) C j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# F% r0 m$ _- l" q. A(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 Q; ~ f; F1 B: g5 Dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, x# f0 ?% n) a5 V; j/ M6 f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! p" H6 A$ b @+ e" A3 d( w- OThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. y+ ]2 i: A+ j! @3 i; y/ j8 A$ fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* k8 x3 k& I3 V( Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 A( D- s6 J! D2 \. [6 S- ~
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% N$ d8 G4 Z% ] K* b. R
5402 b( x1 Y# }' [9 ?% N: Y, N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* M6 I7 J7 G( M0 g( ?) wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 o7 ?2 R4 E+ w. k- Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# M# B% W! Z: h) C! |
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 ~: Y& |9 y+ @* A0 w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 u; ^' ]- ~7 u' Y( jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% a. a! O5 @- e# s9 \0 {' ?- {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 o, J' B3 h% l/ f+ `: n
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- V; r! i; B" X
of papilledema.1 M: V% j% J) P2 A
Laboratory Evaluation9 J6 a y) n# ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by# I# W& n: b9 J7 l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 C& {% E4 H1 J$ s1 ~% D
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( m6 r1 u9 m$ k, b7 Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
; W2 p% `' o2 jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 ~; N1 l8 y z% n: k' ^$ zlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 K$ T _2 O! l6 ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# w7 L4 x4 o$ R9 ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) w# f+ D7 ~# L- @
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 I& o* j4 [" h, _8 o; Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- z# B8 ^4 l2 O(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 v7 C$ k8 K# Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, ^" _* g' Z% |: _0 a; t; ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 c6 v2 Q+ L: P' \" F0 Ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' P6 o0 v. ?7 u! C2 [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 f4 H9 q' V l8 x, Jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. S7 x! N {+ Q0 X$ y% O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 S3 T3 R( R5 ^. K% a$ Q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 }- w) L. @/ M, `3 x$ x; f
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* a$ o! A6 v. W6 k, z/ J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- g. a0 }+ n2 u+ ?" G+ Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# Q9 k4 E6 d( ?
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 {( J3 N$ n6 W, T1 g(prepubertal).
# q+ K- [0 {, H/ X" }The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 M9 H/ I" h$ J8 R$ c8 o% R. Nresults and were informed that all of the tests were' ^$ H: Q+ J; ~, P6 Q3 A, H% u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 }* V$ d4 l. ]3 U+ z7 \! _6 pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ T) `/ i- M# w; Q4 m3 g4 Q! k
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
R2 l7 q+ i4 wever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 B6 `- u6 z1 l, y! l! C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
) ~4 x; s, p! k a& tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, Z* j; i2 z" N h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- m$ `' N" m, R2 B" c# R4 U# junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! f, w6 y4 K8 V- E- W0 P/ {$ j: ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at8 [1 ^0 p+ M7 M5 J3 Q, t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) s9 g C6 r2 w2 E @1 W
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 n, `, {4 b7 `9 d/ }7 w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" X: H( p" J* T% M1 Q
ing frequent erections.
1 _2 k. y# O" _Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 ?) p8 Y1 A5 y' w% z8 p/ xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% @; x0 ~( V$ Xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
5 @/ r7 T5 o" @ j! XTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 T6 x1 Y4 x0 Y2 l5 }: s* [( ^use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 J/ |1 t& |: c$ Hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' b& q6 w- A1 ?& Y/ M z9 sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
b# n& T7 J/ N1 D1 sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 w8 B' Z' Z2 ]+ Q( \scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ o" O: T$ c( |3 U2 R
secondary to depression.7 W W, \- ?: T0 t6 k
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ D$ q# A0 g. Y) F, \! e' { w3 ?3 a" vThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ A- w- f+ k1 f8 G! @* p/ [# d! Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' u5 l9 Q6 l% _. W2 e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 A. d$ x8 @! A* G
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 R6 g6 p$ ^% P( owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 `2 k" b5 C3 F' n/ f
was high, he then read the product information! d, V2 K3 J$ i4 J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 E/ Q8 J: u) u2 J6 Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 _% ?; N4 j7 b2 g1 u3 W/ T0 J% pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( q* J% V* q6 }+ G; Z! Dfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had: E0 u( D6 e; V' F+ }. R5 s& e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, _4 [0 u. D3 [. L5 X/ xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the |2 F- J. P5 y0 |8 w; E) y6 B! u
laboratory to obtain the test.
% O/ e% Q2 Q3 k. s$ @: u) n# N: Z* xDiscussion$ Q( z& ^' B6 h& v) T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) k2 Y. B) s. n" o* t3 J: asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
0 }. H* W) K/ h+ \; z! fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when0 e% C! W- k* d
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 F, \7 O" S& k" G8 hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 W/ s! j& X$ O: v$ @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 N6 y& R# b+ b, Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 n V4 ~/ b. k1 @% T6 I; h. @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 T* Y/ ^8 z# R- C% z! _. ?+ t
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 E' z% d+ a; Q3 Q+ R4 i9 e( q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 b5 `% `( [- J7 s0 l: w4 @boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 b+ Y2 b. Y6 g$ j. i( f
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( K0 A/ ^- G: L# v d* [, krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& S! a" l. j4 ]$ J3 l* S9 V4 t" K7 U
gonadotropins.1,3$ w0 |' U( q8 R9 P. w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* {$ d2 S. u) `# r5 }+ v+ W! T2 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, D9 w& T1 u) |. Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 P u) [1 o, z) E' oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' p T% O+ y& T% gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( K M, e0 K' W% I5 G' g: Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# [9 u& A/ ]0 A; p
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious# J* V+ D! j% M
puberty in boys.3,4% {% w$ O4 t+ F
The most common form of congenital adrenal3 t# n5 g" @5 ^, b T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% J+ t( Q, ~8 h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) S8 [4 _) j$ s0 c" Y I/ }- Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ ~4 x* I3 h2 d" B1 A, ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 f1 g/ \7 q; i8 \! y9 q
excess.1,3# W$ ?" |+ Q" H7 w+ [+ r9 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ r: `9 z* c. A: n7 i) ]542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 Z9 |; \; X) y8 ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* z! ~* L q) C7 r0 \# ]independent precocious puberty, which is also known- |( [: d9 i$ X' m% a( @1 d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! t6 x% c" n! Y* u2 h) y/ p* _very young age. The physical findings in these boys
( k0 D& w9 F/ u) Q7 rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
* w$ E5 j* {; _" J2 L% i1 L$ h+ iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: P6 Q; H- G# I, {% C% D
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 A6 n2 J) p1 s. vare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show T9 f# ?! U$ V. V/ y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 p( B" H, E5 ~; E0 ~- b9 Q4 Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. c8 D* j; q+ Q. f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ e: \1 F# S! M0 L. vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
4 } x- ^% ?" Y# xmay have similar precocious puberty.35 {- Q1 l2 }9 r3 o' V
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ J! @# N$ J. J1 Y7 |# Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
d; d9 Q( _9 n6 |" P0 Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 ]: e ^7 L, H, a$ W# g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# [5 O6 S, ?8 X8 r, o0 Q2 R% z( b
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," A' t( ^& [- i- s; M$ B
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: \) @0 H" D/ ]6 p
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 c4 \5 F8 Z/ g8 O1 y4 C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 i. _# L- n# x
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ Z0 h% d1 j2 S v( z/ U( q' T/ s- h
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 H e& E9 \# ?/ g1 ]$ a2 U6 ]9 h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' l! {5 y% A) Q+ n6 y+ Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 I. h B8 U) }- z* J
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* q- ^% I: t( i0 t! C) J% p& t# Q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ P, e. h4 G/ V3 J" ?! gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. I6 X' G. P& r4 K4 ~1 S" Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 |6 c* H w9 t8 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 e* T" Y4 @4 pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# W" Q- { b0 ?
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 t g- g5 b: s, E% X, o
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
x& E+ e: n0 B N1 f) S! acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. h1 i5 M" b! }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
t; A" Q! e( H" u$ [& YSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) L! J, _2 `: d/ ^! U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 l5 N; ^& h, o0 p& f/ X, w% P: Ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 U0 ~4 G, D1 H* D3 D; {9 j$ l
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. q% C. n8 V" l5 [( A! x8 F7 d
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% w! T8 O1 z6 [, e( F. }1 H/ h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% t7 Q9 y+ h" I* F5 N8 M$ E" ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ H1 z7 u% t, J6 a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' c4 x Z. v$ tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more0 r6 A/ e8 i6 K) y1 d
active in young children exposed to testosterone* o0 k- K' S9 m# n5 u4 }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# G s) n; D3 Cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 _# X9 L. n+ c: I+ ^7 Z; z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" A1 |1 Q+ u4 p+ `6 p& F" i! k4 Ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& a/ K1 c. {: I3 ]9 V/ e/ Y/ k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 A3 s- T$ u$ m3 x n# U; `) ]* |7 i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ f5 F! [+ y6 C
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 I& f I. f6 `* Radult height are not fully known and always remain
. l2 c) V/ v6 I. V4 j4 B8 R1 ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" R0 w" N# ^( D( C( l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 H, v: i4 L6 G8 k/ X; C0 Nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, N1 c" I3 d. w$ f. {! r1 Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation M7 U* f4 C6 T4 e# g- y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' d* Y& F5 v3 l% e" b
There are conflicting reports and controversy* l2 k" J9 _# h( n3 T# O4 a
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! s1 T, W9 K9 _; Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( H* m ?' g7 e5 @9 N8 k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# k4 q: P3 T: ]# l8 }: `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* S6 b( |5 T$ B% y+ ], m, u0 }. TSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 x& c+ e0 _2 k9 J! Z5 Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 D" E% E2 D R! Q I7 ~! Z
penile length in clinical studies.
% p6 W0 `; l6 e$ X, JNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ R) |0 c- @9 \5 Y4 T+ vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
( M8 ?$ s; Z, Z) _' S' ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' O. n( O. v0 Q8 X# ?* D
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% _) r" b _8 O: S$ O6 ^7 k* n' RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 M' L, X4 {5 m0 s0 jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 g& x$ a* u# ^/ h6 z; k: d, Sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" R+ B D: J0 q, I; Fheight will not be affected.
4 [$ b; O3 c V# a. w$ o7 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 t/ N0 a. V1 C; @6 W" Mability of androgen products in our society may1 L0 ^; U/ @- P5 B2 k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 q9 d7 S$ T1 X- G& ^5 R& a+ T
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. {$ s! Q! }6 X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
& b4 Z* F4 E7 P' I/ T8 [- |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& ^5 G" |; K! K6 ugel should be asked of the family members during5 r% p& J2 A4 {- i% R3 |
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 p$ `; v: ^6 p5 v' |8 j
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 n; y, d, J# D9 j0 S. u8 Qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 v4 E( v; Z( f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: z$ T1 Q$ i% A3 k7 j7 o e. P2 S. e, a
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. H" P# ]. h; o7 G2 `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, `0 I1 T6 Q+ c" Q5 D
investigation. The primary care physician should be! w: l$ C) \" ?4 X. h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& @+ c" m6 N5 p7 Z% v: s2 ^( ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- z& W% r- j) r# O4 k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; r# A7 L, J5 B7 i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! m- f7 ~; @2 p, Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
* u2 @8 e- D+ g* vone using any of these products.
, l9 j! H+ h% t" E2 N2 r! F/ UReferences
8 l) I9 f8 ~7 M. [1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. h' U1 O: L( z7 u+ q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- \3 B |2 }) U5 l2 y5 EEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: i7 h8 [) A. D5 \7 C/ A
2002: 565-628.
$ R6 i3 p* W! i4 n2 V7 R2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& p* a- U* F8 a! L: _ s p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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