WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 J) _  W7 t& m: N6 b) |. w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* ^5 i& P0 H2 |9 dExposure to Testosterone
( @4 }* M* w: J2 }& B9 A5 LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) z# x% N* K6 j& z1 j' P
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
! g$ x& ]$ I9 k/ H' @6 K- |Clinical Pediatrics
+ B9 k5 M, a. Y5 `4 Q& o# l/ F- VVolume 46 Number 6( T/ D9 S, j6 q/ {* D/ X" k3 {
July 2007 540-5430 J% P& s* ]9 `* s% o& U' Y% X% ]8 ]
© 2007 Sage Publications
% a! R) f, D- z7 A+ P10.1177/0009922806296651$ E7 F; i# Y4 m4 ?- q
http://clp.sagepub.com9 |+ F. a, e$ `: t4 A( d9 ^
hosted at/ `8 O" `6 m! A' e/ P8 {1 V
http://online.sagepub.com# N3 @+ U( G) U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 A5 P  e' O6 K/ ais a significant concern for physicians. Central5 K/ V6 l  x) }3 B- [# }, _% i
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 v& n: y: w6 {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ v" {1 a2 i; d6 ~" `- Y( i
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 }2 X% V* J1 Y1 J4 F7 q, [9 dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; x' _" ]5 S" U6 Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 L5 t4 b( X/ v$ f" t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
7 r0 {" r* x* A5 ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 g$ e( g* C# g% B9 z4 w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ s; P( k: Y+ y; c- h( v9 Q. e+ denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( J4 f& A# d4 p# V% ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
! _4 d* Q: [4 ]: K- p3 Yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% h) p' g3 P' B' e$ q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 U" E- t7 D$ B4 J/ Xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" g. e* V. T5 U9 ?5 X0 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( [9 ]' M9 B5 b/ n: I5 ^. U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ _6 P% h, v# E( l. S+ k
bly more common than the rare case report in the2 ]* h% Y; g  o! Q( `
literature.4- e( G: L: @- o  v- F2 w  g; h8 \$ r
Patient Report+ Z9 u9 g* P* S, c
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- ], a$ `- L. K0 E3 U. u! a
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, v: F2 H, ~% \# U1 U" ]9 Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed# J( ]2 u, t" j, h0 ]+ h! O" q
light colored pubic hair development when he was* Q7 _; j2 F/ ^' e/ g
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 c' o; m& _2 S; P) [  y6 [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ N& U) O/ u$ W7 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. L/ b3 `5 z+ K# g
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% V+ e& y3 Y1 |4 \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. g& y3 q: G7 V5 F* I2 H9 [9 C. ^1 ze-mail: [email protected].
0 |& |0 d- n# H' W1 A0 m" r: m: ?about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 T& |6 k# u" |- i1 udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 h9 v0 ?0 u, b* [" u0 [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 u. z1 H" u/ p; `5 Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  L. w/ t# H" V. \/ F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. T" D* Y7 c# j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% l; }2 z6 H( m) b; Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 k/ Q" G5 I: c# g% P: y8 r' o# osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% |  \- {/ m) u7 n) P+ l) e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, o" h! g; G* q5 q5 W4 K, b* y7 W$ Jwas age appropriate.
' h' K( b3 E; T: {: }" r5 {) ?The family history was remarkable for the father,
! d$ h& X1 `- r6 Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 D8 `+ p! A: W8 {5 j
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 ^' S+ o3 E1 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 T  Z  Q, F) K- j, i/ i2 ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. N) h' Q3 M# JThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- M7 g/ w6 e5 ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ \) l& ?$ I* h3 r8 d( D. Q- m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 J8 A  g3 H; `% u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* I' q( A: ?5 ?" a% n1 o+ ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 C0 W! k3 T# G2 Qtives. There were no siblings.
/ ?  ?: j- T& @; a1 y/ kPhysical Examination
5 S& G9 V) Z* F* S" t, d; E4 L2 uThe physical examination revealed a very active,7 L2 q( X0 c$ }; N0 U! _' x- `$ f
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 _5 B& e1 r) \0 \- u& H5 |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- `3 d' d7 g# g0 Y; S) ~, C- L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 R  e# l9 J7 U' T2 @3 ]$ r4 J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  V8 C& ]- S! a$ c7 O4 }, cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 H0 ~" v" |8 s! k6 \0 hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: T0 `- I3 J0 v! E2 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. a' b: v0 C/ W+ W
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
# Z6 p( I) n: t8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# P3 ?/ w: k5 d; K# ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 O! Z+ Q/ t" M& @
540
( v1 g$ {, q8 U2 C8 h; F" }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; I% o  x6 o, X# w0 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; M# y' }6 w2 N# w$ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- ^- [/ N) x  j. t) @& w& _' q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ v' ~2 Y. M) I; t5 F- G) Coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ I% l( j3 x+ ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: ^6 n7 z' C% B( a6 l8 q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& s. v( l6 v2 v& ^+ n
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ ^2 G0 v8 O# |( J0 Sof papilledema.& ~6 C9 F' {, w$ q6 M
Laboratory Evaluation
! p: E! n; Y$ e, w! T8 hThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 Q. \; r0 h6 T2 j2 i4 W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 ~& n5 n3 v8 q* U% @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ A% Q* J: c/ z. ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) m5 F# c7 J; r1 j; Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ D- Z* z! }) v3 z3 s; o4 \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 h; U- w. v9 ^4 u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* t: U. C" q$ p0 X2 q! v9 vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  }* e6 E' u6 R  a4 q7 lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 _3 G, p3 M1 ]- K0 y3 mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ ^& j4 K5 o0 s4 f- ^3 p0 S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ x1 J9 `! R5 M  `" y$ o! Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) Y/ H: J, y: _5 W
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 Q; z0 x; b1 k
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 G8 K4 P7 ^" J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- [) b! y7 T9 w6 s; I
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* C( r4 u2 c  ?9 G( Y, I& N+ ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 z* ?' g  {) V) }4 Y$ Q0 ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 U3 e$ z0 o4 E+ H0 O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' m8 p- u* u5 F' L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 S& L* S" H2 |- Q* H* ^8 s4 Q) O' w
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' ~. Z7 k8 f) m' |8 J, o6 e, [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ j# q- G+ l. c$ J$ o! a(prepubertal).
2 s7 k! [8 X8 o$ g, W$ a* ?; O/ JThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, ~+ \6 N4 H8 w( J* Oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
* W+ |- Q7 q- ^' A% n( U3 \& `normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 }6 }8 s0 Y) Z6 l0 |% |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 g0 e6 s' K1 [
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 ~( Z( b* p6 K- }) [3 `! d: j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. T, q& D" c/ d, D& nPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
9 a4 J6 y* _  h6 @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 Q& B# N$ _/ M5 y3 j
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. P( X8 N% }! y- U, R. Qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  M7 R+ L8 ?+ C' ~. \( D' i  @
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( ^  \% q2 a# N+ Z4 Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ I) X  f8 h6 u! k& U  A. x
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., S) `9 [5 x: J$ W9 b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 c- n; c+ F3 ~  k
ing frequent erections.
4 V8 z1 Q# k3 DBoth parents were again questioned about use of5 x! x+ F% D. e8 m% f% \4 F6 `
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ i, U" G# [  f6 {$ Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" W9 U' s7 ^0 E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! J9 C0 a4 u' V* ~9 Huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' S& _4 f* P5 Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  @2 z8 @, L3 g" xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) e( V+ s' \/ Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 ?' z7 [' {8 P4 ?4 o4 I+ f% nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 ?. q# X& q, X9 [* c4 L7 l8 hsecondary to depression.- I  z& K7 z' S. B- z
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ G2 {3 e# s% }4 EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( v# d% E0 A2 i# u/ J- F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# ]3 n8 W- \0 h% r0 R6 _, Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, @8 C/ p, ^0 R2 N5 j9 BThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 A3 X5 K0 p% ^6 W3 V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; i4 j+ s6 m2 k$ U8 Y
was high, he then read the product information! a! L& }5 d; i3 E& Y- j, b
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 Z4 t  {: H% m. F# y! ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 f6 C. S9 N' Y. ?+ g
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( G. s6 p9 \6 i( N; q& r/ L, Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had. s; q: z" k( U6 z/ g! A# _
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 t6 L% A' p% O7 u! mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- N0 ?/ Y1 `/ l6 W
laboratory to obtain the test.
! p; T  a% A4 }# m8 L& G2 qDiscussion
- Q  ]8 N' w) E# EPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: Y1 A2 S7 ?& Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 j0 q8 V& x( Z7 o4 d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" A6 d. C" P( C0 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, Y, J) m! g3 Z% b4 o. h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* r; f" H% f5 }" ?  _0 f, `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ y$ v( s- M" }3 dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 ~: N0 \: V* n( |9 k2 M. i. |$ eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: X1 _! `) b2 F$ h( |+ N  n5 M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( F8 [0 d$ p3 h- N, G5 g$ D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( B% w$ s& x1 }8 Y+ b5 H- ~% Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 _' t& [/ T( C4 @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 ^2 [( r, O1 R/ ~* O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" w) f  G9 n2 ^& S4 J- L' ~gonadotropins.1,3
+ g+ _6 l8 q/ y! ~" r4 [Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; \3 Y5 R. V5 ~6 u) l5 W. [
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 i0 a  s; ~" q+ p% ]0 x: wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 q8 K8 o! a# `! Y7 K6 y$ V
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& t5 i+ f0 \3 A' W" y* qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% I# c4 e5 e; S/ i$ A( \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: g# C) z4 d) n- n: D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ ]9 g! k" _+ _  B
puberty in boys.3,4
, r& U5 ]2 _* r: TThe most common form of congenital adrenal
- q8 I8 N1 e5 uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 k2 F' D5 l! O! I7 ?4 J9 ^" U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, B1 o5 C% ]& ~) `# y& j- ^8 d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! D  @  ~$ e1 a& Q# T% P( d/ oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; P5 U% n0 v6 O$ w  T( t8 y
excess.1,3  r; s! z6 ~8 J" @4 F/ M! ^7 \
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  w' M, M, x+ `8 c. C542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ |: a. \. [* o% |
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& [+ ]! y7 c5 ^independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 Q* O2 E( E0 u# _
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: S6 P6 w: K+ p8 f) |# t: Nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& X$ ^+ y3 ?- G) A, x/ Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,3 D3 r: z) ]6 p- v' N3 V. ]) t3 }6 p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ ?# L2 \* Q) b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 j& f  Y7 k% D  z+ [, T: h: gare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 B) m+ `0 G8 r7 r: j2 V% r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 c- e$ V( T( X6 [# \2 Xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; ^1 M/ B5 B, Z8 K% M& w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
5 U- c( E% E" M: Q; w9 Xmales; therefore, other male members of the family1 H+ E" z& o! _; g% M. K( ~- |
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' ?  g, i: l. d$ n, VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: f2 p. W( O: X  |* I0 ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 @- n5 M& |. F4 l& q5 ]! i; fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! w& P7 D$ M8 [* _& A
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
* ^- K/ `; E4 @' E) Z) x/ ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# U3 H, s$ g: f( k
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( S- r2 D9 q4 w1 Bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 u- E' [3 w+ ?% ^0 x* @ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 l1 R* G* {0 p* w5 J! _
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% b0 U' e$ b5 b' o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, x2 ^, g2 R. d6 j9 L+ H. ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
  b2 g* k0 r! ~) @, R' Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.. z4 u* N. }; e6 E% _, g6 v/ e+ q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ m$ ~/ g3 |. k3 C" b  u$ e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 M5 A# K. K% v) ~! }% S, Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
  [! H1 ?% h) b3 i4 d* r0 C) e! z$ @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 M9 O  Q/ G1 e/ Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 S7 W* Z9 d3 ~  G8 |; T$ G' w; N, u
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 A; x7 B; ^! f* o) x) f! w& P% D! Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ k9 \6 q- [8 q- k- g6 @Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 k+ R* B. R7 L" T. i( C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 g: x" l. V$ Z. h' v7 T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 M# G6 c, B# w' Z: Q9 |* P/ zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, N6 M0 }! _' P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to0 G) \2 t7 o! {. e
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 g5 a" Z' C8 h5 b; Q+ r* h, T* |# c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" K2 F- K9 n1 l. }tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." ]# _5 j0 s! `1 a( e
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& Z$ {% }+ s' x& l0 i4 Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ I# L% y$ w/ T" ~8 [- c; `3 O  r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 }/ W3 ~' A9 S9 C1 v. n, o1 `) _3 ^
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 Q% Z7 W0 b3 u  v: Q  dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 T* V  I8 j, F5 l: @: ]/ Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ y: \% i6 x6 F. L
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ L4 W" O. n" i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: E7 H. h$ H. ]. j6 `8 `! Z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
  X2 x8 U$ M. w4 L/ N4 jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* ~0 t: {; t/ H9 G5 B7 r: T9 }4 f! ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 \" ?# b- n, g& }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
" P) T$ C, i# ^' A: y, D1 `adult height are not fully known and always remain$ o" [; T8 R! T5 }& n! W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; O  v6 F* [$ h# J' ~" ^
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; E$ ]3 B1 s  C; n9 Eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; J; P; X! V% }( V, s8 A2 L- q1 ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
$ t, p% S6 {, ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) q* Q( p* c/ {" s; @6 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy6 g# j& V: b' H9 h$ f- n; G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* S4 _' K. S, e/ b
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; }' X/ i1 Y  ?5 T% \
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& a8 X# _4 D8 @, O0 ?- kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ _& ]  N: i: L# J' M
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 m) b1 [( P- `: @9 j% x& {& j$ y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 a$ x* e& X# n; l. \penile length in clinical studies.
+ M, z! h8 H" }Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 O8 z- v# N1 q, c* h- w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( u& i% ?% g: f: a3 O' s" Ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 U9 ^' G9 W% ~0 e8 qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' |/ D& ~) o; B! V, o" y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 Y" R8 X. X( Ddiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 o% N) a% k8 A  G: Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( p2 |; E) A/ `3 K
height will not be affected.
. J+ c) P! d; h. \; FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% s* C8 u( Z1 `* }
ability of androgen products in our society may
& U4 [# g0 h2 ^3 M, ~& m; \indeed cause more virilization in male or female: T! p$ Z1 X& `& ~0 E; C1 w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* {1 p+ t% x  E1 N( I. e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 C5 ]& R: P- S' u, J! Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or% @3 N. v1 |* C8 w: |' l
gel should be asked of the family members during2 Y; c) K, y! b# |9 V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% r- Y. B' p! d) P1 l9 t4 L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& \, X9 B0 o- V+ ^7 o. p( enosis can be established by just a few tests and by, d% ]5 [* {/ Y0 N$ W. `; x1 n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: J* f. q" G, m) [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) P" x% o7 o$ o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 s; K9 F/ V, n# f5 q- }
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ r4 ~  ]; J0 {$ ^5 z) L. K( E
aware of this fact, because most of these children) X1 U& C$ h6 W6 h0 I  a" U7 ]. U
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; y& ]& Q) z% }7 k/ d
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* v0 N/ R. H$ a( p$ |% s  s- L, R
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! l  e$ O8 }% d* a. n- q5 rfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 U  u6 B& e! C8 p6 g: h- T# V
one using any of these products.
8 x! o6 E8 y  e5 C1 q: d, [7 PReferences
* M) b+ U$ F4 b1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 ^. O! E# G. D* iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; l+ O9 ?8 j4 J. r6 r0 MEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% L7 s, v+ A; T$ @  ^, N6 v( d8 ]2002: 565-628.
# t9 }9 N/ {: }( M3 l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* j% L/ l# R8 U# N$ a# Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ o0 j# x0 Z7 v& _, ^' N8 IBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- Z* L- H) V- [4 W% m$ W
Exposure to Testosterone
, w. J7 G3 J# GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* p5 m" P! Q4 y" S# O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
& W* l% B9 ]$ KClinical Pediatrics  w8 p" G  @3 A, I0 ]& B! [
Volume 46 Number 6% `0 _: M. w1 F
July 2007 540-543
' H5 n# M. m! K© 2007 Sage Publications% p  d' U3 S0 t9 _5 z" I9 v
10.1177/0009922806296651
2 l) h4 y  v8 W/ m1 fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
2 z3 N/ C. L! [( dhosted at* H, z" C# ?8 N% H1 Q; Q
http://online.sagepub.com$ R! \% {0 i8 u: v+ i
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; w* N6 O) M( R
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# J$ J! |- U* {& wprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 ]0 ^# B4 H% B6 {/ b4 [1 l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( Q1 R. ]  x0 D6 s0 aa higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 H: S0 [! f0 E) k  J0 c
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" L$ J1 ?3 E4 L) z# Yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& E" O! c5 V1 a5 l6 Zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- p( X- X+ \1 v( Jcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 A. z' P0 v( E, ~
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the! g' n4 E' K; M0 v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 e* q8 r' n7 q( n* \; r- {
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 s; w' T- p2 H' a& g3 ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 b( O! O( e# u+ N) V. v) g  f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-, O, P( P4 ^+ w+ U2 y8 H" t: _! r7 h
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ ?8 q8 W7 `2 M" k2 e8 J* A+ R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ t" T1 Q. S. m$ `+ g9 o/ k
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# Z( G  i6 T& E3 J, ~  ~  Pbly more common than the rare case report in the- t/ b. h: ]  t7 `. k! X' X
literature.4
8 \) ]" `( v- _% h5 K* N7 O! r7 oPatient Report+ \; L2 J& A* m) `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 Q1 O% H! q8 c- t3 U0 n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
% n( }2 D3 d6 \1 _+ _4 Uof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 O' n+ T0 o1 d* R2 p9 Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
6 {. ]9 T/ f# P* q3 p9 EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
2 B4 U. S# ^6 D; W# `' PSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ t6 W( z2 `) T7 z5 `1 l
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 k; q3 r, T+ m3 O( j' q3 DProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, a1 j" A  y, f, _% ]
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;2 C5 h7 R3 W5 y+ M8 ]( q
e-mail: [email protected]." Q) K9 J0 R+ p! G; l+ B, k! _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 j3 D1 Y) O5 f% H" s6 b4 P; [8 Xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 H6 q3 ?- f* w4 K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ u) S& n+ E  v. w+ @
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  D% B6 G  P$ x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 T4 H) f; ?( R* d$ B% |: e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 r+ l+ U4 {, u- B+ D+ kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 B" L; T6 m" w3 i2 g  V" Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* ^$ V4 z2 n1 i9 n. @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ o# x" t2 T' k1 V$ @7 ~9 z
was age appropriate./ s. \% R9 S. R3 p
The family history was remarkable for the father,
; x' @' Z0 C6 W0 K' j! g. Ywho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 E( E; r1 k4 o4 S- D% ?- d" e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 O5 B  r7 s9 u+ y: a1 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 }" U8 [$ F, A6 m9 _/ Learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& e# _, b! r3 r/ ]" f( r5 \
The father denied taking any other medication. The
# d' \0 C2 ?( b, @5 S& H- ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 U$ O# S9 B  w" _5 Gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 |0 P( r9 S) a/ q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( g6 K1 b; V9 jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 f! }% O$ N, {tives. There were no siblings.5 i" U- T" o. |( f
Physical Examination- p/ V. I8 N+ p7 [" K% U
The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ e" B; b; q7 l2 Iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- d9 y* ?* t/ m$ x- p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 o# {4 ^1 S* `! R
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! E3 J" z# U1 a) Y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 V" V5 p  \0 i) Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 O& W3 ~7 a% z  [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 o1 n# h& q7 o' _- L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 H/ r2 u# l$ B# m, Y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% ~0 B5 O: h* w0 K. H+ `$ B8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% j5 ?& C" c  v, Z8 g- P  rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: }. c4 @# z' t# Q+ O0 u
540
0 o/ i: l" T5 _4 C6 D4 ]) x" Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# z7 }! F* |# V) \+ P9 _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 [1 F/ G( w, T; r
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- ?) I3 h6 A# s1 I' NThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
! g) B* X5 @) Q# q- m. M: H" r* Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 E. m3 N  f: Habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ C/ V5 M; @. q# g) m- Y) q) YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% k3 _* ?  s0 ^! P4 k# A* Nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ S% c2 A8 \% u* G+ A9 l
of papilledema.
' Q  T5 h  D6 o& C: m4 d4 a; SLaboratory Evaluation
. H: i! O* y, q4 H" F5 m: o  SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( g  }# m9 a5 P, `, lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, F" G2 j$ T# d& p% t2 q4 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( E- X6 J. N: T6 b! Y5 m$ y
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! v# |* k' F6 Z: |3 R8 s
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  J9 w" ?( V! Y; ^- U$ c
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. _6 {6 @0 Z) c" E9 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: ]4 ~6 E$ `8 \1 \3 j/ Y3 t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# ~2 G! d, v5 qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 j$ P( l# u; P. S' k
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 r. f+ _  s% E# t(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ v* U3 d  E2 G0 y% b$ k/ ]0 x- X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( S/ U9 C$ Q/ }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; n. I9 r7 R5 U1 U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 d& o/ I) V& Q7 f& n49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), K) b, a2 v% ^2 i
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 R% \, E: t& J$ N' q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 d8 d# V7 \' Z7 {# H# dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 C. D4 h% W9 T1 C; \6 M* }, O: G, u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( \& a( |3 y$ q; e1 [- L2 }4 [
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 n5 w& H  K8 J% q; O2 R3 r3 C, q5 [& h
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 m) {% g- V1 v+ o! ]concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( r; j/ K! z7 s8 H8 N0 t(prepubertal).
0 E; Z* p( W5 \# x* g  Q% ?. F. z& K/ s! _The parents were notified about the laboratory& S' h# k- }. G" W' z; M) c
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' f: U  _9 |, X8 W! t) Pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
. h* O, U) j: L" f6 T  [follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: U& H  j1 T% H- Uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) T) }7 h( Y( [" g/ D5 Fever, the family did not return for 4 months.. {. u+ o; I  ]+ u. m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, }4 Z6 A3 i% Y# E5 mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 g+ |" I0 ]; ?1 `2 l0 b1 r2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  f* e5 Z; T' h. s! X) f: ounchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
2 f2 q! ]. Y- t4 s5 K: J! f" fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& t1 Y! ?& k5 U% `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* D0 t/ Y7 K+ D/ q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ _6 `" T7 ~" Q1 x# n2 V% v. xThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; V( r) u  }- G% f& @
ing frequent erections.( t4 V7 n4 l5 N% H& _7 ]
Both parents were again questioned about use of1 n$ [/ e$ h( P8 D
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to' ?% I' [1 J# ?" d( p. b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: @: d- i/ y% P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  Q. W9 m3 ?7 I4 K* @6 A
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 U  x$ k1 Y( Q. ^( B/ Ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) y) A  d9 [* K* S' o$ I& X: B/ la year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" P+ C5 E6 v  ~to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 Y0 f: u+ z; n+ V, `0 Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' {; s7 \0 p( f  a# z3 l$ j
secondary to depression.
" M% N4 _2 M1 ^& dThe child slept in the same bed with parents., x( ^( V' _( j! q$ }6 q! V( k; ]
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
+ u7 J, h5 ~$ l, [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: A- W* d/ m2 r# U* W
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* K1 z; \- e% ~. ?; \: P) `3 ^
The father also admitted that after the phone call,9 l5 z) _2 T* r
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 j6 y- K3 D- [: @
was high, he then read the product information7 S- ~- u2 B' o* K/ s
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 F$ d4 p! ^- U' J5 v
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 a' ?* s( C( q' D6 `- ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the. R7 y9 g2 G, O0 |0 |. w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! z  E0 Y- Y* O1 d" m) Jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ P' @$ W" K1 F3 B" s" Qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 C0 G$ Y# t6 H. _# B+ H" dlaboratory to obtain the test.1 z( [. a! n5 Z$ k3 J; q. |: v
Discussion& R( I- ]/ ]+ x8 V5 Y9 L3 ]
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary* t4 _- I1 m! x6 u. a: @& Q" s3 e9 J
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 \" T+ V% o4 {. y1 m1 A3 Y8 \# l
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 j1 l/ ], G: W, x) W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 T% ]( G" H( d" j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 S; b6 a9 Y! xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
+ g( x/ [  ~, A" S3 bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 s# r0 @! I( o7 hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 D& p' e/ v# S8 E. ^! ?0 ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ {0 [' Y: ~" m* Z' Tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in  q4 Q0 ]( p9 x. _9 z+ e# K3 Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
( p$ @% |7 k3 F- S7 @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 V2 h8 [; o# d+ Y' E; prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by5 q2 a( g% z7 i3 U, b
gonadotropins.1,3& B# [! _' N4 k( b! j2 M7 e
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# z$ l- F- h, E4 H0 T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% m9 o8 ~( d7 t# U7 Z5 [
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, n7 O$ F$ w! e6 Y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 h% g7 w# ?& F, V6 C$ ?ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 }* f+ P+ S# s. d0 y- Q4 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) N0 N! j0 ~* T$ r$ O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ K5 ~9 Y0 R: U+ h4 x  Q
puberty in boys.3,4
2 {0 @6 }  w3 k* BThe most common form of congenital adrenal& e5 g# Q7 n! @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., ~! P1 m$ A. ?3 v; s5 `8 _& h) o% Y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# B5 k8 X/ x( t6 Y3 Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ t! {# J3 E/ s' G" x! r8 O' ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% [. e  W1 N/ r, _- [4 l+ r( d3 c! d
excess.1,3  @4 @6 Z! }2 S1 d2 o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" n+ c$ D0 A# c2 v* {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 j" q" U8 ]- R% r7 q* T6 E) ~: y: tA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. k5 I! a5 c3 e  y7 T3 l: n/ _7 `independent precocious puberty, which is also known" f2 Y7 W' ?5 w
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' u5 f6 N; t) i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ n9 u. m/ k: ]with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 H% K8 v2 z) T6 L2 o+ X  P9 P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; L1 I4 A* A5 g- S3 r
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 a! I- X" l6 N8 ]1 Y  n5 W' g# g0 [5 u3 z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show. u6 Q2 ]  |" b  n( Q5 s2 b
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 a. U7 b" S5 }1 s. W/ {* q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" P% f5 Z2 {- v* w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 f( _9 M  n9 r( n/ gmales; therefore, other male members of the family
2 r/ x% M) [2 ~; u- k" umay have similar precocious puberty.3" n* n9 ^2 k; w& S" ]# S2 _( \
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
, f* p* D% I. zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 u4 d. F/ v; A, p# ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 V; s! r2 j0 ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father, v2 ]* R5 \6 m& z' `8 a, P1 I. \
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( O1 b& L& p; Q0 C& i0 Ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the( _& b& e& U6 i* d5 k. C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& `, z% d* y/ l9 y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 [' }, ]8 r* a4 Q) |1 }) w  nbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
  x4 x6 i/ E; d9 _' L/ peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  z9 o' k, G  e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! t3 X( x% O) I& p" sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 [, U5 @" v; j+ n" fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 g2 F1 X, w& n3 D
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* m  |" k( f3 r$ K. q) _4 W4 c+ mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( t$ K) v, P; h0 r" n+ Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- X% A5 X' G7 w# x  c4 q. {6 S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' h. E* I  h! C& v! p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% i" i$ S: n/ Y6 x) }- D6 l8 lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- @% F6 Z. y4 w+ P3 W' {
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) L' q; W8 s: R5 r( J  t2 _' J  z1 ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: E" \! \4 ~7 s: {1 N/ _" P+ Hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
; r' i3 x* ]  n6 G+ D/ \Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
: n1 ?1 R$ N2 N, Nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to" r% R8 E& A$ D
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 p, {; y8 K2 `1 J2 r
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 ^0 k+ g/ \8 A' x2 R: Xtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" S/ g7 R- ~4 YOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 O, }: j: V' a* F4 H5 J
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 m# c  z  G# p' p- p5 u+ p9 Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, ~8 P' ]* e8 y& H& D# {4 Z) L$ \4 lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 G1 ~5 _' z( B* yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
$ ?5 w7 O" {6 K& o4 Eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: @' Q4 k. i7 a
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- F' G3 Y. e- U6 X% w( E( z( Bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) {* F/ \$ o/ Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
& R# A9 X7 L. Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) Y  @& ~% {& C6 y, l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' j) ~' x- m' x
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 c1 A# t7 v, c+ ~+ e5 O* Jadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ w5 e/ l6 d; ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) F; d1 E) _& f7 ?  C
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' J# g! i1 @' B% facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 ~6 A# r8 r3 g$ icessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 K- I7 l% ?5 a- O* ~* Z9 P) {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) g7 B, _4 {0 T6 U2 ]: u
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ b1 a" T7 H0 X7 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ G  u/ u' y9 Qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal1 j# N: L' [, y  z6 z! d6 Y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) |* S' Q8 R, E; ^+ iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 u! g4 y- G& {( D, Z& B+ W3 J1 c, g" ~1 VSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# C. M3 s1 t' e  l6 d3 h7 Gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 k, q, h6 m/ i2 B* N8 g: N
penile length in clinical studies.
1 r$ P5 s; q( S; u; |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ g  x. ^+ R; g8 i, _going to experience any of the untoward effects from
- m2 f8 |+ y8 ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- V2 |5 F* I8 N/ J3 [! x# `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  y6 q% Q3 b( @" V% F% G8 y6 mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 G6 |- f" M, R4 b( @* Udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ g( B) i: D# k; N/ J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: `; v0 f) `5 [" N
height will not be affected.+ V8 C$ S5 Q" E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 }2 I7 ]$ W) g" yability of androgen products in our society may
( t* X1 K6 d1 q) Q' v. Vindeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ t( y2 W' a1 l+ x' h6 p$ I3 {! Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 e- M/ P- }$ j  R) B: hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
& {8 Z. G7 x7 @tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" ^7 }& j1 ^, ^
gel should be asked of the family members during6 n' B) {% R: d  `$ m
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* i) \4 _% T! t; A
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 r- j7 ^7 Y; M/ Z+ M. hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 f  @5 K) i; Lappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) a% Q. V# O; L* `8 d7 j2 Z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may+ e/ ^: q7 O1 y1 ~6 V% B, e+ C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# M! M. g9 I% H4 e1 w! T5 N5 O* _investigation. The primary care physician should be7 ~! `9 Q4 m9 p" _  ^7 M
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 f; E7 N/ @- D4 ]' i: ^! k9 f$ H9 ]may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# j: j& v4 |$ F- A5 I( N) {# g( \Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 m4 s( ?. k1 a8 G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# k7 k- v( Y  q% L& K
female child who might come in contact with some-
: m, f% E) q/ g6 }5 j/ N1 B: S3 E! gone using any of these products.! B4 c4 ^: R- I: s8 r0 \8 G
References
7 f0 w% g* ~' M1 x) Q1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, [3 i' t0 g( p  h* f7 H7 P$ I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* F2 @/ S) Y! @# {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 h" y* f4 R; O- X# ]4 ?: R" Q2002: 565-628.$ C: f, R+ Y; e7 u
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. @+ G, t0 C. i2 C9 _  ?! ]/ j# v
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 {: j* a6 G% P) @# ^5 G精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表