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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
7 ^2 D) P, q2 g6 U7 p( a$ kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ z  p6 Y0 k6 K% l1 ~! D  e3 OExposure to Testosterone0 H- j+ b* a, Q8 }& e- ^" i* R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
2 M; k8 k, A0 h3 X3 zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. _( C. y5 C; g& `& [6 a. DClinical Pediatrics
* ?4 s1 p, F: L, u5 s: t% ?Volume 46 Number 6
, A4 Y6 u$ I5 ~: P- ~' }" vJuly 2007 540-543+ d( b/ s( }4 G) f% j: o& k1 D! A
© 2007 Sage Publications4 z) o; U* b: T6 P
10.1177/0009922806296651
' L: W' E5 w2 s5 K" J& lhttp://clp.sagepub.com
# u) Z' F; m$ u$ ~. lhosted at! }" n7 K+ A" t) z5 e) y, \& w7 ?
http://online.sagepub.com" g: F, e$ p! F7 m( M3 r& a8 Y, A2 R) z  Z. W
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" A; s* C8 ~) g6 v, Z. Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central9 Z/ ^4 y0 U- M" k! O4 D8 G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 i1 ~9 U# o3 w, _) U5 q! F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' ~7 Y( y  a4 ?2 v! P- F3 h9 Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
" V( x& k# {# `; \1 b/ Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# @7 k1 b) a, ]/ E5 _8 Y' w0 D
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" v6 i: v1 i% L" ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, x1 i% o0 w+ \0 o( }5 L$ X
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ S$ u+ B6 S+ [* c  @" C+ [5 sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( N9 t; n; w' T( |enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! E5 I7 p, k+ a, |( g2 X9 h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ ]6 c- u* e0 S+ S! d" S% ], w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ ?1 ?0 J& G  W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( o# F7 X. J$ D  f2 ^% X
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ [9 v1 Q  b9 _# U5 i: e+ L; v$ X1 y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; ~% U$ j' b! k" L
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 H/ _4 Y  j) ^$ G
bly more common than the rare case report in the' A( H! _) L" o/ O
literature.4, f1 x) P; b. W" o  A9 t: x- `
Patient Report
  P+ I- b$ M: e, z  L6 y' ^- e4 KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# }- K4 S) d) _6 w' lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ f  @: }5 d) s$ w  D) r$ y0 g
of early sexual development. His mother noticed* w" `, O4 o. }  i( A
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ ^: k& C; h1 ?/ FFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" ?4 {" w3 U# G9 l8 E$ o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 U; h$ S  W5 M& }# Q8 l. O. |$ {Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* K7 Z1 N# q) O. c4 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# Z8 F% U  h( M+ PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( c' G% q2 F4 E0 u) |e-mail: [email protected].: Q! Q. L4 l+ }1 V& M+ g3 ~! x$ G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
0 s2 u' w1 R) ?4 j2 [* k( ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, G$ f; T' u; Y) q8 }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- s2 {4 u& V6 ]$ o; ^% h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
& q$ g6 g. T9 }$ Y  \$ Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( ~0 X2 F# ^# O7 |4 z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 I6 j& [& f& ~' _; V. ?9 {* jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with' ]) t( A( n! M/ W$ N2 l& ^
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  k% T7 J& ?& U5 r* E7 i+ sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* w, y( y6 p9 @) |6 \was age appropriate.5 O4 z  i( k6 S
The family history was remarkable for the father,- A5 g" O. ^2 s, \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% t- l* A7 `# b# Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" I7 V+ ^+ C6 S5 {
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  [3 W( u% ^. r! u) E' Mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  r1 T, d- C% U% ?4 v
The father denied taking any other medication. The, T6 l6 D, d5 e- d( Y* y
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: X1 F; n: _0 Z5 @: s6 q. ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ O4 a* h! n& Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' A! q8 q* m+ R7 l5 z# N9 D# Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  v  j& p7 W6 M4 J- k* P+ m
tives. There were no siblings.$ p' [7 ]7 M) j" r% a
Physical Examination/ f# G% v/ G  A) {
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* }1 C+ n" A  g' L/ P" iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( M# t: ?: T$ c3 K0 e) m. `
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 o7 y) w$ m) C  j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# F% r0 m$ _- l" q. A(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 Q; ~  f; F1 B: g5 Dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, x# f0 ?% n) a5 V; j/ M6 f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! p" H6 A$ b  @+ e" A3 d( w- OThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. y+ ]2 i: A+ j! @3 i; y/ j8 A$ fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* k8 x3 k& I3 V( Q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 A( D- s6 J! D2 \. [6 S- ~
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% N$ d8 G4 Z% ]  K* b. R
5402 b( x1 Y# }' [9 ?% N: Y, N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* M6 I7 J7 G( M0 g( ?) wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 o7 ?2 R4 E+ w. k- Etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# M# B% W! Z: h) C! |
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 ~: Y& |9 y+ @* A0 w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 u; ^' ]- ~7 u' Y( jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% a. a! O5 @- e# s9 \0 {' ?- {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 o, J' B3 h% l/ f+ `: n
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- V; r! i; B" X
of papilledema.1 M: V% j% J) P2 A
Laboratory Evaluation9 J6 a  y) n# ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by# I# W& n: b9 J7 l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 C& {% E4 H1 J$ s1 ~% D
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( m6 r1 u9 m$ k, b7 Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
; W2 p% `' o2 jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 ~; N1 l8 y  z% n: k' ^$ zlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 K$ T  _2 O! l6 ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# w7 L4 x4 o$ R9 ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) w# f+ D7 ~# L- @
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 I& o* j4 [" h, _8 o; Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- z# B8 ^4 l2 O(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 v7 C$ k8 K# Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, ^" _* g' Z% |: _0 a; t; ]
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 c6 v2 Q+ L: P' \" F0 Ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' P6 o0 v. ?7 u! C2 [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 f4 H9 q' V  l8 x, Jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. S7 x! N  {+ Q0 X$ y% O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 S3 T3 R( R5 ^. K% a$ Q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 }- w) L. @/ M, `3 x$ x; f
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* a$ o! A6 v. W6 k, z/ J
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
- g. a0 }+ n2 u+ ?" G+ Kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# Q9 k4 E6 d( ?
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 {( J3 N$ n6 W, T1 g(prepubertal).
# q+ K- [0 {, H/ X" }The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 M9 H/ I" h$ J8 R$ c8 o% R. Nresults and were informed that all of the tests were' ^$ H: Q+ J; ~, P6 Q3 A, H% u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 }* V$ d4 l. ]3 U+ z7 \! _6 pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ T) `/ i- M# w; Q4 m3 g4 Q! k
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  R2 l7 q+ i4 wever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 B6 `- u6 z1 l, y! l! C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
) ~4 x; s, p! k  a& tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained, Z* j; i2 z" N  h
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- m$ `' N" m, R2 B" c# R4 U# junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! f, w6 y4 K8 V- E- W0 P/ {$ j: ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at8 [1 ^0 p+ M7 M5 J3 Q, t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) s9 g  C6 r2 w2 E  @1 W
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 n, `, {4 b7 `9 d/ }7 w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" X: H( p" J* T% M1 Q
ing frequent erections.
1 _2 k. y# O" _Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 ?) p8 Y1 A5 y' w% z8 p/ xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% @; x0 ~( V$ Xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
5 @/ r7 T5 o" @  j! XTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 T6 x1 Y4 x0 Y2 l5 }: s* [( ^use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 J/ |1 t& |: c$ Hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' b& q6 w- A1 ?& Y/ M  z9 sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  b# n& T7 J/ N1 D1 sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 w8 B' Z' Z2 ]+ Q( \scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ o" O: T$ c( |3 U2 R
secondary to depression.7 W  W, \- ?: T0 t6 k
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ D$ q# A0 g. Y) F, \! e' {  w3 ?3 a" vThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ A- w- f+ k1 f8 G! @* p/ [# d! Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' u5 l9 Q6 l% _. W2 e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 A. d$ x8 @! A* G
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 R6 g6 p$ ^% P( owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 `2 k" b5 C3 F' n/ f
was high, he then read the product information! d, V2 K3 J$ i4 J
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 E/ Q8 J: u) u2 J6 Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 _% ?; N4 j7 b2 g1 u3 W/ T0 J% pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( q* J% V* q6 }+ G; Z! Dfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had: E0 u( D6 e; V' F+ }. R5 s& e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, _4 [0 u. D3 [. L5 X/ xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the  |2 F- J. P5 y0 |8 w; E) y6 B! u
laboratory to obtain the test.
% O/ e% Q2 Q3 k. s$ @: u) n# N: Z* xDiscussion$ Q( z& ^' B6 h& v) T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) k2 Y. B) s. n" o* t3 J: asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
0 }. H* W) K/ h+ \; z! fPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when0 e% C! W- k* d
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 F, \7 O" S& k" G8 hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
3 W/ s! j& X$ O: v$ @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 N6 y& R# b+ b, Nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 n  V4 ~/ b. k1 @% T6 I; h. @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 T* Y/ ^8 z# R- C% z! _. ?+ t
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 E' z% d+ a; Q3 Q+ R4 i9 e( q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 b5 `% `( [- J7 s0 l: w4 @boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 b+ Y2 b. Y6 g$ j. i( f
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( K0 A/ ^- G: L# v  d* [, krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& S! a" l. j4 ]$ J3 l* S9 V4 t" K7 U
gonadotropins.1,3$ w0 |' U( q8 R9 P. w
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* {$ d2 S. u) `# r5 }+ v+ W! T2 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, D9 w& T1 u) |. Jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 P  u) [1 o, z) E' oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' p  T% O+ y& T% gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( K  M, e0 K' W% I5 G' g: Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# [9 u& A/ ]0 A; p
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious# J* V+ D! j% M
puberty in boys.3,4% {% w$ O4 t+ F
The most common form of congenital adrenal3 t# n5 g" @5 ^, b  T
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% J+ t( Q, ~8 h
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) S8 [4 _) j$ s0 c" Y  I/ }- Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ ~4 x* I3 h2 d" B1 A, ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 f1 g/ \7 q; i8 \! y9 q
excess.1,3# W$ ?" |+ Q" H7 w+ [+ r9 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ r: `9 z* c. A: n7 i) ]542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20079 Z9 |; \; X) y8 ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* z! ~* L  q) C7 r0 \# ]independent precocious puberty, which is also known- |( [: d9 i$ X' m% a( @1 d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! t6 x% c" n! Y* u2 h) y/ p* _very young age. The physical findings in these boys
( k0 D& w9 F/ u) Q7 rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
* w$ E5 j* {; _" J2 L% i1 L$ h+ iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: P6 Q; H- G# I, {% C% D
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 A6 n2 J) p1 s. vare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  T9 f# ?! U$ V. V/ y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 p( B" H, E5 ~; E0 ~- b9 Q4 Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. c8 D* j; q+ Q. f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ e: \1 F# S! M0 L. vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
4 }  x- ^% ?" Y# xmay have similar precocious puberty.35 {- Q1 l2 }9 r3 o' V
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ J! @# N$ J. J1 Y7 |# Hsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  d; d9 Q( _9 n6 |" P0 Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 ]: e  ^7 L, H, a$ W# g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# [5 O6 S, ?8 X8 r, o0 Q2 R% z( b
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," A' t( ^& [- i- s; M$ B
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: \) @0 H" D/ ]6 p
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 c4 \5 F8 Z/ g8 O1 y4 C
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our9 i. _# L- n# x
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ Z0 h% d1 j2 S  v( z/ U( q' T/ s- h
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 H  e& E9 \# ?/ g1 ]$ a2 U6 ]9 h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' l! {5 y% A) Q+ n6 y+ Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 I. h  B8 U) }- z* J
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* q- ^% I: t( i0 t! C) J% p& t# Q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ P, e. h4 G/ V3 J" ?! gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
. I6 X' G. P& r4 K4 ~1 S" Ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 |6 c* H  w9 t8 g
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 e* T" Y4 @4 pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# W" Q- {  b0 ?
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 t  g- g5 b: s, E% X, o
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  x& E+ e: n0 B  N1 f) S! acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. h1 i5 M" b! }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  t; A" Q! e( H" u$ [& YSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) L! J, _2 `: d/ ^! U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 l5 N; ^& h, o0 p& f/ X, w% P: Ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male2 U0 ~4 G, D1 H* D3 D; {9 j$ l
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. q% C. n8 V" l5 [( A! x8 F7 d
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% w! T8 O1 z6 [, e( F. }1 H/ h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% t7 Q9 y+ h" I* F5 N8 M$ E" ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ H1 z7 u% t, J6 a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' c4 x  Z. v$ tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more0 r6 A/ e8 i6 K) y1 d
active in young children exposed to testosterone* o0 k- K' S9 m# n5 u4 }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
# G  s) n; D3 Cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 _# X9 L. n+ c: I+ ^7 Z; z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
" A1 |1 Q+ u4 p+ `6 p& F" i! k4 Ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and& a/ K1 c. {: I3 ]9 V/ e/ Y/ k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 A3 s- T$ u$ m3 x  n# U; `) ]* |7 i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ f5 F! [+ y6 C
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 I& f  I. f6 `* Radult height are not fully known and always remain
. l2 c) V/ v6 I. V4 j4 B8 R1 ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" R0 w" N# ^( D( C( l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 H, v: i4 L6 G8 k/ X; C0 Nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, N1 c" I3 d. w$ f. {! r1 Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  M7 U* f4 C6 T4 e# g- y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' d* Y& F5 v3 l% e" b
There are conflicting reports and controversy* l2 k" J9 _# h( n3 T# O4 a
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! s1 T, W9 K9 _; Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( H* m  ?' g7 e5 @9 N8 k
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# k4 q: P3 T: ]# l8 }: `ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* S6 b( |5 T$ B% y+ ], m, u0 }. TSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 x& c+ e0 _2 k9 J! Z5 Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 D" E% E2 D  R! Q  I7 ~! Z
penile length in clinical studies.
% p6 W0 `; l6 e$ X, JNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ R) |0 c- @9 \5 Y4 T+ vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
( M8 ?$ s; Z, Z) _' S' ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' O. n( O. v0 Q8 X# ?* D
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% _) r" b  _8 O: S$ O6 ^7 k* n' RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 M' L, X4 {5 m0 s0 jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 g& x$ a* u# ^/ h6 z; k: d, Sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" R+ B  D: J0 q, I; Fheight will not be affected.
4 [$ b; O3 c  V# a. w$ o7 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 t/ N0 a. V1 C; @6 W" Mability of androgen products in our society may1 L0 ^; U/ @- P5 B2 k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 q9 d7 S$ T1 X- G& ^5 R& a+ T
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. {$ s! Q! }6 X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
& b4 Z* F4 E7 P' I/ T8 [- |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& ^5 G" |; K! K6 ugel should be asked of the family members during5 r% p& J2 A4 {- i% R3 |
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 p$ `; v: ^6 p5 v' |8 j
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
5 n; y, d, J# D9 j0 S. u8 Qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 v4 E( v; Z( f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: z$ T1 Q$ i% A3 k7 j7 o  e. P2 S. e, a
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. H" P# ]. h; o7 G2 `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, `0 I1 T6 Q+ c" Q5 D
investigation. The primary care physician should be! w: l$ C) \" ?4 X. h
aware of this fact, because most of these children
& @+ c" m6 N5 p7 Z% v: s2 ^( ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- z& W% r- j) r# O4 k
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; r# A7 L, J5 B7 i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! m- f7 ~; @2 p, Wfemale child who might come in contact with some-
* u2 @8 e- D+ g* vone using any of these products.
, l9 j! H+ h% t" E2 N2 r! F/ UReferences
8 l) I9 f8 ~7 M. [1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. h' U1 O: L( z7 u+ q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- \3 B  |2 }) U5 l2 y5 EEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: i7 h8 [) A. D5 \7 C/ A
2002: 565-628.
$ R6 i3 p* W! i4 n2 V7 R2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& p* a- U* F8 a! L: _  s  p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 n' [2 _5 R$ ~! LBoy Induced by Indirect Topical* U8 O% s" _1 z
Exposure to Testosterone; W, ?: S7 Y! o) L- N
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# q9 \: k0 E6 W3 Vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# {! {" ], B5 a/ Z% I! E7 F1 SClinical Pediatrics& s) h+ i& }' m. |1 D7 B7 ^" F
Volume 46 Number 67 G" f! R# j7 e3 s
July 2007 540-543" }! r; k" }: q* N7 |& A  _0 W5 e6 M
© 2007 Sage Publications" [+ d/ T8 f4 y/ M
10.1177/00099228062966515 U- d! P! F4 ?% y* ^5 w
http://clp.sagepub.com+ d+ {- K6 K- n. m% d* a" @
hosted at/ I, f3 z: l" y
http://online.sagepub.com0 G. i$ \7 X' m* y3 o& t
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 z9 }* U8 g. V" O2 M; `6 [' U2 e1 r
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 x/ N; p9 c2 L  H" ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 p& n; P$ j9 x1 Y- C
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ a6 ~. y8 z  t
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. G( d% N3 J$ `0 T3 vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested, `8 T# A, Q/ t5 y! j. o; c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# [+ c0 j1 C) z) E$ C  whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 |- W8 @( y/ x( n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ d9 t: p; M4 O+ W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( I; i2 P2 }! [( O: Benlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 X5 N8 ~( C+ S3 w5 Y! Q; d; P' U6 G
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 |# C$ ^$ ^, q$ m9 D1 l' O8 @( gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 M% [4 B  @! v, o; }+ o; C, ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: \: h- ~  }7 d( n' |+ K* O8 [3 K5 xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  ~/ P" q8 K% bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ k* o- K1 c4 H/ s8 [* ^) [1 jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: B- c8 h! S; n2 fbly more common than the rare case report in the
7 ]3 W0 ^4 l9 p2 aliterature.4. a9 T7 V& ^6 ]' E- I3 K9 ?
Patient Report6 z) G) j+ `& h6 B# l+ p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ w' |+ d+ J. |% Zendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ ]7 N. C3 K5 X. n* C0 _& Hof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 [( F# ]( Y0 [2 y; t7 h1 {3 \light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 }  z; ]4 L" ]9 g" zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) ?" C% e$ o& @6 D/ KSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 @& q! [' ^6 h0 J8 }3 e
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 }- r, }. L2 u9 H
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& p/ v' E5 f" _; Y. ~" AMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- E" y- @7 u0 ^( Z! ~- Me-mail: [email protected].0 g+ O5 }6 O4 \7 t* y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ {+ e7 @( e* M6 n8 l2 V2 \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: I9 U) D3 H; A' P% Q0 ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 Q  [, @7 ]4 M3 b9 _0 j4 C2 H0 a
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- {; x) i8 D) m6 m, P3 s0 S5 L  ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 ^0 e- N/ S4 s, \+ W20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" W% d6 C. k' M4 j
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 t$ H# `% h8 t3 O3 r5 d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
0 P( ?0 O  L6 V1 k* r; G2 Land his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 ~8 ~0 O2 v5 f, t! A3 ?" {
was age appropriate.1 Y% ~9 P9 L/ @+ R1 b
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 k4 ^, n4 E/ L1 iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ y9 r6 I/ P/ W  J
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s) o7 y3 W7 |: n/ |9 [, q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  C6 C# O* N9 j) A. o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ V* d# n6 h( ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The
7 s3 B5 L# {, f) L. R8 u: q, Wchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" k7 @! }5 O, H# Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 w+ p2 m3 I' m5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 Z+ Q) M0 F0 t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: C! p9 u7 U; ^+ n$ L, Y
tives. There were no siblings.
$ o9 q+ V# \1 x( O. IPhysical Examination
6 n. p$ {# j. C- n3 E2 m: ?5 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! ^" M. ^% A8 aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( B* [: ?: I# U* J+ @5 F8 n
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& q  O+ R* j6 C. o
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 S1 T6 J  u6 ^- U' J% ^(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ j/ N  J7 a% }1 a& W: q) V
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. M  r( h3 B5 H, k& z' _the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' o8 D( f; i! ?
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 @6 `. i$ L, @- V# O# `2 t/ B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 a8 v" {  Y0 j  d( w$ U
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  f3 t. l2 \+ N  @8 \, `2 Kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, R. [6 E$ R) G& ~7 O' i  [* k540
* w" ^5 ?6 U; O" |$ Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- w* C4 i+ O( z8 k
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- u! Q6 I9 D6 z7 R/ ~% }' Q( [( b
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.( }: Z& y& _. L0 k4 J* m
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- u  L5 z% B4 Q5 H! F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
+ X- s5 ~0 U7 n4 \. pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( a8 G0 r+ _& \
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% p4 y/ a% G* Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
) h# G, Y2 K7 J/ l' mof papilledema./ p6 e. x8 M# C7 x$ f
Laboratory Evaluation
1 U3 a) ^% w+ e9 I7 g" E1 VThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 V" E, V  I8 O& O% L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 q& u: m9 ^# d( O2 u2 l' V* alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 z; @7 r% u- ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. ^& r/ n, {) e; W4 A6 C4 k; p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-5 \9 o+ R! t5 b3 _6 y. J1 @8 C
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% p1 J8 O6 @7 w+ bThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood* ^* G' {4 K! G6 o) E7 t  K
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were' ]. H" _9 \$ I
within normal range for his age. The concentration
; I# R" w) h/ ]/ K3 s: gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 H( y1 X+ Y) k, }) m. ]
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( V3 R/ V- {- e5 gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 O5 f1 U& e1 }5 H  w! K
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! k( ^8 _1 o/ X7 Z5 S8 _
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, ~: u8 Q6 D5 G0 Y: P% i; a49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 c! d& J8 m, @# l% k' z) U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  k, ^" i* j+ G0 h; ~+ Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
, [3 C& C" [% S( b0 E# X- Atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% H$ a% ]' J& o" d0 \* H; l/ Y; G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, }. A% Y2 w$ ~+ `- @( X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 ^# J$ O7 I! j) V  A& S
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; O9 d9 `) {- V: ?0 tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL* P8 p9 w  D- X% X9 u3 _$ Z+ v* U
(prepubertal).( g+ F! F4 k8 P! F# T% U8 X- Z  W! m
The parents were notified about the laboratory
5 A) |% \9 G& j/ zresults and were informed that all of the tests were- j  O1 f% x9 n- {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
# w5 p- ]( s- b# C& S) sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 i, A  g* N; L' C- G- P7 A% o% x
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 ^5 D& F3 L: Z. d0 P) B) [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 ?* c5 U- @! r8 w* _+ uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 H0 ^( U# ]4 x2 H( j! {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  g) p6 d; Y) t* i4 s# j- y2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! I: {9 N5 D& H$ r: n4 hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( g( B1 B% O- z7 z4 epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 V3 R4 B9 S, j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* D) P' l: @. _; l. {mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.& Q8 k+ U9 T+ E! P# Z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
) ^7 Z% T3 c3 Z2 king frequent erections./ m+ ]' K' J/ e* j
Both parents were again questioned about use of% Y* S% h5 M" X3 U: E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ G' ~* p( G9 e  Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! [6 n* {' j6 x: U" w% J6 `/ e' n" JTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; @5 n; _; B" Q' \
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ D8 I9 P* v% G" ]
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" z; t5 V  P6 m! k- g
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& Q  B6 L/ F8 w8 Y& B% {to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 `$ b. i4 ]! u' O* {; X
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 q: F+ s1 W2 ^secondary to depression.. L1 A2 |1 t) d; `4 e( ~) T% q5 q9 S
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ n( R1 f1 n) z" [* J& Q8 bThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: j% T6 m. ~/ \* S/ Ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% ?8 M9 r, Q0 k0 d! O, y/ Q& n$ e
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' m5 Q& p5 y; N. Y: |
The father also admitted that after the phone call,# t3 Y+ }" D6 h4 @* O
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" k: x8 `2 b2 ]( _* B
was high, he then read the product information: w$ |$ X6 }* q% x
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 w! l# ~" ?6 |$ d' u# eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( z5 [3 a; U! I& B8 Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 J& @, a6 B2 O+ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 [8 J+ p& t8 x6 a) Y: Nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
3 i( J2 b8 \4 p2 Ltest was ordered, but the family did not go to the" S9 L, c# a7 x8 m  c
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ H7 `6 K: @6 N  ?8 uDiscussion
9 z, v7 L2 `$ M# o: [, ?' Y; WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! a5 G/ j/ H' M" K* Osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
8 G8 b9 P; r( d9 p- B0 M3 gPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# A& }0 s$ H! H- n: }& {, g; z; Q! Dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( d/ w: a, p' e1 O% F' X) a8 r
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. Y( @  X5 t- Smon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# U/ S; h2 Z. I8 k- E) H- B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( D; D( M9 c  q, J
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ D/ R! ~9 u, y+ V3 g
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ ~8 P3 u7 P7 o' @
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 e. C0 G9 J5 t# [1 {  Kboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( R7 K/ h, N- R* A3 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 L* O4 `, |  I# v3 R/ ?$ O; z, S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 U: I7 `, X- Z3 sgonadotropins.1,3, g) [+ @0 m9 D3 X: g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 e( G' Z) B/ l9 T4 o: M: _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 v8 K: ~6 R* }: Eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 E' T4 t' @" P/ K6 y7 y& Z+ L7 f
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 G/ N1 E' i8 k0 w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" q8 |1 D% D& i& a6 D" Ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- @" W. P! g6 ?/ D0 H8 Z1 I1 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& j' l2 G/ v  S
puberty in boys.3,4( Q6 q- b# p, D$ _& K
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* o  I. W- j( R! o: Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 T3 N+ w7 Y6 Z$ u3 a  u; h9 N' \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ w. g& a1 \+ L/ jexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 p* _( y5 N- @+ uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( r, `- }( R0 ^% y& r! \. n2 E
excess.1,3- z9 j! E. D* U& R: ~- @1 S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 y# W0 H8 c: J3 Z5 }542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. i; S; s' A: ~( G; P; gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ L; L4 F3 H6 x8 Y0 Yindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ u  n2 i9 z. J: Q- Cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 Z# e; L; D+ @/ {. h3 P; m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 j1 Y0 v6 d+ X8 R5 V9 t) `
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& S4 w( a* Y" w  r7 T& Z4 L
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  o9 t' D4 g# U) {5 H4 h4 ^2 k
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' g: }) g4 f6 a) W
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) O( o; |0 I" v8 K5 U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* C! K% X7 s, o5 R/ g" R5 mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: H$ Q4 w3 U& _  r+ u: X6 o5 c" N' \
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 Z; y; f/ m( |% i
males; therefore, other male members of the family
* c" [! c6 ]6 W/ [# V) Wmay have similar precocious puberty.3
/ ~1 k7 L0 `: `+ DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
) F4 _7 {0 G0 k* G9 S! h6 Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 ~" i: D; ]# o6 A) U% s- B8 a" h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 J5 n; J5 x3 o  d" E: u: [% ~/ v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
- a/ ^1 Z' K( Z4 J* e- tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. O" T* ]8 C, B) Gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the  T7 u' e+ v/ O! N$ i
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 ^2 S& s0 u0 n: s# e; U' wative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 J0 j  x* }( y3 Vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' t0 k8 u. }( S+ O. y1 ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 |) c) P# z3 f3 z2 ^9 M3 H! j# t
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% c( {" H4 W5 A* y5 ~1 V
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, W7 O1 j/ H2 M1 A' LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ e! B3 L+ v4 ?6 K
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: g: O9 U' l- ^6 o+ s' Hthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# A' U" t$ [7 r6 L, ~7 [9 ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 Y9 S6 S) K7 y) e( \# Qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-" A1 X" S# u: `/ S0 H7 l' E$ }8 ]' l
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* _  v# b8 \0 ~  U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) g, d- _, @% y9 P* F+ r0 ~) s
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 ?( t& o, C2 H
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ L" W  I# k$ x, ^  K/ Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! {. Q  F6 Q3 N4 g& t* OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; `$ v- ?% H/ z3 Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to# _& P6 e) ?, g& s" x4 Q  H
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) n+ {, ~6 Y4 }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' ]- {  o/ R. d9 [4 M+ L' j2 V( c, a
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! s3 H( K. B; m1 [) FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,. M/ K8 |* ~! O4 O# T( s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 N  Z3 M3 E$ [: x: |dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" M+ V" W- K* C( yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* G5 v( w0 W* A0 U' p1 Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 m2 c4 M! x% k  u* {3 d# g9 mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 `# V) z# ~& y# O3 h1 R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 D8 Q& u. S' `! ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 N" |( @% l9 e! h; m" Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. n/ f' k) z2 h- w/ P
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 W" z, o9 _) J8 f0 g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ J7 h$ _- `, q# Z% N* n  N  @# Y( K
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! _; s0 J3 R( o" j* ]5 {adult height are not fully known and always remain
' H9 e& f  g% r8 ~  va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- V. k; Z  }" s8 ^" a
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
' I1 m' r* H$ bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ ?4 f  ]" y# B  T8 Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
3 e2 c" _* S! c- r2 I7 U7 X, _decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9/ h* h# p; R6 N7 D* _' M6 ?
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ ~. c* a' c; S* ^# ^6 t0 sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 z/ j8 ?1 O+ Y5 l, L' b( w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" q6 E2 n9 u* r5 Sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! \9 K2 t$ _0 y9 Nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ j/ K4 x) \2 X7 _" Z
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ Q0 P: z8 t" p5 h$ C8 z5 u: e
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 k' x' Y3 X. K8 Vpenile length in clinical studies.
8 e0 `9 N9 f4 I8 |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ F9 j0 ~) Q( n0 ~) x4 Ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 o1 J+ |9 E: @$ ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because& d3 E- u. a* A: u2 U5 n
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 h) Q3 {  }4 R. X$ y$ l8 vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of, z" O- A4 P. Y, H
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& C. g7 o8 u, W  A4 {' J$ ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! v6 z% W0 g/ \6 |. C8 Pheight will not be affected.% c" P+ g' J3 \. w$ M
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( ^3 h( k/ F7 _8 O2 vability of androgen products in our society may+ r9 z( g/ Q# u: a4 ~+ |  }
indeed cause more virilization in male or female, h' J4 y1 M- R' l9 O- w3 c
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 g  h. D( Q/ c' n" Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-, O3 q4 ?4 s- T8 D% x7 b+ i- C! q0 \- X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
: \4 h3 e, Z# g3 e4 |$ S* y4 }gel should be asked of the family members during/ p& c+ Q! e5 X0 z$ U
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 ^: T9 ?3 r6 `3 Z2 a* H5 F) |% g7 [ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 ?9 s) O. A/ b4 m; s! Y
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by' r2 r% z8 e$ `/ T
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: q; H/ N/ W4 S& ]" n9 Y) G# `
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 M- R6 L; G! E. Y1 y" R5 c9 l
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. u- S- \% s1 I0 J, o+ D0 xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 k, A" N/ t4 a: z" g$ M
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 u2 V! a/ x, t/ v: Emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 }( X' A$ T1 H3 }) f7 q/ R" w; K
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
8 K2 z8 [2 O- g; P( M& m3 F; twarning about the virilizing effect on a male or: i0 K$ _3 S4 L. o( v7 m' P
female child who might come in contact with some-3 Z/ R" w. o8 @' v+ X
one using any of these products.; P# \$ N6 p! L! P* G) b0 W2 z; s* k3 l
References
/ ?# F. i* y- R5 `2 G: }! f$ l1 N8 Q1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 {% s% }8 t6 }: u5 L; _5 Rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: W% g: w9 q+ h4 n$ Q& S6 X# D4 w0 M
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, ?" U$ Y, N& g5 L2 g2002: 565-628.! ~: M$ E! T# G
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% F3 s* V' x) D. Y$ K' h
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 L" R0 N6 s1 n: H' j6 A精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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