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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 ?5 I  T- U; OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical# k/ O6 e$ x0 h8 R1 X4 Q$ l
Exposure to Testosterone, B8 G; P/ k2 ], \+ E: r# b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2. V  k( ?! G: x+ T0 q: C
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 ~9 H' O8 i/ u, h" b7 |! _Clinical Pediatrics
! d7 N. o  w- Y9 _; uVolume 46 Number 6; f5 S* k0 p2 f; R  O: ^
July 2007 540-543/ a) B. m5 c0 v5 t: {
© 2007 Sage Publications& `' ^! E$ l% i7 l
10.1177/0009922806296651
. g+ x/ X( [; o3 Ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
  x$ g. K1 \. I9 Ghosted at4 v4 G0 k# R0 ]8 Y* ]
http://online.sagepub.com+ I! S: E1 {. ~4 [3 Q$ n, H* S8 o
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
4 ?) u$ k& J' l( x2 ]5 Y% M4 qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
! G5 q' o: _& G9 Y7 m1 D# Xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ V" j$ _0 e% Z' ]: Mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 A# k( X2 b  `' F! i! b; ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system# y% b8 g& x; E9 O& o7 Q3 t# Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested8 P2 `* I% v& b
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# v* E/ m  _% d; J# [hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& ?2 D) ]) e; U1 j
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 a! x' H# v5 m! \4 Y! Z- N, h
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" Z  ]) w! T. U
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& Q( O& k& J9 f$ o
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ G9 W% j3 W! x+ _+ `" H2 _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: a. l5 k1 o3 q7 L- E1 c7 F! {) {0 X# wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
# j/ |' D% b4 }6 W2 R/ Bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. [" @0 c9 {. C/ j" Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' X/ @; G5 ^1 X9 n3 m+ Q' etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, g3 b  W3 c6 e  L8 A$ T5 x
bly more common than the rare case report in the: I8 N* A1 h" ^* g0 h* _
literature.4. I7 O0 G& m5 t2 t7 A* P1 T+ b: d/ x
Patient Report: B4 ?4 @) j) X% Y$ B
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 Z  ?' l/ w  H% ~0 d! `& a
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& i. H1 P& l% S- n& s" o" `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
* M- P8 v: z4 l& j* z( H" [light colored pubic hair development when he was0 f5 n8 n/ D5 Q3 f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' i' M# y  e0 l% LSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  p$ @/ H$ s' |# X3 I7 E: @) Z& yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( I. Z5 X4 G3 n7 u/ F% r" ~% E4 d: _$ c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of. u0 m% `3 a- {
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 k: R+ q. d; M) W. xe-mail: [email protected].
' p: c- [2 D, E3 [# Vabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 L" R; X7 U: A/ n0 r4 Ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
7 u% Z& V1 q1 Z7 rment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  `" ~& Y+ _. N' V8 B: A" g
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 |7 }# u' D+ A! j( t" j6 E: Za birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! W5 U! h- u7 r. d" d2 L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! K, s- V) w6 ^+ `: q1 ^7 k  f
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 o9 Y3 v( E4 Q1 t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: }! l  O2 k. w  band his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' \2 L! n' q! C4 T8 |- y! r! o$ cwas age appropriate.  z, b( {7 w4 O7 E) q
The family history was remarkable for the father,
: G0 Z8 b8 V+ l- W; _# Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ h2 @1 Q1 P4 m/ b) hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% j2 N8 N) Q! F# ~) R& ]height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 d  m8 @3 X4 bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 `1 t+ y+ ^& L, ^0 f. s( b3 w1 _) E1 FThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) _; L" M/ e  V4 I+ M# `8 [$ Gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% r) h% y; U; q8 \- i. Wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
  _$ k8 X' F  d, Y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, ?) w# I- d, v0 Mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! E8 M9 R( }' H: ~5 gtives. There were no siblings.
: l7 }+ T* J) ~: `% ^: mPhysical Examination
% d+ D/ @& |3 e% QThe physical examination revealed a very active," q5 o  d4 ^2 k6 R
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  p+ L8 d: M" s( c, P; ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 M1 _7 P$ j1 V! K. z0 X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& p+ B* x7 S: K6 U# Z4 K. M% T& s
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 [& {, j3 I+ Q/ j7 B. Avelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! L+ Q! Q2 F9 ?
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
6 e- X' P) [/ b* x- K5 bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. }9 y9 x. a9 |2 I: Qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: l4 ^( x! `$ D  h! x, n" g3 f" I8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" }% n( i& V4 U' \; }8 B4 }9 i- Hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, X* s+ O# I" O; o5403 q/ l3 W9 d* G( v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 ]+ w# T+ _  X
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 }$ O& H# H* f3 A! y3 b3 G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ D+ p0 [% R% c* X1 \( ^" k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- i: o- z  m5 J; Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% @4 H; `, ?5 ]abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ B/ j" w( h1 \Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 M9 q( [" k; d5 ]/ q, A8 J! G4 `1 T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 Q  g: o. H0 ], C3 w7 H  x& Bof papilledema.) c( ]6 U. b  C- X. ~6 n' D+ Z6 o0 }
Laboratory Evaluation) S- c, }; p% q! @
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 u. ]8 o5 A* d8 i9 w) v7 _$ d) {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& o' ^. h# _$ @8 q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
$ d8 e4 a5 N8 ?$ `4 U( K4 ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- x+ p- O6 C1 ]5 ~8 G$ _1 H
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: W  Y3 Z' |, N1 h( A6 plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
/ ?" J8 g4 f3 B" V) h: ~3 CThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; O! ]8 O7 c+ q. J( E' C( g
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: z4 C. h$ ?* ?. ]4 Qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration, C9 l% e) T1 P$ c5 A9 I" ~
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' m0 h& M3 `7 [! c2 u% a
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  w: ~4 H% c0 p+ R; y! i
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& I' B  f7 F) L/ N3 G! y2 u8 yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 E2 j! c4 w# ^8 T; J( A
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" w8 @4 E* h/ w% F8 S  `- f' `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- I. x+ L7 O% d9 Z3 p# `9 t
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-; K  D: O, K  }
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 Z5 ?: \4 m0 Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  s$ V, S* Z2 V* r+ b' \2 {2 nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* s2 o  B- Z( s* X8 E+ ?
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 u$ r* b3 C4 h& j1 q! g
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( Q5 s7 d& A# [' W& g# k; x+ u) e( |concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 e% ]" B& U5 N9 `(prepubertal).
2 T8 d9 M" u# E4 c. T1 A, b# ?The parents were notified about the laboratory
: D# W( G: Y- T- r  M* `& u' kresults and were informed that all of the tests were1 D$ e  ~# k' M1 q8 V8 O
normal except the testosterone level was high. The- _5 t6 W3 L' y) P+ [. O8 ?8 L$ u
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' U4 c- u  _. F% H6 M
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. s5 i7 F& N! z( f/ Z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 L6 J1 H6 W; f& j. c$ k! h. pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 U" |5 J; x- E5 x  jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 S# @+ P7 V) x, y3 }) ?, f1 x2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  {/ t3 F0 }4 Z: `
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 B  R0 y( _4 j) J; {5 R  m
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% C  S7 I3 J1 V9 }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2% V: X/ e2 z" R' u5 j' c" Q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
9 Z! V% p- h+ f& c& @The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ J( S: O4 x7 H. Aing frequent erections.2 w( S' Y; w; [3 P5 F
Both parents were again questioned about use of/ e. j& n+ X  g' a
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 _/ S! W8 ^1 ]' p/ E: Othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ r3 z4 V' Q5 ?! D: n9 y! `9 p" LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; h- ^0 V6 B/ B; U: ?/ y' b6 luse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ V, U, X! j- I# c% k* G* D
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
% `. R5 Y7 Z, ]2 x  i5 \a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 K3 c2 G) g9 J7 C' @8 k; ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% R$ G% B/ ^& x4 s: Y7 g6 N+ s% Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido$ @7 E, r6 \  F  Z. u
secondary to depression.
! z! l" m  Y2 N* n% E8 K* TThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 X6 q, h8 `  L0 P; d7 G
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( K0 |0 B1 @9 C1 P. a
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 V' ^3 T9 `9 w+ m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 k2 S4 b; Q8 g( y# K! f# [" MThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 e) E% a& o: P) v- H7 }6 y5 lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! a2 h  }$ e  e/ d5 `% owas high, he then read the product information
7 M  K* h. _4 |2 [6 {, M& ]; ]packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
  }8 u+ Z% @- Z4 u$ tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" A/ |. M- T' P6 U  q, s
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 R  C$ k, p8 W4 T. u/ f
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had; {1 Y$ o2 b$ `, X& M
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! k% J) s7 l7 @% O/ `" a* dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* G7 x$ a2 x$ o4 Q& D' z5 O9 x3 k- Z" Qlaboratory to obtain the test.9 D% F5 H3 k2 ?
Discussion' c$ S4 J4 H& G# E2 S) r- I+ ~1 U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" M, z: K# y/ r6 x, x; Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, ^5 M! ~: t0 A% e5 e, u' {Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ C2 W# n0 W( [it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( Y* q2 h  ]0 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ ]( m3 L' g2 i6 ]# K( }' Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 D/ b# B$ R# {& G: T7 ^% O& {* Jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" R& o( s" P; s. Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 M$ Z; v- M+ g+ N+ [7 samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 Y. p$ T8 Y% P" d3 r7 g  x
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 T3 N. |5 `+ P0 [% k3 S
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; C4 p1 j2 @& Y6 Z8 Wization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! F, ]5 @) U3 B) e! N' jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* r, j: ~1 I2 T( }
gonadotropins.1,3! M6 A2 M: o; y+ f/ @. h
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 T, G0 F0 ?5 z( Ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 B3 t  I6 Z6 J6 Z7 ~+ V/ @$ jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 v; a8 Y' Y6 hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 `: D+ M' @( P/ \6 R! Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. X4 T; B* {3 I
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
+ d5 j2 q9 D+ z" f/ t3 ]" e( Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ V' B" i, \, \9 V0 s- u) X* S
puberty in boys.3,4
6 t+ f7 y5 d) W( N5 q& J5 sThe most common form of congenital adrenal. A1 G2 M6 L2 s6 |  A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 [9 U/ K# ]# G. J" Y9 b, }' m
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 M- a- g, K" A5 uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# R0 ^( j% T( n) e$ X, M% q, B& e# C
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 j7 c, K! r* ^) D# eexcess.1,3
  y( m5 n  {2 e) c6 s( Y7 b% |+ jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: d4 a) G! }+ Y& H5 M5 K542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- r" @' f' X0 TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! G! Z. H% d( R6 O/ h2 G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
) Q0 n/ L" Z- M, I  G9 ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 {+ M- o, A( g2 \$ {7 v: A
very young age. The physical findings in these boys8 B7 m5 o. O, i! t/ J
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 O1 m* j) b$ N5 R7 rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 d( w5 v6 `0 [  p, n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# k0 q! d8 u3 v' y# Oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 V! m3 Q& p* U* }/ Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# e; T, i7 v8 N6 }3 r9 ?: N
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, O) S% Z6 X. Z1 V1 [/ g$ Eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" E4 R$ T+ Z' amales; therefore, other male members of the family
! q$ {$ k$ C2 l, w" Pmay have similar precocious puberty.3# d- R9 r2 M2 S: I: I5 x1 d. _% @
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! x) i( i/ j! n5 o" M  {/ o& |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-4 O* d% z4 @' S2 U
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: p, O3 V, N: r3 ]
was in the differential diagnosis because his father9 A; b6 x3 y0 @: [
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# ]' J" E5 [" X( n1 @: ^; R8 j
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( L/ L9 b9 o* u9 a! ~3 a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ w; F; U% q$ J- B2 A, P
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our: a& v; ~; z; M+ }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 s8 V3 H5 @( ^either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: r! o( P/ x( b( O( ?; R
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 Z. \2 K2 d! f9 Z1 q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. Z( ~2 T' ~3 Y7 m% e. f! l
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, Z( T6 I) |3 O3 f" b( {suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 Z5 ~3 R4 C& K( L* p
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, T% z7 G% l. `6 W, A9 ?' B- a: Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; `0 l! j8 i8 m8 ldecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 \- m  ~" ]5 [& Tterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 V  F( j. i1 m3 e2 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' y+ {- K  i) a2 I( h5 BDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or- s% v; I# O) r3 Y3 ~! r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to/ p1 \" X- H* T6 p0 U8 x5 w# W
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ m$ X/ M/ X' W" A7 U' ]( JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 z" T; U+ X& m: K9 G9 }
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
- @. T" V$ F# s9 N6 [2 }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- r4 p) K3 Z0 o- R* Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 D$ r3 p/ \( Q0 j, ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( \$ L- o2 a* K9 [4 ^/ B; F4 B$ sOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 Y$ F& A9 a) K* R2 f0 h
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( r; X, C0 g- t% V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 K! Y* X1 y, P! ]+ ~2 [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. ]# @) Q* q6 p7 z
active in young children exposed to testosterone: [& {' B7 D% ~) E5 m- l4 m
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* b7 h9 w: C! i8 j3 n$ u; gdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 h7 p* |1 h! w. U4 p& a) f. j
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% _) t* a, c% d2 {( F% p" O' Z  B
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 X# ^* h! Q) b7 z3 \
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. l: [' U& }) |# q' y9 k
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during: ~5 g! H' @  c
early childhood on pubertal development and final  x6 F0 [# p1 k( f. U- h
adult height are not fully known and always remain/ v& V9 Y; n' C( f' p
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- g7 |; F7 j; g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 C- }- C1 U( a/ k
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 y$ D* d' w  \4 ^+ w5 Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ m5 _2 T  ]$ i$ c0 L' Q, Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 U' c: v2 R7 v  y/ U9 C
There are conflicting reports and controversy! \5 r; H4 B( [* K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! Y7 Z) Z# M& D5 K* p: z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! X! U0 J& ?+ v' e( badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, a+ j4 t: u6 b- O" I% D+ q- w4 Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* b& t5 A6 L6 w1 J$ b: Y3 n
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, l# Y. j$ K0 \( I4 jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 K7 C; ~# u1 g! F! rpenile length in clinical studies.
4 |& ^2 _$ ?9 q* y# b% {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 D! z5 [4 U1 u( s  r7 u1 S- @going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 R% U, t8 K! I+ w+ R1 O6 Ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: {. o) S) V8 I, e" W
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' f3 H/ o5 N4 mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 i8 @% s2 A$ R" m  v+ t0 B6 ], A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 x( D, Q: e/ F9 ~2 Tthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
/ c- K& h) b: o; Wheight will not be affected.
! ^3 ^+ g2 d7 M4 yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 `7 G4 M$ d  A, e1 s3 @ability of androgen products in our society may9 n( ~/ Q3 g! b& Q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 P/ N8 F/ T; Y1 r  Y$ U+ Qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( @! G9 y* d% E" B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ }* u# U8 c7 p! }& ^1 xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
# ?6 Z2 p+ y% u1 jgel should be asked of the family members during
$ D4 o/ E. d* c% \2 lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-* Y4 c' y" `3 a* X2 ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; o. D, H3 g4 B# M" W: n8 v( E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 {# S# R0 g. j2 Uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; p& F5 v  E$ o, T  bhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may: ~- J7 f5 y, N. O' r  v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 [, z" A. C3 r
investigation. The primary care physician should be
4 G) D$ Z2 Q) l# e  a9 Laware of this fact, because most of these children
: p+ J$ e. ?9 O* cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 Z1 G8 j; t) K, O; M7 {4 L+ B6 BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
) }2 z# ^# T, b' p1 awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 R- Y$ e" e: q1 K3 X0 |female child who might come in contact with some-. o: l1 @" ^3 w9 I
one using any of these products.
0 D* {- {+ ?  uReferences
' N1 @) n* l% E% Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 e. a/ g9 E6 t1 \: I6 D2 gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, i- J; V% U" x* L3 S' K5 PEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% L4 }- z6 D$ s- n* A8 a' a. O- _2002: 565-628.4 \, N7 f6 q$ X% q4 a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) W5 q! E4 m* I; ]" ~2 p/ r; tpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ ^' _. {2 M, K, jBoy Induced by Indirect Topical# w+ X$ u0 F7 q: W8 M
Exposure to Testosterone
2 R& i6 ]" k& pSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 E/ P. R. A0 y" m" x$ i0 Y) ?and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ C: k, \8 Z+ p% _0 F: R
Clinical Pediatrics
+ r0 u  U4 W- r; AVolume 46 Number 6
6 w5 a, d9 H; f) bJuly 2007 540-543" X, `9 h; K$ x8 e
© 2007 Sage Publications8 F& }8 B' C% `5 c5 ?  v: x
10.1177/00099228062966514 {5 P1 p# d. W9 K' S; {0 r5 m
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 T1 G, s. g& _hosted at3 {1 `) k/ L: y
http://online.sagepub.com# E. J% R6 n1 z8 u8 \. F: |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 V4 b( ?+ {; p8 W# q. ]is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' x2 w+ Y  c6 \- N; O) [$ Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: i: v5 I0 [/ ]  d# e4 c2 h) z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
3 N0 t* T& l. Y9 W- ~a higher incidence of organic central nervous system  w+ g9 ?- V1 G4 S3 Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 B  z, R7 K7 M. O0 F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' F: A: k9 `0 W8 Z! B5 s, shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! `2 p$ s' o1 ]# |cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
! g* t, x2 t* d8 t: creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' R" W; x5 E( Y/ senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 A3 [# [' e$ z* ?0 H8 N: ?ment without testicular enlargement, which was due) B$ l" ]& t7 r1 @. n
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 F! \6 q* L. ?/ O3 ~- tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. @/ M" U, Y3 u7 K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 V* c  O9 a( e1 G# Echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 [# D  b. h& \9 |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ T8 n8 K% e  ?2 I  jbly more common than the rare case report in the
2 ]" @4 F" ?( N  mliterature.4% v. M+ d0 h# n( b
Patient Report1 ^; E3 a% d# q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the0 J/ z; \) n4 P+ J8 S7 q; u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& }! P" B& T+ S
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- d2 r0 s% h2 I5 z
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 b( l- }- A; {4 i9 [
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 n8 e/ i5 w) l; BSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ Y4 M# r2 a4 ]
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' G6 e" m! x$ j; r2 C
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) ~# g/ A# ], D! G) BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 j, [4 k0 u" k+ M
e-mail: [email protected].
( h2 V! U3 \/ @% R7 Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% B- A/ k5 N' e3 r+ ?! {; v! q9 @darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! m: U! ?; R& w' e1 T4 b2 `1 l: y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 k+ T! b( |" F" g4 P9 ]1 K3 `
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! {% j- z* [4 F% t9 h, M
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 G9 {7 n5 `: M5 W# Q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 ]! C7 G0 H4 B* {( R0 \  |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 S: p* [$ f" A* @' P# hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 z4 L* P' t3 @0 |" c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 y1 e) P/ B$ ]5 z7 R0 n
was age appropriate.) t& Z9 H5 g$ T4 A' A
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 V# ?8 w: J% n/ i. ?3 {0 J6 i6 ?who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 o. f7 l0 z4 ]8 W: ~& H9 e! |
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( u$ L* {. j/ U9 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% W2 |( t3 h4 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; I, y- k: Q- T7 j1 R, sThe father denied taking any other medication. The* ^6 P, _5 H, s- }" j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ @' ]! d! B1 d" E/ i' }was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; T4 C8 w" M6 @1 n! G5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& y2 `. A+ D! N' M% @
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ T  f6 b) M& Z% v. F
tives. There were no siblings.
. k3 r$ d' t7 q: M7 ?Physical Examination
/ E9 g% j; a5 i; HThe physical examination revealed a very active,
- v: _: Z. U1 q7 O3 x1 lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
$ z1 O. o/ g1 }" X+ ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was$ g8 Y+ T: D( z8 N/ _( L6 |# X
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: [7 E4 M7 g- o* J" R
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# b8 b' _2 ~* \3 @
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 C, G# H8 q$ U& L' C7 |( @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' |: o  d: `! G1 ]- S" U; Z7 ?The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) L" m) `1 |; R8 e1 _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 [! i* s- w4 `& Q# j% b3 H
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ L. p0 N" A; p  Z0 ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 O  `6 X# C" ]# k# m# x% X7 }
5407 n8 ]* y0 a1 ~+ j. l+ k
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 F! G! [) a' ~2 Z: c( f8 M- {! Athe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& o  z; A+ \# E
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 q3 W) S4 z' x4 b: rThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( p0 y. b  H* G! P" A8 v2 r" ?0 o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 k. r2 {# J& U; [+ J6 a
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ I5 D* Y6 |7 ?# ]  d+ l6 h- jNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 f: X1 p# X2 H7 j0 L9 |# T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 @. ~. f/ J( k$ E! _of papilledema." `1 [- {7 h0 R
Laboratory Evaluation
0 A" C8 i/ y/ f2 z/ B, b# d; }" ]The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ _4 t# Y, N8 x" q( Ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 W' H9 i  S; j$ ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, d+ c. W" H* e
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, V5 q# Z) d) j6 a0 s) u1 D( `4 G( k5 pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; k" ?1 x/ h! o/ _; flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* E3 r. H6 @  Y8 ]3 QThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 U; u8 A0 J9 K7 R7 _* J% k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! j- N! J! H0 Hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ }# N$ Q. L! q" ?& p! D2 D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ d5 J+ X% B8 Z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 A' h. ?! Y# j; E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 M. i6 ~* V& N! X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* J; o  ~; ?, R( k
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" i3 R6 z$ W8 U2 E9 Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 l9 @# I9 f5 C; r  Awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. S- E6 R* y! Atisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- T- I, g6 O# c# v% F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# E( M5 [$ c4 F5 i, ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
6 M7 K; [! a2 I5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. @# x( @; c6 S: ?5 {
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
& o# Q) r, I( r# Jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ W8 t4 Y# ^, B7 A5 E(prepubertal).
# D/ t, H9 w) v: k& d7 qThe parents were notified about the laboratory# \$ d  q2 ^6 @/ P9 e& O2 ]& }
results and were informed that all of the tests were) k3 o& Z/ K7 s8 d! o# Z* h. I  G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 O! X8 Z( b  o4 b( b% x
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 H7 u$ N" v& _% D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: x( O5 o) r0 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) Q0 E0 I$ u; v- J# ~$ V! O
Physical examination at this time revealed that the' z' H8 B3 j% ?5 \! |  e) H
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ t4 c  n8 g4 v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) _; m" F: L: q. i4 Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ O4 {4 _- U% O) [3 d
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. C9 T* Z5 I" d; s9 E& }' e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" P* \% z# ^8 K/ DmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: d0 n  r8 b$ yThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ L5 i% |2 x! B! Z5 v/ U. V: y6 y
ing frequent erections.* a5 y9 k5 b  H) G6 O! F0 Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
8 o3 t3 ?$ V( W  `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 J+ b% ~' d5 g3 Z! ~4 @6 t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# l+ l9 C! t" TTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 Y5 u4 \5 f" e; D4 L. {- cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# b4 }7 s& `7 p# \7 n) f4 w7 m) S/ N/ Ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& U: U3 M+ B# o9 U, E
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 i: Z  [$ ~( {
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 |. @1 n8 a' nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* F- `# J+ I0 m* j8 ?( A( |. H& x/ zsecondary to depression.
4 d9 R9 l4 o  u+ T. H$ v3 m1 BThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 e; I% F6 ?2 N: c; YThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 T' Y6 R( y( q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 i3 \& [; Y" X) L$ [! N7 H" k8 anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 i2 A9 _+ e$ n2 [  Z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* J" |+ i, S5 |. _% s' dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ b4 F$ x% E! A, Z3 x4 \
was high, he then read the product information
. n1 l( @' f! ]7 b7 M9 j' U8 {packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! d% F+ P5 }6 N0 json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# C+ Y7 t/ p' g; O2 l: y: mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) w. L8 u% b8 y5 E" M% H+ b0 ~
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 [: x* j1 H" R! @$ Y; p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& N. P* S$ e; z9 ^, }: x: H' \5 ?test was ordered, but the family did not go to the# S% ]5 I: d$ V; s  Q% Q! q
laboratory to obtain the test.
7 K  Z0 Q( z) T0 t8 {Discussion% q0 s9 w4 Z" ^9 G' y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) d0 P/ T1 {: v/ ^- m' Ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 `9 e3 x6 J: [+ M0 ^! ^
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  w- K  \: D2 T! @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( |  i7 d' k5 w, b- _thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  `/ f2 M0 e) Y% }* R  M, Cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, _: a6 J5 H# }) K1 l! x  |
may have a central nervous system lesion that is6 {, q7 j3 Z& f' n' f9 u
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" B! p( L( o' t' i) \- q9 G0 P  p- O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& N& w9 I6 Y8 w, O
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 w% O( e2 z5 ?3 \' P* d: F* _% F! Eboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 Y/ k" }/ m2 q2 H
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 Q0 l: Q5 z% S9 H
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. I2 G% Y+ {5 o& A/ jgonadotropins.1,3
& j3 U3 M, E- ~' G: y8 DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; U+ s+ N# F3 o1 ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 x% ]4 r, q+ z+ Yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- B7 N4 w# A2 [exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 f5 Q4 b  P. @+ [- G0 B3 Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& y/ b; H6 C/ H( M
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive8 V/ R9 v& V2 r# P' q
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious+ E% D  @/ L0 m- r6 u1 H
puberty in boys.3,44 a4 v. v* _% Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal& ]4 ^/ o% \* p
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 I0 E2 ^# p4 T# |) M  ]3 r1 W
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 ~. t) s' `7 \; ?% R& ^. E( rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 C8 A: E* T4 B% ~1 J/ I2 _
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' C  K+ ^& v. H* kexcess.1,3
6 Z6 v1 D4 T3 n$ n# X# Y2 r2 v! Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# i, ~9 w  m6 s: I% y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" X, V- S) u& O( ^A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( p+ h( ]0 w8 ^% N- K% jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. N, P7 z1 \9 ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ c2 V- n) K$ c- c4 U* x) a; ^9 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 j; S" ]& Q3 S+ I6 jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ j! f/ V6 R. n. f( Qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: Y2 ?9 H! ~1 [/ j. N( m! b* W: f* ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  e0 E* B- ?# f3 r) ^0 x3 Y$ [are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& s! F2 V3 j2 O/ B' B" V# }3 O0 W  a/ E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- h- c7 T8 M, ?$ J' ^% K9 B
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 Y& S6 k% X4 s( @+ w- xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' V! N/ n" x* e) u6 u2 [. A4 x1 P  ?
males; therefore, other male members of the family3 U4 m1 R( A1 i9 A& M4 h. Q8 b
may have similar precocious puberty.3! G% _8 _# z$ m
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
, m0 w& y9 }/ H3 g" Csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 K# y8 p8 ]2 X( s' X6 R$ x6 ~) Ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ j5 I; C7 _! X3 Y
was in the differential diagnosis because his father' T% }$ s* l( G: _/ a3 k1 a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ _, i& d5 L: ~5 Y$ M2 J
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
  m$ x) K5 w8 Nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( u4 A8 d5 t4 R
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ j- i# C- t9 ?- Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 ^* k5 D2 {+ c6 p" B9 o% i5 heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; Z& N- c+ U; W4 w) r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- |/ b. l" r! J0 ring the normal level of adrenal steroids." G4 H- K" @0 g4 f; e& P
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 K, D9 E# b7 Y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 S% t! v9 P$ x; f6 F) T, X1 ^' Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 f4 ]5 \' k3 V- A2 P- U/ l3 _- X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' I- \8 P, g; k- P1 o) v0 j8 {decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
( ^/ i( }! `1 y( i6 J* dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: }$ V3 ~3 R, e0 n. R6 _1 n
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# w6 T0 V4 y7 `- x0 GDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. o2 P. c0 c$ r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- z' h  J6 d/ V* g. t0 L7 {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% F9 D6 q3 T+ L: r& cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; @; L) o" R. r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to3 e) p9 H3 x9 v3 M
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! W; r  o6 P9 R( w4 z  R) Qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
% H1 D7 x0 h1 B9 P  [2 h8 c0 E0 Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 Z; y5 t- e; E8 a1 o' ~# f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' Z+ a8 L$ O. U6 ~! C! u8 bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 z7 U4 R" J" T; ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- s% Q( d# q6 f1 H7 q, r$ |terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& A8 ?5 W# r# M, K) M, L* ]active in young children exposed to testosterone* l) A9 _0 F! G! G- U0 S: @# ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, z4 l/ E( N/ |drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* f2 f8 Q- N6 N& f
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 c2 n8 s; N; {" ]7 L9 e6 [/ Vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and2 c+ O% b3 C$ M! A2 K4 l0 _/ J
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 T. S( a& X# j" B% a" gThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during  ]* i5 _4 B6 t8 c8 L: O( f: O
early childhood on pubertal development and final
& E3 i" `. \( z- k) s" Hadult height are not fully known and always remain  i& N- H+ G# w+ C3 B- \
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# S  O; `. L, i, f# n$ h  H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- R& Y: ^1 k9 t0 ^2 w
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; w8 M  u- c, \. ~" u0 |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, Q* w* {7 |; V1 M) Fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 q7 w' Y3 m1 B1 Y1 I0 tThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: ~/ M6 r6 m! E6 k" o6 gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, o) I% F$ [+ d) ~0 B1 B. l- w) openile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- E! A( V% i, }
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  M$ L) }3 _3 r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 [1 O# U; X0 Y# g% B& U9 p3 K1 w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ N* r: X" ]' x( h" ]* {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ F" c. w: Q+ A% [1 \3 ?9 h/ ]/ Cpenile length in clinical studies.
; V, J( h/ m1 R: ONonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# u9 ~9 Y" a2 G1 q* M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ N$ \$ e4 S7 E) {4 U  Ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  u  z1 A( ]% V9 I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; ~, \1 U. w8 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 {* e: Y( C; `+ S! qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- ?8 \5 y) T( L' O/ d2 ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 W7 }3 G6 _8 I6 i
height will not be affected.
" \# b; U# c8 m9 G& c5 \Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 h6 D+ ]# A5 {% Sability of androgen products in our society may9 Q. n7 \: o: e
indeed cause more virilization in male or female- @1 E1 l6 a3 J$ k7 P( N3 [. E
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) l# `( b; `; N1 ?1 J% v7 e" L, Z; Pgen products must be considered and specific ques-5 ]: Q# T4 ^3 P" `& w- D
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 x5 r0 n* I1 X* l. e8 sgel should be asked of the family members during
" Q& T# H& \$ \% S5 }8 ]the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' j, b7 ~8 k; wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' {% b3 m# i6 f. Q! M" Q$ j2 |/ hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 ]0 I3 b; a3 P) C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 p6 @/ h: ]6 ?" p$ z9 @7 S1 u
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" y2 i: Y# {! q( m2 p! h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ n& D' g* h# e% Ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be0 G7 p/ Z0 u( G
aware of this fact, because most of these children0 z/ F0 T4 R: r, C+ F
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 L) W  B, C1 a# Q6 l2 j' x* {, WDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 E; u4 V8 {/ ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% F& u8 _4 n% Y6 n
female child who might come in contact with some-1 ^  T2 i) @4 }7 _  z7 q1 i1 b
one using any of these products." D6 e4 C0 J( i, ^0 H
References- R* b8 H. w& K% W$ b( e
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' u/ Q/ r: ?. G: S  V# B7 ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  T7 ^: F' P5 n& uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;3 z, f5 X- d4 x$ H: x! L
2002: 565-628.
1 K( f# p9 G0 a2 |7 {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& N$ G" F% R' C& h9 w. f7 ^
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
2 y4 ?6 j0 L/ M8 y9 v
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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