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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 J) _ W7 t& m: N6 b) |. w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* ^5 i& P0 H2 |9 dExposure to Testosterone
( @4 }* M* w: J2 }& B9 A5 LSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) z# x% N* K6 j& z1 j' P
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
! g$ x& ]$ I9 k/ H' @6 K- |Clinical Pediatrics
+ B9 k5 M, a. Y5 `4 Q& o# l/ F- VVolume 46 Number 6( T/ D9 S, j6 q/ {* D/ X" k3 {
July 2007 540-5430 J% P& s* ]9 `* s% o& U' Y% X% ]8 ]
© 2007 Sage Publications
% a! R) f, D- z7 A+ P10.1177/0009922806296651$ E7 F; i# Y4 m4 ?- q
http://clp.sagepub.com9 |+ F. a, e$ `: t4 A( d9 ^
hosted at/ `8 O" `6 m! A' e/ P8 {1 V
http://online.sagepub.com# N3 @+ U( G) U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 A5 P e' O6 K/ ais a significant concern for physicians. Central5 K/ V6 l x) }3 B- [# }, _% i
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 v& n: y: w6 {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ v" {1 a2 i; d6 ~" `- Y( i
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 }2 X% V* J1 Y1 J4 F7 q, [9 dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; x' _" ]5 S" U6 Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 L5 t4 b( X/ v$ f" t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
7 r0 {" r* x* A5 ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 g$ e( g* C# g% B9 z4 w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ s; P( k: Y+ y; c- h( v9 Q. e+ denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( J4 f& A# d4 p# V% ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
! _4 d* Q: [4 ]: K- p3 Yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% h) p' g3 P' B' e$ q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 U" E- t7 D$ B4 J/ Xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" g. e* V. T5 U9 ?5 X0 `
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( [9 ]' M9 B5 b/ n: I5 ^. U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ _6 P% h, v# E( l. S+ k
bly more common than the rare case report in the2 ]* h% Y; g o! Q( `
literature.4- e( G: L: @- o v- F2 w g; h8 \$ r
Patient Report+ Z9 u9 g* P* S, c
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- ], a$ `- L. K0 E3 U. u! a
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, v: F2 H, ~% \# U1 U" ]9 Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed# J( ]2 u, t" j, h0 ]+ h! O" q
light colored pubic hair development when he was* Q7 _; j2 F/ ^' e/ g
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 c' o; m& _2 S; P) [ y6 [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ N& U) O/ u$ W7 c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,. L/ b3 `5 z+ K# g
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% V+ e& y3 Y1 |4 \
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. g& y3 q: G7 V5 F* I2 H9 [9 C. ^1 ze-mail: [email protected].
0 |& |0 d- n# H' W1 A0 m" r: m: ?about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 T& |6 k# u" |- i1 udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
3 h9 v0 ?0 u, b* [" u0 [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 u. z1 H" u/ p; `5 Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with L. w/ t# H" V. \/ F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. T" D* Y7 c# j
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% l; }2 z6 H( m) b; Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 k/ Q" G5 I: c# g% P: y8 r' o# osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% | \- {/ m) u7 n) P+ l) e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, o" h! g; G* q5 q5 W4 K, b* y7 W$ Jwas age appropriate.
' h' K( b3 E; T: {: }" r5 {) ?The family history was remarkable for the father,
! d$ h& X1 `- r6 Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 D8 `+ p! A: W8 {5 j
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 ^' S+ o3 E1 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 T Z Q, F) K- j, i/ i2 ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. N) h' Q3 M# JThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- M7 g/ w6 e5 ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ \) l& ?$ I* h3 r8 d( D. Q- m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 J8 A g3 H; `% u5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* I' q( A: ?5 ?" a% n1 o+ ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 C0 W! k3 T# G2 Qtives. There were no siblings.
/ ? ?: j- T& @; a1 y/ kPhysical Examination
5 S& G9 V) Z* F* S" t, d; E4 L2 uThe physical examination revealed a very active,7 L2 q( X0 c$ }; N0 U! _' x- `$ f
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 _5 B& e1 r) \0 \- u& H5 |a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- `3 d' d7 g# g0 Y; S) ~, C- L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 R e# l9 J7 U' T2 @3 ]$ r4 J(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
V8 C& ]- S! a$ c7 O4 }, cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 H0 ~" v" |8 s! k6 \0 hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: T0 `- I3 J0 v! E2 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for. a' b: v0 C/ W+ W
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
# Z6 p( I) n: t8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# P3 ?/ w: k5 d; K# ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 O! Z+ Q/ t" M& @
540
( v1 g$ {, q8 U2 C8 h; F" }at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; I% o x6 o, X# w0 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; M# y' }6 w2 N# w$ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- ^- [/ N) x j. t) @& w& _' q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ v' ~2 Y. M) I; t5 F- G) Coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ I% l( j3 x+ ^abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: ^6 n7 z' C% B( a6 l8 q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& s. v( l6 v2 v& ^+ n
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ ^2 G0 v8 O# |( J0 Sof papilledema.& ~6 C9 F' {, w$ q6 M
Laboratory Evaluation
! p: E! n; Y$ e, w! T8 hThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 Q. \; r0 h6 T2 j2 i4 W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 ~& n5 n3 v8 q* U% @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ A% Q* J: c/ z. ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
) m5 F# c7 J; r1 j; Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ D- Z* z! }) v3 z3 s; o4 \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 h; U- w. v9 ^4 u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* t: U. C" q$ p0 X2 q! v9 vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
}* e6 E' u6 R a4 q7 lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 _3 G, p3 M1 ]- K0 y3 mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ ^& j4 K5 o0 s4 f- ^3 p0 S
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ x1 J9 `! R5 M `" y$ o! Ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) Y/ H: J, y: _5 W
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 Q; z0 x; b1 k
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 G8 K4 P7 ^" J49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- [) b! y7 T9 w6 s; I
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* C( r4 u2 c ?9 G( Y, I& N+ ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 z* ?' g {) V) }4 Y$ Q0 ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 U3 e$ z0 o4 E+ H0 O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' m8 p- u* u5 F' L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 S& L* S" H2 |- Q* H* ^8 s4 Q) O' w
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' ~. Z7 k8 f) m' |8 J, o6 e, [
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ j# q- G+ l. c$ J$ o! a(prepubertal).
2 s7 k! [8 X8 o$ g, W$ a* ?; O/ JThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, ~+ \6 N4 H8 w( J* Oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
* W+ |- Q7 q- ^' A% n( U3 \& `normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 }6 }8 s0 Y) Z6 l0 |% |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 g0 e6 s' K1 [
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 ~( Z( b* p6 K- }) [3 `! d: j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. T, q& D" c/ d, D& nPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
9 a4 J6 y* _ h6 @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 Q& B# N$ _/ M5 y3 j
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. P( X8 N% }! y- U, R. Qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com- M7 R+ L8 ?+ C' ~. \( D' i @
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
( ^ \% q2 a# N+ Z4 Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ I) X f8 h6 u! k& U A. x
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., S) `9 [5 x: J$ W9 b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 c- n; c+ F3 ~ k
ing frequent erections.
4 V8 z1 Q# k3 DBoth parents were again questioned about use of5 x! x+ F% D. e8 m% f% \4 F6 `
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ i, U" G# [ f6 {$ Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" W9 U' s7 ^0 E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! J9 C0 a4 u' V* ~9 Huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' S& _4 f* P5 Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
@2 z8 @, L3 g" xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) e( V+ s' \/ Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 ?' z7 [' {8 P4 ?4 o4 I+ f% nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 ?. q# X& q, X9 [* c4 L7 l8 hsecondary to depression.- I z& K7 z' S. B- z
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ G2 {3 e# s% }4 EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( v# d% E0 A2 i# u/ J- F
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# ]3 n8 W- \0 h% r0 R6 _, Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, @8 C/ p, ^0 R2 N5 j9 BThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 A3 X5 K0 p% ^6 W3 V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; i4 j+ s6 m2 k$ U8 Y
was high, he then read the product information! a! L& }5 d; i3 E& Y- j, b
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 Z4 t {: H% m. F# y! ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 f6 C. S9 N' Y. ?+ g
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( G. s6 p9 \6 i( N; q& r/ L, Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had. s; q: z" k( U6 z/ g! A# _
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 t6 L% A' p% O7 u! mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- N0 ?/ Y1 `/ l6 W
laboratory to obtain the test.
! p; T a% A4 }# m8 L& G2 qDiscussion
- Q ]8 N' w) E# EPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: Y1 A2 S7 ?& Gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 j0 q8 V& x( Z7 o4 d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" A6 d. C" P( C0 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, Y, J) m! g3 Z% b4 o. h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* r; f" H% f5 }" ? _0 f, `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ y$ v( s- M" }3 dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 ~: N0 \: V* n( |9 k2 M. i. |$ eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-: X1 _! `) b2 F$ h( |+ N n5 M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( F8 [0 d$ p3 h- N, G5 g$ D
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( B% w$ s& x1 }8 Y+ b5 H- ~% Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 _' t& [/ T( C4 @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 ^2 [( r, O1 R/ ~* O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" w) f G9 n2 ^& S4 J- L' ~gonadotropins.1,3
+ g+ _6 l8 q/ y! ~" r4 [Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; \3 Y5 R. V5 ~6 u) l5 W. [
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 i0 a s; ~" q+ p% ]0 x: wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 q8 K8 o! a# `! Y7 K6 y$ V
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& t5 i+ f0 \3 A' W" y* qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% I# c4 e5 e; S/ i$ A( \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: g# C) z4 d) n- n: D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ ]9 g! k" _+ _ B
puberty in boys.3,4
, r& U5 ]2 _* r: TThe most common form of congenital adrenal
- q8 I8 N1 e5 uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 k2 F' D5 l! O! I7 ?4 J9 ^" U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, B1 o5 C% ]& ~) `# y& j- ^8 d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! D @ ~$ e1 a& Q# T% P( d/ oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; P5 U% n0 v6 O$ w T( t8 y
excess.1,3 r; s! z6 ~8 J" @4 F/ M! ^7 \
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
w' M, M, x+ `8 c. C542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ |: a. \. [* o% |
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& [+ ]! y7 c5 ^independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 Q* O2 E( E0 u# _
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: S6 P6 w: K+ p8 f) |# t: Nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& X$ ^+ y3 ?- G) A, x/ Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,3 D3 r: z) ]6 p- v' N3 V. ]) t3 }6 p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ ?# L2 \* Q) b
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 j& f Y7 k% D z+ [, T: h: gare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 B) m+ `0 G8 r7 r: j2 V% r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 c- e$ V( T( X6 [# \2 Xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; ^1 M/ B5 B, Z8 K% M& w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
5 U- c( E% E" M: Q; w9 Xmales; therefore, other male members of the family1 H+ E" z& o! _; g% M. K( ~- |
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' ? g, i: l. d$ n, VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: f2 p. W( O: X |* I0 ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 @- n5 M& |. F4 l& q5 ]! i; fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis! w& P7 D$ M8 [* _& A
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
* ^- K/ `; E4 @' E) Z) x/ ~started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# U3 H, s$ g: f( k
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( S- r2 D9 q4 w1 Bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 u- E' [3 w+ ?% ^0 x* @ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 l1 R* G* {0 p* w5 J! _
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% b0 U' e$ b5 b' o
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, x2 ^, g2 R. d6 j9 L+ H. ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
b2 g* k0 r! ~) @, R' Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.. z4 u* N. }; e6 E% _, g6 v/ e+ q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ m$ ~/ g3 |. k3 C" b u$ e
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 M5 A# K. K% v) ~! }% S, Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
[! H1 ?% h) b3 i4 d* r0 C) e! z$ @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 M9 O Q/ G1 e/ Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 S7 W* Z9 d3 ~ G8 |; T$ G' w; N, u
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
6 A; x7 B; ^! f* o) x) f! w& P% D! Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ k9 \6 q- [8 q- k- g6 @Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 k+ R* B. R7 L" T. i( C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 g: x" l. V$ Z. h' v7 T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 M# G6 c, B# w' Z: Q9 |* P/ zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, N6 M0 }! _' P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to0 G) \2 t7 o! {. e
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 g5 a" Z' C8 h5 b; Q+ r* h, T* |# c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" K2 F- K9 n1 l. }tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." ]# _5 j0 s! `1 a( e
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& Z$ {% }+ s' x& l0 i4 Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ I# L% y$ w/ T" ~8 [- c; `3 O r
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 }/ W3 ~' A9 S9 C1 v. n, o1 `) _3 ^
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 Q% Z7 W0 b3 u v: Q dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 T* V I8 j, F5 l: @: ]/ Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ y: \% i6 x6 F. L
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ L4 W" O. n" i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: E7 H. h$ H. ]. j6 `8 `! Z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
X2 x8 U$ M. w4 L/ N4 jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* ~0 t: {; t/ H9 G5 B7 r: T9 }4 f! ZThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 \" ?# b- n, g& }
early childhood on pubertal development and final
" P) T$ C, i# ^' A: y, D1 `adult height are not fully known and always remain$ o" [; T8 R! T5 }& n! W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; O v6 F* [$ h# J' ~" ^
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; E$ ]3 B1 s C; n9 Eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; J; P; X! V% }( V, s8 A2 L- q1 ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
$ t, p% S6 {, ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) q* Q( p* c/ {" s; @6 |
There are conflicting reports and controversy6 g# j& V: b' H9 h$ f- n; G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* S4 _' K. S, e/ b
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; }' X/ i1 Y ?5 T% \
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& a8 X# _4 D8 @, O0 ?- kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,$ _& ] N: i: L# J' M
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 m) b1 [( P- `: @9 j% x& {& j$ y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 a$ x* e& X# n; l. \penile length in clinical studies.
+ M, z! h8 H" }Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 O8 z- v# N1 q, c* h- w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( u& i% ?% g: f: a3 O' s" Ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 U9 ^' G9 W% ~0 e8 qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' |/ D& ~) o; B! V, o" y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 Y" R8 X. X( Ddiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 o% N) a% k8 A G: Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( p2 |; E) A/ `3 K
height will not be affected.
. J+ c) P! d; h. \; FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% s* C8 u( Z1 `* }
ability of androgen products in our society may
& U4 [# g0 h2 ^3 M, ~& m; \indeed cause more virilization in male or female: T! p$ Z1 X& `& ~0 E; C1 w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* {1 p+ t% x E1 N( I. e
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 C5 ]& R: P- S' u, J! Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or% @3 N. v1 |* C8 w: |' l
gel should be asked of the family members during2 Y; c) K, y! b# |9 V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% r- Y. B' p! d) P1 l9 t4 L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& \, X9 B0 o- V+ ^7 o. p( enosis can be established by just a few tests and by, d% ]5 [* {/ Y0 N$ W. `; x1 n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: J* f. q" G, m) [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) P" x% o7 o$ o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 s; K9 F/ V, n# f5 q- }
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ r4 ~ ]; J0 {$ ^5 z) L. K( E
aware of this fact, because most of these children) X1 U& C$ h6 W6 h0 I a" U7 ]. U
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; y& ]& Q) z% }7 k/ d
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* v0 N/ R. H$ a( p$ |% s s- L, R
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! l e$ O8 }% d* a. n- q5 rfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 U u6 B& e! C8 p6 g: h- T# V
one using any of these products.
8 x! o6 E8 y e5 C1 q: d, [7 PReferences
* M) b+ U$ F4 b1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 ^. O! E# G. D* iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; l+ O9 ?8 j4 J. r6 r0 MEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
% L7 s, v+ A; T$ @ ^, N6 v( d8 ]2002: 565-628.
# t9 }9 N/ {: }( M3 l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* j% L/ l# R8 U# N$ a# Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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