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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! |5 G* O5 F3 ?; a/ O0 ~3 [, O+ c1 }Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! U% N! I: \& ?  C( s0 W4 {9 Y
Exposure to Testosterone
( j: G! W* u- q" n( ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. u# w/ u4 J: Q: Uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' I8 c/ L( ]2 U! }$ p" L. \8 ~7 }Clinical Pediatrics- O  J" j  }% h% n6 c
Volume 46 Number 6# s/ ^) u1 M+ G
July 2007 540-5431 u- _2 f) ], K6 w. S3 A
© 2007 Sage Publications" H1 D. A6 c% r3 w
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 N# H7 X2 B0 N9 }* r' thttp://clp.sagepub.com! Q. M' s0 w! N" x+ W
hosted at
, U2 S# c' K# t0 X0 Zhttp://online.sagepub.com
2 K, j7 l5 |6 nPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- p. w/ |) s* @: uis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 v8 ~' m: n7 I$ b, |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ p+ t! O! M5 x9 sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% y+ B: y/ Z1 x5 |& xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# C' u) A' ?! R- H9 e) ]0 ?) }8 rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# d$ u( f6 X! Z9 c; c  c% _" O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 z# S, b3 h- B) z1 `, uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( |! ^; F# G0 a& b9 `! ~
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) A% H( `, |$ P; \! A# Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 X. d8 G0 A9 Z* m" Oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- M9 e6 R  j- F$ J# u( N$ x& x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 T+ X: d+ k- [) e. bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, i2 v" o) m, X- S8 p3 f! O
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' v9 h# O1 e/ o  m8 J- f
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 H# ~% e$ y0 H& `child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  R  o) ]+ ^1 p( I1 ftestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* ?2 M9 R* ?9 W# H' [- d# ibly more common than the rare case report in the' \  k+ V' f9 R
literature.43 i7 D3 d0 s, q) b3 g! n6 w0 S
Patient Report1 M8 T( Y8 l# Z* t8 O7 q( ~
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 Y1 c9 X8 _7 e
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, d  E% L. S- ?3 q4 G
of early sexual development. His mother noticed" H' v* H5 C  z8 L
light colored pubic hair development when he was7 w( y7 V$ G# a5 @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ B; p" V' a0 H- g2 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 G8 r7 p) m5 oAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: P+ i- w; i9 D# \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  ^7 B5 D6 d4 ?* {5 K- b5 jMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ {9 ~8 i+ O; o* B. b3 Ze-mail: [email protected].
  G- O  ^; j- r7 ], Z% v* \about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) y1 }* l. ~5 [! Ldarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  Q  d5 J8 H2 d) k  j$ u7 ?, @# Zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. p! _. J6 T  k- Y9 O0 e/ O
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 D2 Y- ]5 Z% ^0 D0 W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; w6 j1 H5 Y' g
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 _6 f# R9 y4 Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! F; O8 f  \: u; n1 i: w
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ E+ X/ a. w1 G) r2 E4 yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 {; [6 F4 ~; y# L% Owas age appropriate.- M$ q$ u, u7 I, F: W  M: D
The family history was remarkable for the father," a8 y$ X$ [6 h9 ~# p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ x, [. Y" f+ F; ?# [( |6 J' Z9 gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" ]2 J8 r" {& H) M5 ~& \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; Z2 l$ T' @0 k' }; X# Q& K) Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 V1 p8 E& }: e1 y4 H2 l0 aThe father denied taking any other medication. The
: ?+ l# }; u/ H3 R( r5 M. o- U' uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) q1 K  E0 @+ d4 d9 a! C
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) k6 \( H2 ^, Y( ]/ h
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, `1 p0 _! a, z; x+ `
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& T6 |4 \% V4 `tives. There were no siblings.
" A! Y9 _$ G8 Q3 j2 d; ?Physical Examination
9 Q7 H+ O5 l0 }4 {! XThe physical examination revealed a very active,6 k+ z. Y  X9 _4 T+ w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( ?+ O* f7 O3 ^. aa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. m8 Y5 D' y0 ]+ t: N9 E/ |; g
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 D! x5 i/ L0 B
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 k# _: _1 n  u) d) d) U# G: I
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 t) v3 N7 _9 \( E; T+ l/ ~, T
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% i! W$ d) ~+ \7 F6 j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# C3 `2 \& z$ H
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) u0 s7 c% ?1 h& K
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ N- y5 O; e1 g4 \! J9 Tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 R4 [- W& u' D: ?" C  v) E
5402 w- p  p7 B$ e) c( K( M+ [: y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 E' M& F2 \6 Z+ `7 P1 l( G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 I: a2 O& Y/ S" q  Q" Z8 z) \testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ R- r! U3 O9 H+ X0 m1 R9 Y) F1 n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. @- g) I  H8 {9 Z4 b. ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) R" n* A$ S3 K, [, m* ?3 p1 [
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.2 w( r8 Z& A) `' y; K% G
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 B5 Z9 |/ f& F0 j- y# }6 ~
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ K  L; N9 ~; E! e  e0 m; {
of papilledema.
+ @; v( z  E( T. ]; f' y5 {: H: M3 oLaboratory Evaluation
$ [+ J" H/ X' ^: j# ~2 ?+ dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- K9 i3 b& }1 `using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. ^! ^, P: O) O6 R
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 o/ G4 l; J" e3 F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 ?4 x# l; k9 \
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 q; u: j2 H- T+ z, Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* R( I7 o2 Q3 B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# d0 A" u# W9 D0 }% d
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: X8 y& i. u7 g1 B* hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration1 V" x2 P/ _# D3 ^& Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! u8 @" l8 m9 X- l9 r+ ^( I
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ u+ c  U9 l2 U5 P. s; C) s  \0 s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 h# x9 `3 {$ ^6 y! w0 d  cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% x' R! W6 s: c& [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% \8 T) u2 Z7 z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& T1 y  I3 ?# ]3 i" q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# X7 A  m9 E1 k0 D. o% H- Htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  h. f. S* d" x+ }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' X! a; X# F( [' ?; X
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 Z$ n9 \6 [% n6 w& X9 W$ u, t
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 A* m4 D6 M" P0 a& R$ @; @7 D9 k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 e0 o: k+ K8 nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 \  N" [8 |& u
(prepubertal).! ?+ O- ?: z* w# ~( h1 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory
  k8 o7 h+ u; H( q2 C6 a" ~. p/ gresults and were informed that all of the tests were* x* V* j3 D$ }* F. I# Q  [8 G# t: C
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 a8 H8 }. Y0 g3 L- T7 p% D4 Rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! @  K7 }. p: U+ o# m/ n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. A- q. z# {8 y7 vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; l0 C$ D( b8 L- X: {- WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the0 A6 o" I2 H7 B! a0 H6 x
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 Z% m$ S. Y' r$ w( H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& \2 u: [5 @6 X; I! Iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 t) R! j- r+ g, S( ~- i3 a
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, C( {0 i) B" ~0 [/ C7 H" \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ w  F; h8 B5 F6 B7 \4 K
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 A* d# A7 V& e0 ?, M
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
  ~- w" }# m, P! n1 {6 Zing frequent erections.5 [3 z; m3 [# K. v& [: K) j
Both parents were again questioned about use of  c4 ~' G; e+ [+ j$ d( V) R
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 r$ e6 w8 V$ ?' nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. m9 O5 z& Q2 B( y9 w5 b2 O
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
4 U5 L* o3 ]7 d. z7 [4 Guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. S/ W. e+ ]. O% n! W6 e! I- q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# ?, R! A3 i; q# R& ~$ r/ X1 [- m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ r9 P/ R9 V0 B, zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. E+ F9 T$ k. s* Mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 y5 q1 Q, Q" j8 H; Z7 k4 J  d3 D
secondary to depression.
6 V8 {0 M  B+ i/ }6 Q: z4 zThe child slept in the same bed with parents.3 L7 R' f+ E, r% X. F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his; k7 O2 E& S' {% _9 a2 f0 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 r' h$ a1 m1 v. m+ enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 ^) a/ T0 n# ^  \
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 Z$ P7 E" m8 C8 `1 Mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby' R5 y" u) P, E2 s) ?; n3 z
was high, he then read the product information/ L# Y% E5 I* Y/ f* T
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 q5 a: G/ ?2 s: X- }& {son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' m. b( ]' P0 x: A1 gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 L3 J  Z$ ]7 `* h  ]  M, i5 W; v
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 B0 @$ s  s0 N5 t, l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) M$ E. X& @% qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ n+ ?+ S* h4 G8 \" o* X$ M3 h9 }
laboratory to obtain the test.5 w! r: Z  a6 \# |6 ~5 g0 E: M
Discussion2 l0 f9 y5 e5 H" ^4 l9 p* H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  `! B& w$ r5 a# S" x: J2 [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! \+ g" _. Z, V. y- y0 \, C, {Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 |* m* S3 w, f2 ~4 v. g) eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-) h+ V- t0 x& ]+ G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. N3 z7 e0 m, \3 S
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 a" g  s: B# b) p5 I$ I" U5 Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is* E. m& N2 h! k
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, E1 o" e4 a! Z) \) X8 ]
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- z/ ]/ s. a6 ]' Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' J% }/ F: S7 Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 \5 [" y# |; J9 O0 a+ zization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 r4 j. M+ F2 J1 z7 D0 s% frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" Y, U( o7 d' k) u8 ?: \( l, o, J
gonadotropins.1,34 e. w. [5 L( G% U6 _" V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; v! M1 G; x: u& M, I) B) Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 k% }) l; _% Z! ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 M. P. C4 M/ @' z: f2 a( I- d! Y) Mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ B4 `. C1 ^; u; oulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ {. A; w& Q: t5 O- Acongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 J, @1 M' \" N1 C, _adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 Y* z3 u7 S& X* [* ^3 Jpuberty in boys.3,42 V* l8 |: I, t1 X# d
The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 V$ g4 h/ |& k7 H5 U$ F$ _hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, g0 H3 i4 ^7 n; E* ~6 YThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: {/ A9 d+ e. u8 |+ \4 H8 a  k/ h+ vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 o6 `# ]8 s2 _3 i+ n& b$ I3 wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 ^* D& P' Y8 q8 Pexcess.1,3) ^5 p' d4 P0 T! X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* r  t/ A& B, \7 `+ ~1 h1 F+ {: e6 |
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ e3 |  V4 ]0 X2 x1 }/ |8 ~% D3 L
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 t: ?; J7 J( V" x: m6 zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. q, u% r* F% `) D+ F# p% v" a& Kas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 f$ |- e+ D8 k9 S5 \7 }/ X! svery young age. The physical findings in these boys% ]& _. j1 ?2 u5 @( s
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 _( j0 `! }: M( ]3 Y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 ^* [3 k6 P6 T2 e: V; Z, Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  ?0 X) r' ^/ R  i
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show. o4 P" N1 p% w- m* I- r
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
9 M5 o& t4 b0 P6 Y( x3 \& \# oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked/ y6 ?9 e7 H: @8 i5 o& O2 \# z$ a( A
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ l% V+ h7 ?& ]; C
males; therefore, other male members of the family8 ]5 ^8 r% k$ C# `6 W
may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ y2 ?* m8 l7 z4 l2 A' gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
. V6 Y0 ^$ ?$ \# K) |1 o4 r" ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( x& B; Q- r* `
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 h: V8 p1 O( O% @& U9 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 j$ x% v3 t: Q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 m2 G1 h% g+ s$ ?testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) Q/ J) J# c5 r# z3 H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ ?* s5 V9 {  B3 a1 X. u3 z1 |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) ~  Q3 p$ |& j) M2 |8 a" Vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& `& P5 c! [' V7 g0 C, x
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! b! o/ e, W1 m7 ?$ y/ y0 s+ P& Vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# I6 {  N  C" w3 h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
. W+ G  ]8 X  @% d, ^+ Q0 K$ qThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 U( @; W6 \. V: B8 y/ t) a" y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because) l7 P9 f/ |2 S- W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ }' C, U8 v& i8 P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ A$ A" d- }% ]$ ?3 Y8 j; p/ ^" U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  T& b8 `+ H8 f- \terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ n  m* N) u( R4 `! }/ l' h1 x& |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# z. b; W/ b+ O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ ~6 Z: L2 D2 D5 M# b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' w: R: q) T  J3 w  c" R  r
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 E2 k5 e- A0 X( a" }, ySerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 E& u3 r3 |0 }! L! h/ x/ vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 s$ L! l/ u  E$ ^% Q( Aeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 Q$ B; b$ o" o/ rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ z2 F' h0 Y5 I9 g) Q' Z0 Q4 X
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% b* y; K7 y8 w. |! h: w7 X4 B, J. p7 @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' g2 [' i/ b% E+ a6 e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 x2 ~+ ^% |) ?: g0 L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 w3 u+ U. n/ e$ o- e6 k* Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 A, ]! s, m) d% a! B; \( R
active in young children exposed to testosterone$ |8 F7 c1 k0 n  ?- f7 \
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, ]* |" w+ K0 p+ y7 V, Udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 K. b' D6 d! p# ]* i, Svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' g: U& p1 M* F- m2 \4 v: Ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* S+ T6 b! N: S: K4 ~  M1 G' Radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 A4 Y0 s$ M* c; f3 ~The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% u' C% I1 P9 B% U% ^; L0 s9 a2 A
early childhood on pubertal development and final
- b& j* K7 a& @$ y: badult height are not fully known and always remain
7 U6 w, C1 p5 t& M+ |' `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 R  ]; |0 ^# V0 k/ lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" S+ _- W& k' `0 K, m$ i/ z! xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, J$ U2 a$ z: J2 Mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- K+ t& M6 j3 X6 U- xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# D3 K+ i7 j" \, q5 U
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 U" Y5 v: T# Q- o# }2 e5 f6 Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* o/ j( L) j0 d8 m! ]" H
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! I1 d0 W0 I, i6 q5 W% W5 o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& B4 C, C+ I! m% r: ~
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
8 B( E/ ]4 ?. U1 u( B* b0 wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. |, N  B* [  Y& Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! A* F$ n9 L" l1 q( a9 Cpenile length in clinical studies.% [' `' a1 c( H5 R9 F5 D
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% f/ O( t# h- G* p8 a3 K7 J' d
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; F& c5 ^+ Q. `: K4 ~9 {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# C3 S+ a! d& C) Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 w# F4 @7 B* Y+ cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 g; |. P% F) D" O* \8 U. E
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
0 C; v# {4 F1 }& `# ]the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  ?  P5 @' z) r  O# z) p4 I
height will not be affected.' V6 Q: ]5 ]" O. d
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ M! i0 T0 C5 B3 o7 n4 l2 Cability of androgen products in our society may
$ V/ [0 F+ l2 T; c1 |1 L$ Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 w* U( K$ u3 A7 j2 v5 |1 T1 _& gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- k' p* O% I% O; s
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
: i1 j5 I& K. u7 Y" Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or( ^4 B  ~1 N  j( C& M
gel should be asked of the family members during1 e1 E4 c, U9 w+ v* O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 R; K) K+ w4 q) q: rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ s$ d% G" [/ r7 \8 v* x8 D# q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- X0 c1 d  m: }6 q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 x- }, H0 X% C0 h$ U
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) M! |% A2 R' n1 W8 q2 Lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive5 ~3 q  T' x1 @. y
investigation. The primary care physician should be8 U& p6 S5 X& b* Y  l
aware of this fact, because most of these children! D4 }  |6 _0 m' R0 }
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& ]2 }) o  {  ^2 C- h# i2 j# ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 {) O5 u) u4 ]warning about the virilizing effect on a male or! s7 O3 j1 o! N- t* D. w, E8 v( R
female child who might come in contact with some-. n  i& u* S" J
one using any of these products.; d$ D9 q2 r" j7 h
References  [. m# D# `8 M! c4 Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 b5 K. Y5 W" H  `% Q& dand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. Q# Y* l1 z* w% x& `+ `
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& p3 K; d! I5 e# }6 T& ^! `2002: 565-628.7 c+ Q# o1 W, I: ^! \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 n- R; V% @( c" ]" b$ n- bpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" \6 N8 C2 I( eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, @/ N& n( |3 ^$ ~$ ^5 H! g
Exposure to Testosterone$ Q0 k1 J( p; t8 Z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 \7 ]* y% q( xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. Q9 C& `1 D& x# o$ F3 {0 J) @( E/ S
Clinical Pediatrics
/ y3 l& N7 W/ ?( pVolume 46 Number 6- W- P" p6 w# D  X: D3 ^
July 2007 540-543
- d& ?: S  U8 w2 p! n) m2 |4 L! K© 2007 Sage Publications; `4 c& C3 E: [, [
10.1177/0009922806296651
% W( H% F1 V1 J5 ^0 vhttp://clp.sagepub.com* s8 o) P5 j5 s5 q, I
hosted at
' K9 K; g& n. B! E7 @8 B& Bhttp://online.sagepub.com
3 i( c& |- l0 |) l- UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" t* u( _! T5 j6 ]/ r. n2 ~* e. Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central: _: v: p: i- N: c/ E) u1 w9 I3 F8 E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% E7 B9 k" b) Z) ^* h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ F" c! w1 u& f' M% h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# e! A1 b% L) c8 x4 n! A8 Q6 j0 Z. K1 [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 v! f# l- z' ~- Z5 @9 u3 r
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* x4 }' ?* X* ]+ A6 `+ ]6 zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 j" X5 u. G' D6 _9 ~# \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 o: ]3 p* I! h& d2 m. l3 S, I/ L/ c! Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the! P! |5 {& K+ ^: ]1 y) [, a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, b. }6 @; s9 F$ z2 _8 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' v6 _$ r, N( R5 kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( V7 r7 F' @6 Q$ E0 g( z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& x* z. l+ j# d* A, v8 c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: m- Z# ]! F4 y$ ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 T" F7 K- C( i0 j9 j7 F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  b9 h* F. J5 f& }bly more common than the rare case report in the6 Z+ P/ V  Z  x
literature.45 l8 i0 s1 b( T# q: a
Patient Report6 {9 x7 E; z2 R5 V, v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 z; t, l6 ?5 ~2 J9 v" O& e4 }$ ]
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! g# F* f9 V% e4 b8 t, F
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' r+ b5 L/ K" T; h( E6 W" {8 Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! x! s" c/ w  BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 \( l0 n/ }# kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 `3 s' Y3 y- m$ g9 A3 g& {  }' F5 T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; v5 @0 q- u: M7 v2 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 v) g) }4 t" \6 EMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: h/ y* g% I5 w, t& te-mail: [email protected].
- R* T4 V# j0 i: \9 @' P: f  ]$ Sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ B. [/ i$ E: \- A1 x4 z5 p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' a: ]# z1 q8 q# z) u. |0 q& q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( f, o" N+ T: a6 j0 F" Z) B. Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 s$ I) F( h! B  b5 ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( s* ]( }$ d9 L$ ^. s5 [+ P* q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, E7 |7 s1 c% T. H( `9 l6 K4 e2 Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% `2 }" j2 v$ n" }/ d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 q" L# z6 Q! [  U5 I& h( ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ H7 ^- N$ P& z( L5 c) T! m
was age appropriate., e; q" t4 b* @; I
The family history was remarkable for the father,( a. b0 i4 C" z& d  }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 ?' L6 m" t6 t
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 Z0 r: Y! V# c; `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 N7 U0 n1 o4 [' X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: I1 ]+ l$ j3 u. F% v3 E, ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The& b7 V1 d4 @# @9 k# ~/ k5 t
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& g% r- t" Q; [: H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& h7 V& a5 A, R' ^( \, V2 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 j0 B* i; m+ R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 d4 q0 N. {. G  {% |# d/ ytives. There were no siblings.
. C, ?1 A6 n. e! c7 `& O! B0 {Physical Examination5 U% n% O7 g4 @9 j  H+ m( J
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# D8 i& b5 q# m# I% v4 r' |playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* E2 H" W, C; i, q3 O& l  N  a  R- Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 E: ^* ^2 y) l0 z1 |' h. z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( n8 R# C1 w' \% U% P9 J
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 M! L3 Z0 z' p3 A: M$ W3 [/ fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% `0 z5 g: ~- R& {' y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 v2 Q- V. X) `
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 e+ c: S+ E: B5 \( F6 X  Z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 N1 s& l+ \% G$ i: K2 r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& v: D4 E7 R; ^; s
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# y* \2 v' w3 {, @540
# R- O1 n9 S" U! tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 b) ~7 C( T+ Z! `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 Y# h0 r, x& K: q9 c5 q+ mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 z2 F1 N- Z; GThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 l6 x8 s+ ^: }$ x/ M$ ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 _3 W2 o7 o! _$ P+ `  q4 s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 F: q) U$ `: E7 ~' r% HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 j6 [* {+ \9 k( W' G& D3 H
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# d6 R9 ~8 u, C2 F
of papilledema.) M- ~0 N" o- t6 P& @7 i
Laboratory Evaluation$ L  \1 v/ Y* X6 |. Y# c* R+ o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* S3 D1 @) p. Z) ^& y* w! |4 busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ B2 j. ^' l# t% }) clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; Q2 G! q' ?) c* l# X* `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ ?: t; @" a: r) @: `0 Z! f
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) e% G5 p% O6 `- E6 p0 @
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ h; m4 r, g+ K! y7 `9 |! V" f8 sThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" i% D/ y* g, T6 _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% J8 N6 R2 k8 ^' o( J
within normal range for his age. The concentration
2 R5 Q+ C$ {9 r; N: b$ v, S, ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 v' W4 k& f1 n2 W8 ]+ R7 A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- q. l, e+ F) G( v5 x3 Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 c# O" w2 N1 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 a% A* i1 ?" F& D# k' zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* K3 E2 I& d6 S/ \' S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- u1 @, d" a6 @# e! ~8 B0 R9 awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 v6 j3 _1 F' T) c- r5 m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* V! u6 ?4 A2 G% N. w$ o/ T( y7 Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' d3 \* I  O: A# P1 l6 ~
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: `+ U8 [  M% o: u  e9 z" L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ J* f4 ~$ ?* Ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ v; B; q1 y) _$ E5 y9 ]9 u2 q. H1 V$ b; @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: r$ Q* t% l5 e/ [- s2 v5 A0 w(prepubertal).
% S7 P, d9 q# Q% j  VThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 d' C; ]: x/ n$ H. k( C" c: d3 {results and were informed that all of the tests were
; Q! S" G( |; O  t$ [normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 U6 U7 e3 W4 ?  u  [1 L
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: P' v0 n' t: U- {+ r" h( d* `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, p% e* x8 C( Z8 c: K1 \2 e$ E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( n- L& j- V2 a5 W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
) Z6 X: J( d# S  ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 b8 e9 B# [  k7 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- }% g6 x6 K1 W3 dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 C: J/ Z/ a& z3 l* |  X3 M2 p  w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* l/ _! q4 m* Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- i  g$ C0 K- ~/ L5 f: b0 W9 SmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 H9 |9 I# w% W2 t9 W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  L% w5 I- v! ^0 n  h' o9 H1 d
ing frequent erections.
+ V" @  ]( `4 N! |Both parents were again questioned about use of8 m" g4 E; d, K4 [1 r6 y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 u1 B5 t* q9 O( h$ e% M
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 C, T, C( N  W) |( b! Z% F0 ^9 m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 m7 C  B- [/ r& m  ]; a% p% S: ?! F3 Vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ s1 V4 }" t6 p% ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 b% u0 N% l0 C6 W* n4 m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 E/ J9 m; O& A, [# ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. M3 d  x% y0 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido! L4 C6 s  q( ^9 V% K4 H
secondary to depression.
& S3 T7 h3 W& L- Q1 xThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
  {6 R( `3 U% o( DThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 u5 p+ b3 q# j3 X$ Y% C; T6 I6 x6 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! F8 B" u/ ^; D; E8 Q+ f, V9 Xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. w" J5 i3 v, m0 y3 S+ ]- GThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 {) Y" |/ u0 |. X& `& N
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  [+ I- p* Q" P  dwas high, he then read the product information' ^5 |6 b* ]! Z! W/ k0 m! ]
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& ?. d: Z# d4 I$ z4 Z' J
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 _  q( S; P! S: o' K+ Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 W. n6 V. A$ ^' z6 ?8 s1 Hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( E. k2 B: g2 ~% i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* W( o, ]4 M" B1 Q& Qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ h1 C) ?: J- x6 g. ^: x9 f: n; p4 f
laboratory to obtain the test.
- i% t! E$ O5 {  I* I& YDiscussion6 l% m% Y% c, L' u4 U% ~8 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( f3 e9 h8 U" Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ b) z2 V$ {. x$ L4 ?
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' m  U1 G  M8 P" j8 E+ `' l
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 i1 B- h0 [8 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% s, _1 ]  g9 Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 \* S5 t5 w& Z0 Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is/ K) v' U7 n$ A! Z# S
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* O3 Y! e# k' u7 A0 w$ W
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ v7 ?$ U4 H- i# v2 m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ a4 k3 v% D3 O# g) p
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ _/ O4 l7 R- R( Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' ?+ Q) a9 \6 h
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- F$ V* @/ ~! r' A  e* `, igonadotropins.1,3+ ^  M5 L: c+ V7 P1 |2 E4 Y/ D
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- t. z2 c- g% B6 h, A/ n9 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 e" q) l, A% L5 e% Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) s7 f# Z! N6 M& `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% l3 U5 M4 f2 \$ y2 h9 X/ A& Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: N' w1 f7 Q9 `$ E9 Z7 Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 I" V7 c( e0 l- cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* Y# g* j5 g; l5 H- l8 b+ w4 Ypuberty in boys.3,4- G& f* G/ A$ F( A
The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ Q1 M( i# Z! f( ]$ Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 ^; `9 z# q, q9 E
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 ?3 G. r6 ?8 j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; B) Y" Q8 c9 G" N6 j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! H5 A! i' v# q
excess.1,3& B9 }' v3 j# u  F$ R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 [8 n; s& S$ R+ T# I; P" Y0 o+ I542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 |) S$ C: S0 l4 T6 n# D
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; w# M, S7 A8 |, windependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 ?7 D# p: S0 w, `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* D+ R) h, q' ~/ L) y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 f/ |7 p& A6 |! c+ O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,- _* c/ y& r; b( s+ e
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 {8 w0 e$ {. _! ]* F& _7 A( awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: h. `5 M9 M' j/ s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: O' r, `$ h: v5 x, j# X, e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ d! h" v8 T4 }- c) _) f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 E/ S) d0 t2 P2 q+ V0 q; E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, m) k) J1 r! k" g8 {6 f7 fmales; therefore, other male members of the family' z9 @) a( p0 Q
may have similar precocious puberty.34 C0 x+ W) B" d( w$ o) m" z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' ?. _9 |5 Z" t! y# W3 ^. Zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 v5 m  i$ [& C  h( Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* |4 k/ z7 v% Q% z( v, c( d7 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" |0 z; G, I5 ^* B6 ]. W
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% m" U: U7 b/ s# X3 |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% x( {$ @' s. C9 s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. H9 U% {8 {/ w: J4 _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) f! |, V% d$ s2 [2 |( q) kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 [+ L1 X: s+ {2 Q5 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# X8 S; D9 v" odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" A4 E# P2 L6 e5 ~, J/ a- ?& E' T, ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 w; z" d/ h" MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' z) K& j3 ?' I0 d: L. g2 R- U  @1 w7 b& Ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 H$ X2 j8 b! s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 k( W; [1 X  j$ E% d  i4 vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( x% A# O" A5 P# Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ B7 `4 q& S' E0 i: o" i
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  t; C2 t/ T! P3 M+ i' ?6 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& G( l. }+ K9 X% _4 B* O+ O" XDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& h  k: g% \! p1 X' Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" r  V0 x! n+ d: y0 n. Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 Q' Z$ I) ?6 m& TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; y/ z( k: O& U" [6 P* `8 C/ xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 V5 i% U* t1 M$ m$ E5 Feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; C+ C+ l" a! V: z' w3 C) ~: [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 P( `; I/ J, X. A! p1 G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ c8 g* w* @9 x; q- A/ @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 ?  b9 Z0 q, s! h2 p/ ~2 j( i; c% o
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 q5 r0 @+ b& y5 t& }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ ^2 v7 y+ r5 @/ C3 gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 ?2 t) L1 W1 Z* Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 Y1 @* G% t0 I! ^6 Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 ?, b, `. O; Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 |1 a: }" C, Y, p
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& g/ Y! U  S2 E0 L& E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; R) W$ \2 e! k5 xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ X$ d4 B) K$ pThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, v* e5 V+ r; I7 r5 R, S1 [0 }0 E: [
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( P( o' l. s' vadult height are not fully known and always remain3 ]1 Q) j8 u- S" ~5 O8 H; I
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 W7 i5 }8 D8 T- P: k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 A6 E& s1 e4 {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. \' m, [2 U! Q" m# z  e+ y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, Z: Q. @+ H  z5 C; U: v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 n8 g( ?" j: d3 WThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: y5 {/ f4 M, p9 v9 xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; U4 P) Z# I) N% V" v
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. E( H3 m, t4 R; j$ tadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 y( T# m2 F$ D* S( I1 Wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 b9 s$ z2 {: ~+ u
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# U& }2 j& ?. M6 Z: ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" h0 ^! T3 ]+ M" m. E* _( dpenile length in clinical studies.
5 N6 h; N) |' l  MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' Q) Z( j0 U5 |going to experience any of the untoward effects from/ a' k) t2 C, d/ [6 L$ G7 a
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 n& b7 K1 @2 Q4 O; B3 j. A& b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. y9 x2 W( W9 iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 x, e& ^; ~  ]6 y3 y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
  u2 M2 f# s" d" x: i, K" }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" q! P# d. H' N' j9 fheight will not be affected.0 _4 V& c: m$ s( X' f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! B. J# r. d2 z, A3 |
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 V+ Q. ?$ Z" W9 K8 F. T% Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' e$ X1 ^' L% O. j" P4 A/ E5 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. ~+ T1 T; r2 G. P. fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
% {. Q. f/ {2 y* T" Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 ^: L; k0 C( {5 t) dgel should be asked of the family members during
" [- v& h) h& `2 w- l9 j, G/ Athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ x0 C7 y4 k5 {% P4 t
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% J( b0 e+ Y+ O1 f  `' m$ X2 Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by) _! N' t( H0 J. o% Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* z+ x4 L, T- ?7 T  L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 e$ g' V6 T% n8 g9 [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 y7 A( Q; I" W% ~- zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be! b0 S. [8 w& ~4 c; @
aware of this fact, because most of these children
: ]6 G( L& o. m5 d8 g  Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' j. X4 t5 Z" ]+ z# U' O0 A
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 n% v2 t& Z8 B. S! G9 A! Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" n" q5 o: o+ jfemale child who might come in contact with some-
3 e: E1 z7 [, i& A4 v& mone using any of these products.
) ]3 K' a+ _. u7 o/ e7 h0 SReferences
- ~' L8 X- Q# A' [1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 E  q3 L6 @1 }+ K/ G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 z! [7 L3 P  B2 M, q1 a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* J  y4 J+ @2 q/ {; |% q* |
2002: 565-628.5 E4 C# `4 l7 q3 L$ A- N- i: {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) d+ V+ E& f3 ]- f$ epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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