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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" \6 N8 C2 I( eBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, @/ N& n( |3 ^$ ~$ ^5 H! g
Exposure to Testosterone$ Q0 k1 J( p; t8 Z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
6 \7 ]* y% q( xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. Q9 C& `1 D& x# o$ F3 {0 J) @( E/ S
Clinical Pediatrics
/ y3 l& N7 W/ ?( pVolume 46 Number 6- W- P" p6 w# D X: D3 ^
July 2007 540-543
- d& ?: S U8 w2 p! n) m2 |4 L! K© 2007 Sage Publications; `4 c& C3 E: [, [
10.1177/0009922806296651
% W( H% F1 V1 J5 ^0 vhttp://clp.sagepub.com* s8 o) P5 j5 s5 q, I
hosted at
' K9 K; g& n. B! E7 @8 B& Bhttp://online.sagepub.com
3 i( c& |- l0 |) l- UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" t* u( _! T5 j6 ]/ r. n2 ~* e. Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central: _: v: p: i- N: c/ E) u1 w9 I3 F8 E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% E7 B9 k" b) Z) ^* h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ F" c! w1 u& f' M% h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# e! A1 b% L) c8 x4 n! A8 Q6 j0 Z. K1 [
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 v! f# l- z' ~- Z5 @9 u3 r
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* x4 }' ?* X* ]+ A6 `+ ]6 zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-5 j" X5 u. G' D6 _9 ~# \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
3 o: ]3 p* I! h& d2 m. l3 S, I/ L/ c! Zreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the! P! |5 {& K+ ^: ]1 y) [, a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, b. }6 @; s9 F$ z2 _8 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' v6 _$ r, N( R5 kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( V7 r7 F' @6 Q$ E0 g( z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& x* z. l+ j# d* A, v8 c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: m- Z# ]! F4 y$ ~child. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 T" F7 K- C( i0 j9 j7 F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
b9 h* F. J5 f& }bly more common than the rare case report in the6 Z+ P/ V Z x
literature.45 l8 i0 s1 b( T# q: a
Patient Report6 {9 x7 E; z2 R5 V, v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 z; t, l6 ?5 ~2 J9 v" O& e4 }$ ]
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! g# F* f9 V% e4 b8 t, F
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' r+ b5 L/ K" T; h( E6 W" {8 Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! x! s" c/ w BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 \( l0 n/ }# kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 `3 s' Y3 y- m$ g9 A3 g& { }' F5 T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; v5 @0 q- u: M7 v2 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 v) g) }4 t" \6 EMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: h/ y* g% I5 w, t& te-mail: [email protected].
- R* T4 V# j0 i: \9 @' P: f ]$ Sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ B. [/ i$ E: \- A1 x4 z5 p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' a: ]# z1 q8 q# z) u. |0 q& q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( f, o" N+ T: a6 j0 F" Z) B. Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 s$ I) F( h! B b5 ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( s* ]( }$ d9 L$ ^. s5 [+ P* q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, E7 |7 s1 c% T. H( `9 l6 K4 e2 Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% `2 }" j2 v$ n" }/ d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 q" L# z6 Q! [ U5 I& h( ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ H7 ^- N$ P& z( L5 c) T! m
was age appropriate., e; q" t4 b* @; I
The family history was remarkable for the father,( a. b0 i4 C" z& d }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 ?' L6 m" t6 t
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 Z0 r: Y! V# c; `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 N7 U0 n1 o4 [' X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: I1 ]+ l$ j3 u. F% v3 E, ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The& b7 V1 d4 @# @9 k# ~/ k5 t
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& g% r- t" Q; [: H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& h7 V& a5 A, R' ^( \, V2 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 j0 B* i; m+ R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 d4 q0 N. {. G {% |# d/ ytives. There were no siblings.
. C, ?1 A6 n. e! c7 `& O! B0 {Physical Examination5 U% n% O7 g4 @9 j H+ m( J
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# D8 i& b5 q# m# I% v4 r' |playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* E2 H" W, C; i, q3 O& l N a R- Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 E: ^* ^2 y) l0 z1 |' h. z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( n8 R# C1 w' \% U% P9 J
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 M! L3 Z0 z' p3 A: M$ W3 [/ fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% `0 z5 g: ~- R& {' y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 v2 Q- V. X) `
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 e+ c: S+ E: B5 \( F6 X Z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 N1 s& l+ \% G$ i: K2 r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& v: D4 E7 R; ^; s
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# y* \2 v' w3 {, @540
# R- O1 n9 S" U! tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 b) ~7 C( T+ Z! `
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 Y# h0 r, x& K: q9 c5 q+ mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 z2 F1 N- Z; GThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 l6 x8 s+ ^: }$ x/ M$ ]
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 _3 W2 o7 o! _$ P+ ` q4 s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 F: q) U$ `: E7 ~' r% HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 j6 [* {+ \9 k( W' G& D3 H
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# d6 R9 ~8 u, C2 F
of papilledema.) M- ~0 N" o- t6 P& @7 i
Laboratory Evaluation$ L \1 v/ Y* X6 |. Y# c* R+ o
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* S3 D1 @) p. Z) ^& y* w! |4 busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
+ B2 j. ^' l# t% }) clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; Q2 G! q' ?) c* l# X* `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ ?: t; @" a: r) @: `0 Z! f
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) e% G5 p% O6 `- E6 p0 @
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ h; m4 r, g+ K! y7 `9 |! V" f8 sThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" i% D/ y* g, T6 _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% J8 N6 R2 k8 ^' o( J
within normal range for his age. The concentration
2 R5 Q+ C$ {9 r; N: b$ v, S, ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
8 v' W4 k& f1 n2 W8 ]+ R7 A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- q. l, e+ F) G( v5 x3 Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 c# O" w2 N1 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 a% A* i1 ?" F& D# k' zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* K3 E2 I& d6 S/ \' S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- u1 @, d" a6 @# e! ~8 B0 R9 awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 v6 j3 _1 F' T) c- r5 m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* V! u6 ?4 A2 G% N. w$ o/ T( y7 Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' d3 \* I O: A# P1 l6 ~
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
: `+ U8 [ M% o: u e9 z" L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ J* f4 ~$ ?* Ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ v; B; q1 y) _$ E5 y9 ]9 u2 q. H1 V$ b; @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: r$ Q* t% l5 e/ [- s2 v5 A0 w(prepubertal).
% S7 P, d9 q# Q% j VThe parents were notified about the laboratory
1 d' C; ]: x/ n$ H. k( C" c: d3 {results and were informed that all of the tests were
; Q! S" G( |; O t$ [normal except the testosterone level was high. The7 U6 U7 e3 W4 ? u [1 L
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: P' v0 n' t: U- {+ r" h( d* `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, p% e* x8 C( Z8 c: K1 \2 e$ E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.( n- L& j- V2 a5 W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
) Z6 X: J( d# S ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 b8 e9 B# [ k7 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- }% g6 x6 K1 W3 dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 C: J/ Z/ a& z3 l* | X3 M2 p w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* l/ _! q4 m* Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- i g$ C0 K- ~/ L5 f: b0 W9 SmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 H9 |9 I# w% W2 t9 W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav- L% w5 I- v! ^0 n h' o9 H1 d
ing frequent erections.
+ V" @ ]( `4 N! |Both parents were again questioned about use of8 m" g4 E; d, K4 [1 r6 y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 u1 B5 t* q9 O( h$ e% M
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 C, T, C( N W) |( b! Z% F0 ^9 m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 m7 C B- [/ r& m ]; a% p% S: ?! F3 Vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ s1 V4 }" t6 p% ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 b% u0 N% l0 C6 W* n4 m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 E/ J9 m; O& A, [# ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. M3 d x% y0 Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido! L4 C6 s q( ^9 V% K4 H
secondary to depression.
& S3 T7 h3 W& L- Q1 xThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
{6 R( `3 U% o( DThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 u5 p+ b3 q# j3 X$ Y% C; T6 I6 x6 n
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! F8 B" u/ ^; D; E8 Q+ f, V9 Xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. w" J5 i3 v, m0 y3 S+ ]- GThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 {) Y" |/ u0 |. X& `& N
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
[+ I- p* Q" P dwas high, he then read the product information' ^5 |6 b* ]! Z! W/ k0 m! ]
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& ?. d: Z# d4 I$ z4 Z' J
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 _ q( S; P! S: o' K+ Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 W. n6 V. A$ ^' z6 ?8 s1 Hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had( E. k2 B: g2 ~% i
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* W( o, ]4 M" B1 Q& Qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ h1 C) ?: J- x6 g. ^: x9 f: n; p4 f
laboratory to obtain the test.
- i% t! E$ O5 { I* I& YDiscussion6 l% m% Y% c, L' u4 U% ~8 P
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( f3 e9 h8 U" Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ b) z2 V$ {. x$ L4 ?
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' m U1 G M8 P" j8 E+ `' l
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 i1 B- h0 [8 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% s, _1 ] g9 Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 \* S5 t5 w& Z0 Y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is/ K) v' U7 n$ A! Z# S
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* O3 Y! e# k' u7 A0 w$ W
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ v7 ?$ U4 H- i# v2 m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ a4 k3 v% D3 O# g) p
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ _/ O4 l7 R- R( Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' ?+ Q) a9 \6 h
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- F$ V* @/ ~! r' A e* `, igonadotropins.1,3+ ^ M5 L: c+ V7 P1 |2 E4 Y/ D
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- t. z2 c- g% B6 h, A/ n9 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 e" q) l, A% L5 e% Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) s7 f# Z! N6 M& `exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% l3 U5 M4 f2 \$ y2 h9 X/ A& Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: N' w1 f7 Q9 `$ E9 Z7 Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 I" V7 c( e0 l- cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* Y# g* j5 g; l5 H- l8 b+ w4 Ypuberty in boys.3,4- G& f* G/ A$ F( A
The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ Q1 M( i# Z! f( ]$ Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 ^; `9 z# q, q9 E
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 ?3 G. r6 ?8 j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; B) Y" Q8 c9 G" N6 j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! H5 A! i' v# q
excess.1,3& B9 }' v3 j# u F$ R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 [8 n; s& S$ R+ T# I; P" Y0 o+ I542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 |) S$ C: S0 l4 T6 n# D
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; w# M, S7 A8 |, windependent precocious puberty, which is also known5 ?7 D# p: S0 w, `
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* D+ R) h, q' ~/ L) y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 f/ |7 p& A6 |! c+ O
with this disorder are full pubertal development,- _* c/ y& r; b( s+ e
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 {8 w0 e$ {. _! ]* F& _7 A( awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: h. `5 M9 M' j/ s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: O' r, `$ h: v5 x, j# X, e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ d! h" v8 T4 }- c) _) f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 E/ S) d0 t2 P2 q+ V0 q; E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, m) k) J1 r! k" g8 {6 f7 fmales; therefore, other male members of the family' z9 @) a( p0 Q
may have similar precocious puberty.34 C0 x+ W) B" d( w$ o) m" z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' ?. _9 |5 Z" t! y# W3 ^. Zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 v5 m i$ [& C h( Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* |4 k/ z7 v% Q% z( v, c( d7 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" |0 z; G, I5 ^* B6 ]. W
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% m" U: U7 b/ s# X3 |
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% x( {$ @' s. C9 s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. H9 U% {8 {/ w: J4 _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) f! |, V% d$ s2 [2 |( q) kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 [+ L1 X: s+ {2 Q5 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# X8 S; D9 v" odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" A4 E# P2 L6 e5 ~, J/ a- ?& E' T, ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
7 w; z" d/ h" MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' z) K& j3 ?' I0 d: L. g2 R- U @1 w7 b& Ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 H$ X2 j8 b! s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 k( W; [1 X j$ E% d i4 vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( x% A# O" A5 P# Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ B7 `4 q& S' E0 i: o" i
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
t; C2 t/ T! P3 M+ i' ?6 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
& G( l. }+ K9 X% _4 B* O+ O" XDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
& h k: g% \! p1 X' Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
" r V0 x! n+ d: y0 n. Gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 Q' Z$ I) ?6 m& TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; y/ z( k: O& U" [6 P* `8 C/ xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 V5 i% U* t1 M$ m$ E5 Feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; C+ C+ l" a! V: z' w3 C) ~: [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-8 P( `; I/ J, X. A! p1 G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.+ c8 g* w* @9 x; q- A/ @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 ? b9 Z0 q, s! h2 p/ ~2 j( i; c% o
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 q5 r0 @+ b& y5 t& }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ ^2 v7 y+ r5 @/ C3 gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 ?2 t) L1 W1 Z* Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 Y1 @* G% t0 I! ^6 Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 ?, b, `. O; Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 |1 a: }" C, Y, p
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& g/ Y! U S2 E0 L& E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; R) W$ \2 e! k5 xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ X$ d4 B) K$ pThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, v* e5 V+ r; I7 r5 R, S1 [0 }0 E: [
early childhood on pubertal development and final
( P( o' l. s' vadult height are not fully known and always remain3 ]1 Q) j8 u- S" ~5 O8 H; I
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 W7 i5 }8 D8 T- P: k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 A6 E& s1 e4 {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. \' m, [2 U! Q" m# z e+ y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, Z: Q. @+ H z5 C; U: v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 n8 g( ?" j: d3 WThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: y5 {/ f4 M, p9 v9 xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; U4 P) Z# I) N% V" v
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. E( H3 m, t4 R; j$ tadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 y( T# m2 F$ D* S( I1 Wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 b9 s$ z2 {: ~+ u
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# U& }2 j& ?. M6 Z: ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" h0 ^! T3 ]+ M" m. E* _( dpenile length in clinical studies.
5 N6 h; N) |' l MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' Q) Z( j0 U5 |going to experience any of the untoward effects from/ a' k) t2 C, d/ [6 L$ G7 a
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 n& b7 K1 @2 Q4 O; B3 j. A& b
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. y9 x2 W( W9 iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 x, e& ^; ~ ]6 y3 y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
u2 M2 f# s" d" x: i, K" }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" q! P# d. H' N' j9 fheight will not be affected.0 _4 V& c: m$ s( X' f
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! B. J# r. d2 z, A3 |
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 V+ Q. ?$ Z" W9 K8 F. T% Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' e$ X1 ^' L% O. j" P4 A/ E5 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. ~+ T1 T; r2 G. P. fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
% {. Q. f/ {2 y* T" Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 ^: L; k0 C( {5 t) dgel should be asked of the family members during
" [- v& h) h& `2 w- l9 j, G/ Athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ x0 C7 y4 k5 {% P4 t
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% J( b0 e+ Y+ O1 f `' m$ X2 Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by) _! N' t( H0 J. o% Q
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* z+ x4 L, T- ?7 T L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 e$ g' V6 T% n8 g9 [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 y7 A( Q; I" W% ~- zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be! b0 S. [8 w& ~4 c; @
aware of this fact, because most of these children
: ]6 G( L& o. m5 d8 g Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' j. X4 t5 Z" ]+ z# U' O0 A
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 n% v2 t& Z8 B. S! G9 A! Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" n" q5 o: o+ jfemale child who might come in contact with some-
3 e: E1 z7 [, i& A4 v& mone using any of these products.
) ]3 K' a+ _. u7 o/ e7 h0 SReferences
- ~' L8 X- Q# A' [1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 E q3 L6 @1 }+ K/ G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric4 z! [7 L3 P B2 M, q1 a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* J y4 J+ @2 q/ {; |% q* |
2002: 565-628.5 E4 C# `4 l7 q3 L$ A- N- i: {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) d+ V+ E& f3 ]- f$ epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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