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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
1 D$ ]5 h. {4 l( Q7 U) uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ H0 k; ?$ H: y9 E4 w/ X1 l
Exposure to Testosterone
. E5 v% O3 f$ I6 ~* nSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 g1 M( B! H( _: \$ Tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' D$ k- ?$ k2 r+ j1 A9 B* V3 m0 u/ ZClinical Pediatrics6 K( v( R' b5 ]% N& k$ t8 T' W$ D5 ]
Volume 46 Number 6- s; x) B( K4 |9 a: Y1 X8 N
July 2007 540-543" w# ]* g4 @" O. r
© 2007 Sage Publications$ o! p( z: ~, x6 Y$ G2 c
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 R+ D+ a5 |% G8 j. |) ^http://clp.sagepub.com
# |6 r% @& R X( s& Yhosted at5 U7 D( x r, y7 g7 L# D
http://online.sagepub.com
' F# u0 k/ m+ q% m8 sPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 P$ H4 D" l s* Mis a significant concern for physicians. Central% K- j' G. o0 Z6 o7 _3 p$ H
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ l) y: N, {7 ^$ T- a4 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* W2 i2 v# h6 ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system* \% h1 F: G7 C: e3 r4 L+ z" Y# d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: i; a2 ~& L( c( _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 I4 `8 J& F) B9 o0 R9 [; ]hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" d9 ]9 H5 f7 f, icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
$ B) \. w5 [% J9 R6 ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 u, e* [, l- P, @9 h) T. zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 N. z! Z; n+ u! a2 l$ c. O9 L. O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
: m6 \0 W" w) _/ [" B9 Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 R6 r5 V: K9 [' ]# }8 e3 fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 \5 G% a( I% z* lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- I/ ]2 F; I( |" _+ v5 F$ Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) [ X6 W8 ?6 x% dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-; A( _' p" H: R5 U2 J- H; E
bly more common than the rare case report in the; {' Q' y% M( H
literature.45 r" a: O, m& A( y2 g+ g* A3 Y
Patient Report# R+ a2 i F: M$ x) E9 t
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" Y y# v7 j" E/ D( z* j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, P$ R6 I! M- M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# h8 B w$ U" a* N1 ~5 Klight colored pubic hair development when he was: a4 q+ h+ s+ W8 J8 N+ L% d
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of5 m! i9 V7 @" Y4 s# l
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- P7 k) i, g4 F C" N
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 n9 E, T, `' L2 Z- ]
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& r' [- ?& O7 h. y* m' ~' MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 g B1 |: ^& Ge-mail: [email protected].) [& z/ s6 g# V. f! s, W' i* \) l
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& B# g5 l* e# D9 A. f: }
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
/ q, h* V; G. H6 N& v0 ?$ mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: Z( z: \2 e; f! P3 P8 ?- H) o! mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ M' S/ B" v% [/ j
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ Q! X0 o4 H8 ~" u9 m$ ^9 {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 z) R; h1 W( @3 P* g% e; u; |, T+ dof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 |. b2 }: m5 c# P
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( H: y* f% l1 d: z: B) uand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 b% A$ r; x! k& W9 o9 ?was age appropriate.
' h9 Z7 j3 D! OThe family history was remarkable for the father,. @1 \* r# `: E- y6 y
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: @' H. I' k5 K/ x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! P8 e/ m# I; U; V# O+ |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' I) a5 S9 C5 C' Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." {$ W: `. U+ i
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 a+ w& b3 }. [+ d' f J: t l$ {child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& O$ [4 p: `2 s
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- p5 D: g# E8 a1 m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ E" {) r7 } i4 Q0 C, G0 P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 w; K+ W7 l) F* m0 Qtives. There were no siblings.6 C- B$ d Z* p! G; T
Physical Examination
0 G" c/ V9 n1 S2 Q$ s9 R' e/ uThe physical examination revealed a very active,4 E! k6 p& a) d# n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* [& G0 ^2 x% t. b/ X1 h
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* f; \. V+ H7 Q" B+ G5 \" {5 B
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( e. H2 }( c" M6 e
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- F- K. w6 Y1 l7 F( |1 b- Rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# j5 i* f, n1 i6 s
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.0 ~& I$ c+ g( v. J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 o& ]* M u" z: v- z5 g" penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' R( U. _9 C! l0 K8 |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# }6 R* R5 V# r; Fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) l( B9 T8 \' F+ J% l3 r2 A: }
540) [' i r2 P( l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) H5 R% T6 J8 a7 c1 W6 Z* H7 e8 ^the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, p) d0 |6 y# R' b! ^
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% z4 i7 H1 V" N6 X1 N- Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- N( T. b6 o0 c" O7 X; `4 foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ e- W1 H% f9 F' D# O9 B& }! z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) b5 s2 ^1 C1 x: kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' V7 K a2 T- a1 Cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 g+ R3 |3 I& g" R' [
of papilledema.; b5 V: s7 p& U
Laboratory Evaluation
. |8 ?' p. R6 N. J) I- G$ @The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; k" ?2 s% f1 |2 kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& ]! M/ ^) y6 p: Ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal9 L* d" W* f9 E d
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; v: H$ [, [' F! r7 _# `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) a4 R0 s) Q# F$ n# ]
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 x! q% ?( g/ m+ R( H% x; rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% u L$ w6 `- a' l" ?, ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. E) O: m, n( E0 Y# `- t9 A) p
within normal range for his age. The concentration
" S0 \# d' m$ r1 y5 ~7 Jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ _# k8 o2 ?9 h6 ^! {$ l
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 e: k) y2 {3 p! V0 B9 Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- Q* ^+ W% X( w! Y
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 t9 `& W8 T7 h+ B3 G7 }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 F# Z, F$ \. b8 d' m) w& N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: J% t( N- d( r3 _was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ i* r7 O3 w( t1 P7 K; F. Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 r6 m, u' T+ z& h' b1 u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 \0 _8 s$ z' G% m$ L: aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 A2 n+ U) Z& ~5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( O1 L- {; T5 |7 z+ {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 {) M W. F! K# ^
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! t* m# G# Z a( H( {! B
(prepubertal). [& G0 X( \6 y: l% E
The parents were notified about the laboratory. _! A, I, Q: K
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' T+ h4 V7 D4 a2 D5 R8 bnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
( |7 W7 J a$ j- F( f, K0 W4 y; I$ ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 Y- A2 _. Z, _3 ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 L/ u- Z0 t, q+ x( M& O2 o0 Gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ }; X) V3 ?- O0 n+ PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the2 d) t4 Q2 I6 D
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; _( s6 U- \8 S! R9 f- ~
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 m- k( f G" p# E: [5 P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 i- f2 B+ h3 m' p' u& A, J/ Y) D4 F* x! \pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 {" l& ^5 U+ l2 P: g6 Ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! o4 @/ S5 j5 q6 m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 O9 k0 f9 ?6 h" qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 K3 h, F3 j6 n) `: h" w
ing frequent erections.
3 y: k% V/ `8 ?3 EBoth parents were again questioned about use of2 Z6 x; j+ M; L: U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ T: m# B& L8 B& k' }
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 L5 b( \9 g2 O) @+ d- b0 J) r R" D
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541* `9 f) o4 t! I! q/ a) Q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 s1 l+ e) g( a+ G4 ~ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
& k, W; x% v J# |& {0 Q7 Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 ^) I2 v0 R, Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. x1 H% F3 Y h$ A, V) Iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
# M4 h3 b0 l+ p+ b7 w7 o" @secondary to depression.
" c1 {, {) N( M: l$ IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
2 h a) {8 A3 e' `. s$ c8 cThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 r# Z1 e! Y8 S) [
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 l. Y9 K9 A" V! S$ n( b6 Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 ^6 P/ C3 O+ L+ I9 qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,0 d E1 w/ G* R3 d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 r+ `" R- W6 l5 kwas high, he then read the product information9 x7 u2 I4 V2 z' o
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) m5 s* I: q- f* t0 n# S1 U
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) b! `" |& G9 I& p ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 I+ \0 s& r! m$ y1 s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. E5 ]! Q9 ~& N3 E: s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 V! ?5 `. u6 ?9 m9 c% Q) Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ r1 c5 S1 G- x5 F% p, N x3 [& \laboratory to obtain the test.
7 G+ {0 e, y* V2 c6 bDiscussion& D) S, C* F( R& `3 L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- F) L( g8 O9 @3 ?sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( u* ]; i' P" S% ]# u7 C- n+ j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# r. d! `: A' Hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 D4 ]- ]4 _; b
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& I4 E* `* V U: G, U1 N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 Q, }7 X3 A6 h6 y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 ~; u. C- d5 G+ ^* w3 e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 V- I" P: C0 y$ I+ |6 e
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' y {/ V8 P$ g3 [ usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 y0 I9 T5 y- J9 Y8 cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. l+ u( s5 i# G' e
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# L- K9 A4 k8 U/ q1 Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# S& t5 n0 a$ w0 y5 vgonadotropins.1,3
9 L3 ~6 g- q& r6 }; z/ P" NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- z# v$ W7 F* I' Ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# l% ^8 }3 m* P6 i( y- r* f% F
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 O% w! q. G: u: eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) ~; m1 L9 ]- {# ~1 q. I% s
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 X! @& `; N, A2 I: @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. J" _. `4 ^) M% b8 P" v Qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 }3 `2 T* a" K7 r" ^* fpuberty in boys.3,4, I8 l/ r) w0 `) g! `
The most common form of congenital adrenal
; H- {, R5 D+ ^2 e( h! ]3 T: G) x* t& ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 C, H5 K8 x1 V5 ?The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, @- I8 e9 h% k4 l( X; q/ T8 A9 ~
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. [! h, [4 `, v1 ~/ X, u+ j
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' h8 d- O& e, P
excess.1,35 Z" {4 a: l9 g1 L0 L7 [& q! l0 e5 C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 h7 L1 y3 B4 s2 m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 X8 R+ _. z1 x( m: hA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# b6 O% |1 K% G( Q1 Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 d$ D! z9 i2 j$ s1 k& @7 gas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! |4 i0 m& s" P& Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys5 R% ]: C: b% Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
/ |/ r) C8 L" y& z2 j1 F6 }, Bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: c) B6 M) W9 D! l5 D7 }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ E3 K3 w7 L1 S: _ ]2 R8 aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 Y0 H, B* J0 ^! V) s1 D7 a7 ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ Z4 p- y6 W) S& s6 G
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& s. a- m- I5 }4 c4 |, x Fautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ H& {) x4 Q. v9 ~
males; therefore, other male members of the family3 d6 `# q# g9 m4 D
may have similar precocious puberty.3. ]' `: A; ^' r7 m- k9 O
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& K: G2 w# |1 y6 p8 c8 S- I5 lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ n! E) i$ t* scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: ] ^. F( j' B$ }; c
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% \: l6 M8 G, Y/ k% F/ H
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 ^ \- t+ S: E* A! rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
: w( ^; T, _! D7 Q1 Tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
, n% G0 h# I# L& dative initial history of androgen exposure, our) g& T8 F$ [: [# p' H2 u+ G
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# ]& t# ?& [' h! z9 |, ]2 \
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 ?! Y8 k2 v) [# D$ ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: V+ P& f2 c$ R3 h" l2 }
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
$ Q, q/ Q6 U7 z1 mThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- V) p% L) D$ z5 l& s4 @suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because# l1 l, Y0 |5 P/ {2 p, D7 T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 b9 p6 x& u; O1 O" J
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' T |5 C/ T A9 Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& i7 B) [4 f$ U$ s4 M+ [6 r. Eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 @, E3 r4 |) `/ }0 _) W" v6 N+ ]
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% ]1 L8 s6 Q8 r' g+ \& uDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) D$ ]; u3 e: y; `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 H* T8 A, I" x2 C2 _* Y
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' y8 K Q, H- [# ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
c% K( r3 N' N6 y4 q: D! Tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to( n& d# H) O. g: [5 U
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
6 M' e% K( Z3 X' f& Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: |0 D9 p% m$ A# B4 B. `* V3 }tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( E/ S9 l! e, vOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* y9 p6 ~. F' x9 C3 kwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ ]! Q0 T" ]: ~2 K& d
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# W! S; p$ R! y, y" ?+ E, v& }+ Nterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' |" e7 Z% V; m, F+ n7 A
active in young children exposed to testosterone; Q# U1 Z7 n: U, e6 M
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* y$ {3 K! m+ }1 o% P) B
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 ?/ @( n' x. ~
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. \' P( x4 D( z3 E. I; m* A0 }- A
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' ^% D/ g: V. n$ H. v( G* h3 Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ z$ s- S/ [7 V, X" q
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ a( s( H! H8 \5 _
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! l: d* E5 U2 Oadult height are not fully known and always remain
5 S& g0 s8 S5 ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ A2 ]" z$ S) E% b
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: ~ B, a! X2 gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 R S( \) W' k* B* K6 ^9 U7 Bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 @5 M3 F# D6 E8 ^- m# a1 s/ x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9% T/ @7 t4 Y8 O2 E& P4 h
There are conflicting reports and controversy a: Q# ^: `9 T( z) }! m1 G
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 \; N% d( w i
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- w8 h" q9 ^" I; b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) W: _ J; Z* E& h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" q w& }6 q( m1 C+ \2 Z4 |Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 G$ f/ q7 ?& J: [; Pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- {3 C* L0 H. J
penile length in clinical studies.! X6 u) g! T c$ p$ g; ~
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) A, l) O1 M* B9 {going to experience any of the untoward effects from# U6 ~) R0 G- b
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" i( I$ G0 ^! E+ n& [5 }, N' d
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.7 @' }% ` ^0 @; G" n) h5 l! v. k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 V. ?; i3 F9 P0 U5 k7 Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 u+ x. ~: S \8 j# b% _4 L$ Tthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% o0 ]. i$ B1 d. R8 |' i
height will not be affected.
+ y2 E+ }6 b T, [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, A% B- B& C8 {( O1 e" `5 Qability of androgen products in our society may) D' T! N0 `6 v' U" l
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
- @' D9 V% D& C0 x/ _6 lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-3 s' U, G" A4 A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 n0 G" m1 b' Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 C8 M& c3 a' S \; u1 q5 L) F7 }+ Ggel should be asked of the family members during
2 y. Z$ L6 l% ~& `$ u4 ~4 othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 S( d" B% B+ u3 [/ O3 B
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' _- u: p6 Y3 x7 dnosis can be established by just a few tests and by. U8 u; H1 O2 [/ q' b
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& T0 M0 D& ]2 D% s) vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' q9 N$ R- m8 dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 k9 U+ X% t2 t7 T& tinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& R9 f0 @. M$ k; z5 s
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 [& x7 s5 {, L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 _% M, M% m% ?1 k* }) w! I# EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
; U Q4 M e3 `& Mwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
) k* a% _6 y0 [' r: T# ~- a$ Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-* E6 Q1 c/ S+ v, }. j7 \0 N3 B
one using any of these products.
6 i& f) y0 j3 c( S- }3 a, g: G) PReferences
8 P8 G0 M7 o; c; ]/ ?; {1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( f+ \) V3 `; U# C3 ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
: ~" h/ ^# f* @% H% g4 ZEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 V& w& z' w1 g) J$ E2002: 565-628.
8 Y$ l d5 o" k' a2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, x$ s, P6 ?* L, s5 Xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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